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\'ol. 5, No. 2 ......................... Spring 1959 II
KA.‘\
A report of progress published quarterly by the Kentucky Agricultural W`,
Experiment Station, University of Kentucky, Lexington _
KENTUCKY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT Material appearing in this publication may be  
STATION re roduced without further ermission, rovided __
_ P _ P P _ _
FRANK   \VELCH .........................l...............   ..... Dll‘€CtO1‘ that   acknoyvlgdgmgnt IS made Of [hc g()uy(·@
;;iié.ir;;xi .\. biuxi .,.......,,..,.,..........   ....   ;·lCC[;)ll;€E[Ol12 and that no Change in headings Or text is made QQ V
. mei; ................       tmims ra ive ssns ·m ·
‘ " ‘   _ A ‘ rthout a roval b the author.
W. P. Gxmmcus ................................ Associate Director M PP Y _ _ _ AI
I. ALLAN SM1r1-1 ................................ Agricultural Editor Address correspondence about articles 1n this pub- •‘<’
Kentucky Farm and Home Science hcation to either the authors or·the Department ol  
_ . Public Information and Educational Aids, Expert- "'
loswn G. DUNCAN ......................,....................,.... Editor S . B .1d. U .Y . [K kr L
NI. Nlxsn (fox .....,.......... . .............l............... Assistant Editor Fnent muon ul mg’ nllersltyo enum l’ cxi 4
llomzur C. l\dAY ..........................,............. Photographer mgmn
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The Cover _ _ _ ____
_ _ A A l hese llerelord cows and calves on the Nlereworth l·`:n‘in in l·`;ix’ette eonnixi
= A €·'*.<·· . A ‘ . . . ‘
  i>·*"· ure mrt ol ann Sill)-cow eoin1ner<·1;1l herd. 'l he cows are used )l`ll]\lll`ll\' lor .•:—:
  _   A— E} l l ,
  *€°j`” the nodnction ol leeder calves. 'l`he Nlereworth herd is one ol more than
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. ~"w' ‘ ( . · , » · . . , . · ·
_   · A, · t- Illll herds enrolled in the lilx heel herd )Cl`lUl`lll1lll(`C testin r )l`()*"l`1llIl. l lns
V __ AV l 3 l ¤ ,
i   _;*p_ progruni ollers lientncky heel producers their greatest opportunity lor in- Apex
 t `—  - `i`i i `` `  `  A rre;¤sin¤ arohis ru >idl\ und C(`Ull(>llll(`2\ll\'. lix >erience indicates that the
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A °   year through use ol ;i hreednig progrsnn hused on perlorniiniee testing. ts.-
(l‘l1oiogr;npl1 hx Roherl (l. Xlnir.)
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1%.-

  
·-~>   • • _
entuek Research Results 1n B1‘l€f
I HI By FRANK B. BORRIES, JR.
ml PESTICIDES DID NOT HURT eals were used, each mixed with (laptan, a lungi-
""`° FLAVOR OF STRAWBERRIES eide; later, eight more materials were added to the I
y _*__ P€g[iCid(-js usgd 01] S[]·u“rb€1·1~i€g g1·O“vu ut [hg K6;]- Sl)I`ily 1)l`()g1`il]H ill](l Silllll)lCS Cll€CI{€(l. r\SS()(Tlil[€(l \\`lLll
I Llltiliy .-\gt‘i(1ultu1`al Experiment Station had no “ap- KITS. Tl(Tl1€Il0l` lll (TOIl(lll(`[ll1g this project were Carl
h* parent detrimental ellect" on the llavor ol the berries, E- Cl*¢*]>l***» D€]>i**`i***€*** Ol- H01`**F**l***1`€, uml _I· (ii-
i r Il r@g@;[]·(jh [;[g[€-1);u]€l d€(·id€d_ l{()(ll`lgl.l€l, l)€l)2ll`ll11€ll[ ol` EIlL()lll()lOgy illltl BOLJIII}'. .
