xt747d2q5j5w https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt747d2q5j5w/data/mets.xml Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station 1903 Title from cover.
Imprint varies. journals English Frankfort, Ky. : Capital Office, E. Polk Johnson, 1890-1948. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Annual report. 1903 text Annual report. 1903 1903 2011 true xt747d2q5j5w section xt747d2q5j5w   I
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL  
‘ *1
To His Excellency, A  
Hox. J. C. W. Bncxnkm, J
Governor of Kentucky.  
SrR:—— M 
Under the authority of the Board of Control, and in accord· ,_‘ 
ance with an act of Congress, approved March 2, 1887, and entitled . 
“An Act to establish Agricultural Experiment Stations in connec- hy
tion with the Agricultural Colleges established in the several states, : 
under the provision of an act approved July 2, 1862, and of the it
acts supplementary thereto," and of the act of the Legislature of T 
the State of Kentucky, approved February 20, 1888, and entitled  
"An Act to accept the provisions of an Act passed by the Congress of  
the United States, approved March 2, 1887, for the establishment 1 
and maintenance of Agricultural Experiment Stations yin connec- ` 
tion with the Agricultural Colleges established by the several states ' 
and territories under an Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862,"  
I herewith submit the Sixteenth Animal Report of the Kentucky A 
Agricultural Experiment Station. p 
Very respectfully,  .4
M. A. Scovnm., Director. E
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; ‘.‘.   Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky
    .
     
Lg;  BOARD OF TRUSTEES
  His Excellency, Gov. J. C. W. BEGKHAM, ex-Oflicio Chairman. V
  J AMES K. PATTERSON, President of the College, ex—Oiiicio.
  W. T. FOWLER, Esq., Hopkinsville, Christian County.
  D. F. FRAZEE, Esq., Lexington, Fayette County.
    T. N. LINDSEY, Esq., Frankfort, Franklin County.
  J. B. MARGUM, Es ., Jackson Breathitt Coun .
`*¢¤`<  x q _· ’
    R. C. STOLL, Esq., Lexington, Fayette County.
~¢;·~·    . .
  J UDGE HENRY S. BARKER, Louisville, Jefferson County.
  HoN. B. W. BRADBURN, Bowling Green, Warren County. ·
  — HON. MCDOUGAL FERGUSON, Paducah, McCracken County. _
 ,3 HoN. J. F. HAGER, Ashland, Boyd County.
‘..   ' ._ ._   JY Q
  HON. R. W. NELSON, Newport, Campbell County.
  ` w
    W. C. BELL, Es . Harrodsbur Mercer Count .
,__,..m__a;. L, __ C1 » S, Y
  HON. CASSIUS M. CLAY, JR., Paris, Bourbon County.
  ;; • -
  JUDGE GEORGE B. KINKEAD Lexin on, Fa ette Count . ,
‘¤:¤ri>~&;+`°E   ‘ ’ y y
  in JOHN MCCHORD, Esq., Lebanon, Marion County.
  j WILLIAM R. RAMSEY, Esq., London, Laurel County.
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LIST OF OFFICERS  
if » J 
Board of Control.    
GEO. B. KINKEAD, Chairman, Lexington, Ky.  1
Ky D. F. FRAZEE, Lexington, Ky. ` l
R. C. STOLL, Lexington, Ky.  
W. C. BELL, Harrodsburg, Ky. ‘ II
JAMES K. PATTERSON, President of the College.  E1
M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary. IT 
Station Oiiicers. . ·v 
M. A. SCOVELL, Director and Chemist.  ’1
A. M. PETER, Chemist. f 
H. E. CURTIS, Chemist, Fertilizers. I  
H. GARMAN, Entomologist and Botanist. E 
J. N. HARPER, Agriculturist.  
_ W. H. SCHERFFIUS, Chemist.  
R. M. ALLEN, Secretary, Food Division. , 
J. D. TURNER, Secretary to the Director. g
J. O. LA BACH, Chemist, Food Division. ~ 
GEORGE ROBERTS, Assistant Chemist. · 
MISS MARY L. DIDLAKE, Ass't Entomologist and Botanist.  
S. D. AVERITT, Assistant Chemist. J
I D. W. MAY, Animal Husbandry. {
W. G. CAMPBELL, Assistant Co-operative Experiments. , 
O. M. SHEDD, Assistant Chemist. _}
E. P. TAYLOR, Assistant Entoinologist and Botanist. I
. Address of the Station, y
LEXINGTON, KENTUUCKY. i
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  . The Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
  In Account with the United States Appropriation.
  To receipts from the Treasurer of the United States as per
  .4`c appropriation lor fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, as per Act of
  Congress, approved March 2, 188*7. $15,000.00
    Expeditures :
  By salaries .................... $11,720.00
  , Labor ............ . ........... 483.42
  Publications ....... . ..... . ..... 1,083.36 _
  Postage and stationery ...... ; . . . 127.95
    Freight and express ....... . ..... 55.33
  Heat, light, water and power ..... 343.00
  Chemical supplies .............. 194.56
a¤··Z·!5.c 7 .
  Seeds, plants and sundry supplies. . 274.90
  Library ............ . ......... 000.00
  Tools. implements and machinery. . 40.85
  Furniture and fixtures .......... 2.90
  Scientific apparatus ............. 100.38
    Traveling exienses ...... . ....... 34.90
il, rg cr l
    Contingent expenses ............ 114.65
  Building and repairs ............ 63.14
  .  $15,000.00
 L We, the undersigned, duly appointed Auditors of the Corpora-
  * {ion, do herebr certify that we have examined the books and ac- l
.252-2,.- . i ‘
  counts of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station for the
  fiscal year curling June 30, 1903; that we found the same well
   A kept and classified as above and that the receipts for the year from
  the Treasurer of the United States are shown to have been
  $15,000.00 and the corresponding disbursements $15,000.00, for
 