ln |`aet, the panel lound t;hat when taste dillerenees "N<>**€ 0* *l*€ ******€*`*1*l5 *€$*€¢l hull 11**Y 1¤]>]>111`€***
R") wgye ()l)S€yy€(t iu two jmmmgesy nw 1)€S[j(;j(t€.U·€ut€(] detrimental elleet on the llavor ol` lrozen strawberries,
»_),_ S;[]]]l)I€S yygyg judged l)€[{€1·.{uS[ing than [hg O[hg]·S_ €\'€ll Oll [ll()S€ SZIIIIPICS llill`\'CS[C(l ()ll€ (lily ill`L€l` Sl)1`ily-
ur, The tasting work was carried out last year by Mrs. ***gy *]*6 l*¥***€l *`€l*O*`*€€$**<`*\\' ('Xt`(‘ll('lIl ll`<‘('\
The taste panel in atlion. )IClIll)€l`S Oli llllS IIISIC ]1i!l1Cl tlnntgli stnne ol lltettt Ilil\'(' lt)\\'·(‘llt>lIglI ltll ks lt> l`(‘tllIt‘(‘
<*•* c`·;,|u;nc(1 [mica and preserved stl‘aWl>0¤`1`*¢S l`*`<>*** 1******** tlwiy nst·l`nIness as ltttnbet 111*0*.
A that·received various pesticide treatments: Purpose ol` the A
partitions was to promote objective reactions. tt.mt/nitro! on Page sl
. l(l{N'll`(jK\' I‘·\I{Xl .xst> lloxna $(1|l·ZN(2l·Z—$l’RlN(} 1955) 3

 66 I`0l'I1 OW 3Il 3 311 p€I°3t10IlS as
B f f C d C lf Pl O ' I
O I O I -
Has POSS]lI)ll1tl€S, Research W ork Shows
\"~h·:
  Ijricc collccssiollsg conslllllcrs O1` ()llOlC€, (lO(;‘S 1]Ot l]€LVC S() II]llCl] ]I]$T1'l)llII§.{ Ol` tllC~  
· • dee) rel eolo· of choi· atu·e beef. Because ol
indieate they would take large _ l .° _ I °€ m I . ,,.-._
( udntit. S f 461 l b f,, this, often it does not fit the present beef grade ‘
' l€.` O )H J €€ . “ » . ~
I y standards and 1S graded heavy-calf 1DSt€i`l(l of beef. ,;».i
_ Many retail stores which handled beef from the ,_
By (.. I). PHILLIPS and W. Y. VARNEY .. ,, » - . . 1+*
cow and calf plan of beef production have dis-
(Ionsuniers` taste in beef can change rapidly. For continued its sale. Many store operators say that ¤·•*;‘
example, beef produced from heavy milk-fed calves buyers complained that the meat was tasteless. tough, ,.7
weighing from -150 to 650 pounds sold readily at and dry and, consequently, were not repeat buyers. I
irices et ual to the more mature beef during \Vorld Meat market oierators also said the beef from the *`*
\Var ll. lloweyer, such beef sold only at a distinct milk-fat calf was strictly a seasonal product as it was *4
discount when meat became more plentiful after the available only during the fall months. Because of V
war. Many recent studies have shown that the demand these reasons, many stores have not handled this beef * V
has changed from highly finished or prime beef cuts in recent years. {
T-
l" ll"‘ l*`**'“"` CMS- At the University of Kentucky, “palatability panels" '
The lower price received by producers for the milk- were conducted in an endeavor to find out just how *7
fat calf was a blow to many Kentucky farmers who satisfactor such beef is in com yarison with more ~·».
. ,, · . 2 . I . * ‘
had slnfted to the cow and calf vlan of beef uroduc- mature beef. Flavor tenderness, and `tucmess of meat
l l. 7 l
ttou during and following \Vorld \Var II. The grass produced from 400 to 475, 5()() to 575, and 600 to 700 i““"`
economy on most Kentucky farms, with a shortage of pound milk-fat calves were compared with beef from M,. ,
concentrate feeds, is admirably suited to the “eow a 1,000 pound fed steer of similar grade. These tests __
and call" plan of beef production. The carcass from did not prove conclusively that one was more accept- ""‘°.
such a milk-lat calf, which usually grades high, good, able to the “panel” members than the others in the gn,
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(Qrade beet rows and their calves raised on the Kentucky valves. without creep feeding. averaged over 050 pounds at A
(Ion and (Zalf l’|an in \\'oodi`ord tounty. These ehoiee market timc.
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l l{l·1N‘I`t`(;I&Y l·`.um xxn llour SCIl·Z\(Zl·Z~—Sl’l{|X(i H)50
<`*

 case of flavor and juiciness. Beef from the lighter   ,‘`_°   ·`»‘ Q `       7 l
. weight animals usually was more tender.   ; ~    .   .V—.  · *   H  U Q
` Several years ago one large chain store organization   V 4   K it ’‘’i`   Q-    __
carried on a merchandizing experiment with this milk-      N IW      
` fed calf beef. This organization advertised special     __    g_  " `
sales of “Baby Beef” and priced various cuts from 5   `.>il__   ’‘t'_   ii _, _  
to 10 cents below similar cuts of mature choice grade   _:__;  ;   . , · ’`‘‘   Q_- `“~ .    
~ . A   [ew  t ~     ` ·   ·rr. .
beef. The sales were quite successful. 3 Fi   .   ,          V:==,,_      
— zzz, ger     ·,‘      ;- _. _,·`Qt.,.., °    
Arrangements were made with one large chain         1   gy         t      
. . . areal <~  ·    A , v,"`' i  ;;. , V     `~ i_-._  
organization and several 1ndependent grocery stores   al. ; »-V_     gl   V
_ _ , .     ‘ -‘ ‘   -»-  ,  .l>:V»  J ·r  % "  ·~’i    z 1 s   i
located m Owensboro, Louisvrlle, and Lexington to  @r;»AA»T};;,&._;g    
. . .  ~   ii ,.  .2% --r· = R   ·»’`.      
attach a questionnaire on prepacka ged meat advertised   ,6 ._cc     ·   {  Vb}   __c= A
tt ~» . . * 7    TQ";;E_i’.  ···_  ;·:T `'`.`,’=     =__—   ` _
V as Baby Beef. Over 2,000 such questionnaires were   ··=·   =·:   _,‘__ q   ;=_;      »»··. .  
  =·`     ·=». M? `‘‘`     i . “’=A~»  ?"  .»:. AA `.»..  
placed in packages. A total of 257 or about 14 percent   ;._    _Icr._;._.   =.»   V__—_k   _ . I   »p»V_
a -»   =·“   ‘',‘"i    l  .§ · .— ·¤..L°   .
were returned. The Baby Beef was sold at all stores  ZL;   r·»:   ‘._.   M;}  
as a   Weekélld sale, at I-)[`iC€S ]‘a[]gi]]g {roll-I   ``v' ’° '°iii‘:""'**"’  ""'m`·(~·*""`    »»s ·.t  ·  ·. ·>:,. :~- ·—·» . _·   ;·;     . ___, _ __  E .  
to 15 Cents below the price Of regular mature beef A typical product of the Kentucky (row and Calf·Plan
ready for market at over /00 rounds and grading Choice.
cuts * I
More than 87 percent of those answering the
€lu€Stl0mmll`€ illdlctltml that this was 3 (1`€P€at PUV chase. About the same percentage indicated that the
main reason for purchase of the “Baby Beef” was the
 V  0   lower Jrice. Some ave two reasons for )urchasin f
      the Baby Beef. About 35 percent gave size of cut
A    Qi  as the second reason for purchasing "Baby Beet."
 [ ti?    ~. »-==   . . - .
 J, A    The t said the smaller sized cuts from the smaller am-
  7 Ae     AA
    ' mals more nearly fitted their demand than the larger
.,E.     »’'l       . . .
*   if t  Ygtgla   sized cuts from the more mature animals.
  ly, 4  I       é` ` 2
    »         The majority of the respondents, 75 percent, indi-
 et 0~.~tA, _ -··‘ 2 wt;.     cated that they thou tht that the vrice for sumlar cuts
1 M “ , M . ‘<¤ V W ' . T . .
    ]    e._   ` _ l of ‘Baby Beef should be less than for mature heel'.
i,       qi? ,,[. >   Only 14 percent stated that the price should be about
  B  ii ,   `Z  ‘‘‘=   ig  ,_‘'? A the same, while 2 percent indicated they would be
  Q Y~   e,   _ _ _ _ '
  slp     V J   willing to pay a lngher price.
'   _  i`   sg {ii  Flavor was rated excellent by 21 percent and good
 ,Tg%l,,>   V 2   by 57 percent of the respondents. Several of the
    A ·‘ i ,     res Jondents made the comment that they could see no
-§ At tt t       . . · .
¤.t,A; ,__.  ./ s ,     thllerence between the liayor ol the Baby Beef anti
v 2,,;;,   .vv.. A-c·;_  q V ,,2; .  -2% ` ·
  ‘  .,.2.,% t Qi; ‘,,A   mature beef when both were properly seasoned. As
"~,»As%“'x "»},a_ I s. pl, '/Y,   _ I ' I
’     _   " ’.·  _ far as tenderness was concerned, 36 percent replied
' `  I  _’ ·-   '”/ic `   A 25*   “yery tender" and -13 percent replied that it was
`   V   lx ,._,   _' 5 l · f ‘ 0%  tender. Several stated that they used tenderizer and
A Q. e ’`‘'    i e A. ,   ~ `   ’  '
  . · za  _. gy * V ’    [ _, the meat was excellent.