 J l E

 Kentucky l-lgricnttnral Esvperintcnt Station vll y  `
all of which proper vouchers are on file and have been by us ex- I  iy
I
zunined and found correct.  
And we further certify that the expenditures have been solely  E
for the purposes set forth in the Act of Congress, approved March r 
2, 1887.  
(Signed)    
(SEAL) Gno. B. KLNKEAD, i 
r . D. F. Fmznn,  i_°
f Auditors.  
) Attest: ji
D. (‘. FRAZICIC. -  
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§i;;,;·Q¢;;E` Iii    ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ·
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 i Kentuck A ncultural Ex enment Station .
YL.} .   `I
{  FOR THE YEAR |903
 
· ».€¢.L.‘-;f`·i=T*‘·¥  
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  REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR .
  _`E' For the ur ose of earrvin on the work the Station is divided
  e— P P ‘ gi ’ .
  into the following divisions:
-~»;——·~.:.¤»".a—;~§¢. was . . . .
  Tjlis Division of Chemistr .
  -. Y
  Division of Entomology and Botany.
~€r..·&·’*‘t1.;T;f*’EF‘?.‘ :;§= . . . .
  Division of Agriculture.
  Division of Animal Husbandry.
 jg Division of Fertilizer Control Work.
  Division of Food Control Work.
..\:¤sa»+q_\’?y`- "* _ _ , _
  · Besides the Station work ro ner the Station has char e of the
  P I ’ g
  `—i.     enforcement of three State laws, namel :
lzaxrcr-,2*»;·.;§;;\· y .
 Fi - The Fertilizer Law.
  ·=i·¥t
 iQ  The Pure Food Law.
,e.¢:+;;<‘·?~;==*`*» · , .
  V. The Nursery Inspection Law.
  mi
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  I; CHEMICAL DIVISION.
  w iéi   . . . . .
  ,· During the year the general work of the Chemical Division,
;: "‘   ` ' '“
 s under the immediate eharge of Dr. Peter, and assisted by Mr.
= ‘ -  ~ -%¥•‘~¤ s}iL` ‘ , . .
—    Averitt, has comprised the analyses of 620 samples classified as
`;»· · _ »·=•·:¢&£_.Q;A it ' `
    follows :
    Wheat, for protein ............................... 107
  ‘ Sorghum cane juice .............................. 93
  { Sugar beets .................... ‘ ................. 40
     
  °
._... .    gift 5 .

 Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station ix 1
Cattle foods .................................... 4 i  
Butter, inichurn tests of cows ...................... 2 l
Sprayed cabbage and apples ....................... 10  {
Tobacco, tobacco stems and stalks ................... 15  
Mineral waters .................................. 53 gi 
Potable waters .................................. 9et y  
Soils ............. - ..... . ....................... 20 fw 
Limestone and marls ............................. 29 i‘ 
Clays and shales ................................. 53 4
Rocks, ores and minerals ......................... 18 p,
Coal and coke ................ . .................. 51 `  
Iron, steel and alloys ............................ 14 i i
Samples from other Stations . . ; ................... 5  ·l
Miscellaneous ................. . ................ 12 _ ,' 
—-.  Al
Total .................................... 620  
The analyses ol' wheat were made in connection with a series  
of experiments being carried out by Mr. Harper, the Agriculturist,  
at the Station Farm. upon the improvement ot the quality of wheat  
by the selection of seed, the object being to select those which con-  
tain the most protein. The analyses of the numerous samples se-  
lectcd from wheat ol eighteen varieties grown on the farm last year  
show that grains richest in protein can be distinguished with cer- i 
tainty by the appearance of the cross-section.  g
Besides the analyses enumerated above, a large nuinbcr of sam- l
ples of rocks, minerals, ores and other materials have been quali— . 
tatively examined for citizens of the State.  
ln addition tillsl samples of fertilizers were analyzed under the
direction ol Mr. Curtis, and in the Food Division Mr. LaBach has  
analyzell S I2 samples, including many nnoiiicial samples examined  
for comparison and in checking methods and results. This makes  
a grand total of ‘2,()l$:5 samples analyzed in the Station during  
the year.  
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F"., 1 · ` i I
1 , I1?. xii .
  · .
?.>.fiY;’  __   5 _
    ·l X Smtcenth Annual Report of the
.    I ·»»» . 1
    .2 ·I   l I
l VT!   l   ENTOMOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL DIVISION.
E "·.`  ·-l ` 5
g ~§~_‘ n‘_. f ; YE ‘g Prof. Garman l1as charge of botl1 Entomology and Botany IH
i"§iQ.ZT§* lil l tl1e Station. assisted bv Miss Mar Y L. Didlake in the laboratory,
  · I.! ‘ 1 . . . “
}1Z1j;_g{;-{ig:.g.[{.;;€.`   Mr. W. G. Campbell 111 the co-operative experiments with tl1e-
if.; Q3,   United States Department of Agriculture, and Mr. G. N. Keller
'-..T.*;'.°$?fl‘IR;'? t . , ‘ .
l:>......f;¢ »j‘j’   111 EIIt0lllOlO("\’ and held ex )€I‘ll1'l0lliZS. The U. S. De art1nc11t of
,._.   _..,._. _ __{ l :~.
}3*;_f_;}_,;-gi.;-ry} -1 Agriculture contributes $600.00 towards tl1e co-operative experi-
li*.,~*··i;;‘;*‘;=f_ .L ‘ . . ,
2 —·—;-~» »···’   ‘ ments and this eoes 111 part pay of Mr. Campbell  salary. 'llhe
is  -.·—‘   . .?`. . ·l . · .
{_·‘·.;v_~;g;g_—2g;‘gt   work ot this division during the year has consisted ot tl1e studies
  *I5I‘i‘j‘¥i<;§*1`¢j ‘ of lite histories of insects. ex ierinients witl1 both insects and Jlants.
‘ ._?§*;;;iiI,E§:§g.§—fll._l test ot forage plants i11 co-operation with the Bureau of Plant I11-
  *.‘   . . . .
f·   dustry of the U. S. Departinent ot Agriculture, nursery inspection, 1
  microscopic examination of foods. eorrespondence. institute work
F=i‘  .
  ..’*   Hilld teaching a class for the College.
  Experiments with the Hessian tly were continued and are re-
  ported i11 Bulletin No. 11; studies ot the corn worm were made by
  the serial crop plan and will be continued; tests of the electric
  lantern tra 1 were niade with a yiew to learnin<>· what insects may
[ »— ,·,`.-_,; '_  gi; l 2* .
  be destroyed by this method. 2lIl(l more es iecially as to the eodlinq
L   ·’·* ;e·.F¢cs»~—— · · · —·
 si. moth. An elaborate study ot Kentucky stored grain insects has
l' 1:;;*-~‘...¤  Q . . . ‘ . . ‘ `
  been under investigation. A continuation ol the work do11e on the- ·
  broom—rape ol' hemp and tobacco. a series ol held tests of salt.
mic     . . .
  inuriate of wotash and some other materials were made on lots
,·gfv.iE:.*-r:€§é*§:@~   p_
  of hemp grown tor the purpose, the object being to see it niuriate
  of potash or salt would not kill the broom-rape without injuring
  `*.» “   . . .  
  the hem >. 'l`he work lS OllCOlll'&l*"|]l°` but not conclusive so far. ln
t"..¥:’=*tY;"“t=&?”’§¤lants distributed oyer a held will soon inocu-
  late tl1e whole held, and by this method it is hoped that better
-IIY"”‘*   tid  · I .
    results 1nay be secured with eow peas. altalta. eleyer illlfl other
>—»2·:¤:¢:·  ~=‘ · 1
 ¤  I *.§€€a  Q l(%.Q`IllIl es. `
  . As Entonielorrist Prot. Garinan has cliaree of the Nursery °».-
. 2*... G J gy .
@2,   . .,. , . I , . `
 %j_;%.cy  spection law. Since the enactment ol this law, tue nnspeetioa has
IY.   `
iv  .'°$·‘*·-·$*=‘€£~€ `.`‘`
~·~¤·~;; $$2 *:5 ’*;_ ‘
T-;.  °@£¤*?»-1 ..
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Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station xi
grown in importance. Within the last year he has inspected over I  `
H titty nurseries. S 
i', V 
G, DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE. _  
it- Under the supervision of Mr. Harper. a nuinber of field experi- ` ,t 
.f ments have been made. including varietal tests of burley tobacco, . 2l
g- tests ot fertilizers on tobacco and experiments ot raising tobacco |i* 
U under canvas. tests ot tertilizers on hemp. tests of varieties of it 
.S wheat and tests-—studying the protein contents ot different vvheats,  
if varietal tests ot' corn, experiments with fertilizers on corn. experi-  
_- · ments with sugar beets and various torage crops. The experi-  
,7 ments with the variety tests ot corn have shown that the yield can l  g
|{ be greatly increased by selecting pedigreed varieties. the Boone  l
County White and the Kansas lmproved Variety showing the best it 
_ results. lt is hoped that by a careful study ot the protein content ‘ 
V that we can soon get. a variety ol' wheat which will be superior tor t  
é milling purposes.  
v  
T ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.  
S Prot'. May. although having had charge ot this division only  
3 _ about one year and a halt. has the division well organized, and a  
: number ol` interesting experiments have been made. including beef i 
t feeding experiments with thirty-two steers. the results ot which p 
3 have been published in Bulletin No. IOS. Prot`. May has under way  
I some experiments in tceding dillerent torage plants`to pigs and t 
I dairy cows. and also experiments in feeding silage versus hay. l
. Some experiments have been made in Feeding minerals in small . 
, quantities. as lime and magnesia, to cows lor the purpose ol` study-  
, ing its el`l'ect on millt and birtter production.  
;
- FERTILIZER CONTROL \\’ORK. {
` During the year some till-1 analyses ol` tertilizers were made. —l3 g
` manutacturers were authorized to sell tertilizers in the $tatie and t
' tags tor :35-I brands were issued. There were li.7il_i:§-l· tags printed,  
proot-read. counted and put up in packages l'rom day to day and  
» sent to various firms during the year. \\`e received during the year  
I $tilT“.i>t'2.5ll as Fertilizer l'ees.i  
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§.;f;;.1£_`__;,§   xii Sixteenth Annual Report of the
: ‘,..`>*z.t ’::ir ·.
  ·¤=·A=~~; ;"‘>I   . . . .
;  »;¥ t"! Mr. Curtis has char ·e of the Fertilizer Control work and 1S
I ._. __'\. , ‘ E I ` l
  __·~:~§.. Fg} =; assisted by Mr. Scherflius and Mr. Sliedd.
  All ‘
l ZT';. zi 3. ._i_l E ·
    _ FOOD CONTROL WORK.
t $*2,* "r ,.r. 5  »
  »‘‘‘‘     . . . . . . .
l— "¥ `·R` 2 ‘·—i _-?1‘a·.¤ The ms ection work of this division is under cha1· e of Mr.
I ":?.J1i li;-—*,=  P . . . .
reve‘*.r.<:`·§;-‘2»3r— Allen and Mr. LaBach has charge of the chemical mvesti ations.
v_-y..".-To   ,_• 7 O
{__’?`@   _4  _ Prof. German makes 1110Sl} of the microscopical examinations. Mr. ’
    Allen reports as follows:
l’;if¥}-‘?~'t§E l—‘e   4
t t=·v··*::·`.'»§`i;?§~l '·
 ·*_€Z5§“Y.,§?e’ A. Inspection work.
¤=‘  `·~?Y3.€T°‘fti { . . . . ,
7‘?.e...;··;;.if»jr`·gi <—@ ' Number of cities and towns visited ....... Go
--.·»~»~-——..,,i$5··· · l
`-l—¤vt’rxu·\-Ei;   _.‘_: . .
iw  Number of stores visited ......... . ...... 1643
  Number of dair wagons ins ected ....... 200
;>.:.i:a:;::=;:sit‘ . `° .
  Number of dair r de ots ins iected ........ 73
féi  -
p _»·· _   Number of oflicial samples taken ......... 858
 