  .y ·¢ 4   .r ' tt ·~» . .
  E AA      `?"-m,,,·£   { The cow and call plan hts well mto the grass
{ · mf _, ;  ·¤ ·       , , I J economy of the state. ll such Baby Beet calves can
*-4;, 5. *   V  V_. At. W A`  A.;  ·»A_ be sold at satisfactory prices an expanded program
_     ¤ _ ~ _ t `         ·e·~e     would substantially increase larm income. \lany stores
{   A ~, A · A  rf ‘ Ii¤””’   4 ‘ '
;     ‘’’` ‘  · ·‘   at present are not handling tl1e product. lloweyer,
O A A.   ‘lz"·*t` "z "1' t` ‘ · ·-
‘ A' The meat lrom heavy milk-lat calves produtrctl by the Ken- this _ (hh hl"( hh hh (hhhhnhhh h lh lhmq h Um
A tucky (low and Calf Plan has the size, tenderness, and free- °l“““'*’l}’ that Wltll Solllh l)l`lf"` C‘”lC"SSl"ll U(’ll$l'lll"l`$
ll()l]I l`I`()]I] ¥\'1lS(C {Ht that I]l()S[ lIOlIS€\\'iVCS )1`C[CI`. \Vill UCCC )t i.lll(l l)ll\’ lilI'i’(¥ ( ll£llIlltl(’S ol “l;il.l)V l;(*(`l.“
l . r» l .
l{l·ZN'l`l`(IKY lixaxi xxn Home S<:u·;xt:1·;—S1·iuxt; M50 5
 
•¤'i

 Efficient use of solar and ground heat enables
raising of crop in plastic greenhouse when ’
• 6 O *"
()lltSl(l€ t€IllI)€1‘2,ltlll`€S RPC (lOWI1 to 5 F.
Lettuce Grown -— No Heat Cost
By FRANK li. BORRIES. JR.
Vegetables need heat—~natural or artificial—to grow air space between the two sheets which acted as a heat .
bttt Kentucky ,\gricultural Experiment Station horti- cover. (See drawing on opposite page.) _
cttltttrists had surprisingly good results: this year with The whole greenhouse was about 5 feet high.
a plastic field greenhouse that got a crop of` lettuce though limmert now recommends a height of 5% to
simply by trapping solar and ground heat and con- (5% feet. The roof covering consisted of a dottble
serving it. layer of plastic, one fyi-lllll thick inside the frame and
li. Nl. limmert, who conducted the trial, found that another 2 mils thick outside. l·l is rafter spacing origi-
once, when the temperature outside the house was nally was —f feet apart; however. this retptires a heavier {
onli Fi de trees l·`., the tetn >eratttre under an inner >lastic, the ·f—mil thick toe. Two-foot raf`terin¤· can
) D
floor covering of plastic was 38 degrees l·`., or 35 de- use the 2-mil thick plastic, Emmert says.
trees hi ther. He used no artificial heat at all. Instead, he utilized
fw
The plastic ground cover inside the greenhouse con- sunny days (for solar heat) for the initial warming:
sisted of two sheets of 2%-mil thick plastic stretched compacted the soil by watering, which allowed trans-
fer of` heat much better than loose soil; and took ad- _
· . ‘‘‘     - .  -~¢=     ,,, .,.·.· , ..·_ I _,_.... .     .._, _ __,_,,   vanta ·e of >‘rottnd heat arisin ‘ from de >ths of a foot
. awc -   .r... 1 -.-. V -.... . V to rvzr V.V··~V Ii. V     ,-..t..,- .V./ . V. g h c
` . i»V; v ·t ·tI»"/-‘ lt ’ [til; 'f’·'VV‘·`4:l i’'. EMI,. ·l»€V?§>r¤*‘- LA   J   f     » . I I,I‘ I ., I , . I I A. . , , I · I , —
      . I ~r__   I   _.:_   ,_:=_—_= ;   up ant c t oosc, ttc gtount 1(att stayet in Llc
`— = ». w.     “ " '/,. . '   —--· ;.V1§‘XEJ.T—.‘é¤5§;.`: · —
— lt/V s·i5*~` y~     (       jgj ..·- 1 —_-=  gxricgg  -,_ ground. \\’hen the soil was compacted bv watering, ;
I f/pt ‘ t ~ . .   if _:     _,,_     ' _ ’ _ _ ‘
  »»._   _     :,··-;   the heat filtered through and heated the air nnme- .
V. »   Y    ‘ V  I-   ;’=--¥     - - -
‘— · , · V   ~_,·   —.         ._-_     dtatelv above. Loose soils keep the ground heat from
  ` I [   — r  #r,J\.;e ”‘“`°`f“ "· —   ’ _ `
`hse °°```   `¢``` ·¢"   .   escaping. l·`or cxznnpfe, in the winter observers have Q
`     IT· noted that a plowed field will keep its snow cover
  c V ~ V" °-‘ ~ ·
6   N M. v   ¤VV longer than a compacted field for the same reasons,
.‘    
_._i   , (  I-   cw Z I
i   \ ·     ‘ °?°- ``»· .  
I Qt   ...,`.: ?   it   “       `
  { il     ?   T ...  I `r~. ` `i`;ff     V
  .   ‘ to °   ~ ~ A ."s. `’‘’    
  . ` V »·~  .Z"-·Y··*Y    c·r· t· ‘‘`=i  T V»“ t   `Qs `*\ `ll`i`i;     \
   sis     =»‘   est.   _ V I ~ »-=—- —   I \   ==¢ gi.
s as   . . . . x _ .. .
  its §? ;§~ ~.·`     ·= `     . `¢» `V  `xf `     x
 ?‘$’       Y ""‘~§`   .  ew » .  Q ‘   2*; s . V, l'‘’ * i*#%:Q?;;- V.,_ _
 +,:3  §_ _¤§§_— ¢=? § * `   js ` .-X; Ml" its *5 sl; ki;.  lf X V   \ `\   ,
Ilorticulttirtst limtnert inspecting evidence of possible snow   E;  * ` _ it R`? c \  
damage to plastic field greenhouse similar to one in which   _       V ¤ ‘. iii
lettuce was produced without use of ·trtifici·tl heat T ~   iiil * " ` T ·` hg`? ¥   r -.4 \"
  ···—        lr    l    
_ _ _ _ 4 ~·¥§ ,...:   -V·~     -·        > 2
on a ltght wire frame about IS inches above the { _ `   .  i_`*         { e.
ground. f`he cover could be lifted for inspecting the i . ,   ·~i il.    `    " ~*“ ii f   A
I I I I _ _ _ ‘_ __' . __,__Me I!   vaglll &n {M 4%,, v__V   I  —.V,  ,2;;  »V  
crop oi liatxesting. .\n aisle was left down the middle   _ ,» · ,  “·’.   ~.-`=,., ` "_j,;-#·_ Q
ol the house for access. lhe top sheet of the ground _ _ _ _ __ _ IV
_ _ _ _ . . ‘ Lettuce growing in a plastic greenhouse without artthcial `·
°W} · `
- lh '; "@°@f‘ »   #- *~·»*·..~- i
..,'_.‘ grow. Lettuce grown without the aid of any inner ‘ “ ’ ` W     ·_\ ·
ilastic rround cover browned u J c uickl t and lost
· ‘ . .
?V*" quality when it did grow. Under- ;t single luygy of This sketch (not to scale) shows the essential elements of the
VV_ · %_mil l)luSLiCV the lcuucc grew but had U tendency LO plastic greenhouse within a plastic greenhouse. lt is ietom-
I _ V _ V ._l V _ _[V` V N . I _ __ M I mended that the height be about (1 feet. each side of the
[mn )l()“m§ I (lt home 5 ‘lg€5' ’ VCH ml (lol) QOH ` )€ roof about fi feet, and the height of the sidewalls about
’ marketed. 2% [Cct-
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The lettuce grown in this plastic field greenhouse was mar- aisle to permit access and the plastic on each side, supported _
keted when produce was in short supply. Note the center by wire frames.
  7
lii·;x‘1t‘t:t;x‘ liutxi isn lloxuc $i(J|l·iN(Jl·]——Sl‘l{lN(§ M55) 7
V *1
*4*-·

 l{c5czu.ch Results in Brief Iedhs l12l(l 11101*e Ill-[IIC-\\'ILllCI`S l1eigl11, heur1 gIl'LIl uml 1%
(Cmiliumrrl [1*0111 Page 3) " mghb _ I
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