  Court work.
  ;g Number of violations reported to courts. . . 126
  —~..L ¤     · ~
  Number of prosecutions started .......... 9o
    - -
  Number of verdicts obtained ............ 90
  Number of cases dismissed ........ . ..... 5
 :.2*   —é .
    Number of cases now in court ............ 47
XF:  ·‘>i—°??3: TL` -
  -l..`.;g;x;.y_Z§5;g£ A
*·}$#iE*E§ii¤;§$‘¥e£ The corres ondence of this division has been verv heav n Man-
  ·¤:;;:,·>i:T€i%" " : `i’Z . . . " l
  _ ufacturers are continually asking how various goods should be
ri V·»-  _.  . . . . .
  labeled and what is our opinion regarding different goods. Letter
.*.3S;"F·2Z":25¤asi ii Zi . .
  books show that 907 letters have been written in regard to these
  matters. and a number of manufacturers have called at the office
 ,. ¤ 3 . . . .
 = for the purpose of getting information as to how their goods
  `swi. .
  shouhl be labeled.
  Thorough inspection 1S essential in the enforcement of the
==**‘*~ e,   G.  . . . .
 FT pure lood law. Most manufacturers are glad to comply with its
  provisions, but in doing so they wantothers to comply as well, so
  it is essential that the inspection work should be comprehensive.
Egg »  The aualvses which the btation has made cover a large number
i~*··.  *,,·z?'i§ ` . .
~   of food products and these results constitute a large fund of infor-
  -    ·.! `
    ~
     
,;  ,_‘;w,g¥—;Ls·..T
E `  ==;se;i’·§·&i+ -
_,.... .      
  Q. _ i-· E .

 ‘ l
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station xiii I 
is . . . . . . ·  
mation concerning the quality, purity and condition of the food 3
on sale in the State. }
A great amount of clerical work is needed to copy these records  
properly. In order to carry on this work successfully there needs T 
r. to be at least two more inspectors and an assistant clerk. Fore- yl 
s. seeing this increased work, the legislature will be asked for an y  
r. increased appropriation. The Station receives the analysis fees " 
0 from the State in this work, but out of the fee the chemist and f 
laboratory expenses must be paid. The State pays directly the ‘ ~ 
other employes in this department and the necessary expenses and l
attorney fees, provided that the total amount, including the ;
analysis fees, does not amount in any one year over $7,500.00. l
This amount should be increased. P 
‘
.' 
Improvements. V  
The farm has been plotted off for field experiments and fences i  
have been built, the dairy barn has been finished and with the  
completion of the new Station building now in the course of con-  
struction, we will be well equipped in buildings and land. l
ll
Publications.  
·i
We have published during the year the following bulletins: {
V 
_ Bulletin No. 105.  
, The Broom Bapes.  
A
? Bulletin No. 106. l
* Feeding Dairy Cows. i 
x
; Bulletin No. 107.  
Seventeen-Year lim-ust in Kentuclcy. i
e Bulletin No. 108.  
Some llesulls in Steer Feeding.  
l . . U r
Bulletin No. 109.  
C‘ommercial Fertilizers. _  
6
Bulletin No. 110.  
Yursery lnspcction and San Jose Scale.  
l
§
l
l .
l

    A
  xiv Sixteenth Annual Report of the
  Bulletin N0. 111. _ - n .
  The Hessian Fly in 1902-1903. y
  isuiieim NO. 112.
  Cominercial Fertilizers.
  The bulletins published during the year are incorporatecl as a
  part of this report, and following them are analyses of the
  (r`llCIIllC2ll Division not heretofore publisliecl. (See page 265.)
  .
  · M. A. Scovism., Dm·eet0r.
i T 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ‘· KENTUCKY T 'KK` 
AGH\EULTUH|\L EXPEHIMENT STMIUN  
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State College of Kentucky. 4  
BULLETIN N0. 105. E  
w THE BROOM-RAPES. K 
1
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E
LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY.  

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  ! 4
s    ., I;]-ENT ( J GLY ·
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    , Ag1·1cu1tu1·a1 Expe1·1me11t Stat1011.
  I
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i,ii}“‘:iij  
  .¤ - .
vg, ’'-    BOARD OF CONTROL.
 
    GEO. B. KINKEAD, Chairman, Lexington, Ky,
  ji D, F, FRAZEE, Lexington, Ky.
` _.'r   R. C. STOLL, Lexington, Ky.
  W, Q, BELL, Harrodsburg, Ky. ‘
tf; `—   ·! ]_ K, PATTERSON, President of the College.
  I M, A, SCOVELL, Director, Secretary. ,
  STATION OFFICERS.
  M. A. SCOVELL, Director and Chen1ist.
  _ A, M, PETER, Chemist.
  ·' H, E, CURTIS, Chemist, Fertilizers.
  H. GARMAN, Entomologist and Botanist.
  j, N. HARPER, Agriculturist.
  W, H. SCHERFFIUS, Chemist.
  R. M. ALLEN, Secretary, Food Division.
  J. D. TURNER, Secretary to tl1e Director.
  J. O. LABACH, Chemist, Food Division.
 ?E GEO. ROBERTS, Ass’t Chemist.
  MISS M. L. DIDLAK E, Ass’t Entomologist and Botanist.
  S. D. AVERITI`, Ass’t Chemist.
  D. \V, MAY, Animal Hnsbandman,
  W. G. CAMPBELL, Ass‘t Co-operative Experiments,
  O. M. SHEDD, Ass‘t Chemist.
  E P, TAYLOR, ASS`tEl1{Ol1lOlOglSt and Botanist. .
 ir Address of the Station—LEXING'l`ON, KY.
    E
  Morice.
  The Bulletins of the Station will be mailed free to any citizen of Ken-
$,2. gs ·i tucky who sends his name and address to the Station for that purpose.
    Correspondents will please notify the Director of changes in their post-
  oflice address, or of any failure to receive the bulletins.
  Anmuzssz
  Knxrucxv Aoxrcurruaar, Expnnmenr Smrrorz,
  ` LHx1NG*roN, KY.
·_;—..ys§
, `kwirf i

 . . |
1. T . 9 
• . . Q
» Bulletmt No. 105. ·p 
The- Br00m=rapes.  
t 1
BY H. GARMAN, Enromoroorsr AND Boranrsr.  
, A bulletin on broom-rape was published by this Station in  
March, 1890, being the result of such work as could be done _ "  1
on the imported parasite of hemp in the fall of 1889 and the y 
winter of 1889-1890. At that time nothing had been done in .· 
this country on the early stages of the parasite so far as could  
be learned, and it was necessary to grow the plants in the  
College hothouse during the winter in order to learn the con- i 
ditions under which the seeds germinate, and to get material  
for description. The broom-rape seeds were planted in cages jj
so constructed that the roots of the hemp could be observed  
through the glass sides, and, when these sides were removed,  
the germinating seeds and young plants might be examined  
with a magnifying glass or low power of the microscope. The  
development of the young parasite was thus followed through i
all its changes until the perfect plant bearing seeds was pro-  j
duced. These singular changes were figured in Bulletin 24, i
now out of print. The present bulletin is intended to take V 
the place of the earlier publication, but contains a good deal  Li
of matter not before published. il
From time to time additions to the list of known injurious Y
I4 broom-rapes are made, suggesting the possibility that these 1
pests maysome time play a more important part in agriculture ·
f` _ than they do now. The introduced broom-rape of hemp and
tobacco is an example of species that may become exceedingly '
troublesome and difficult to deal with. The species attacking l
cultivated sunflowers in southern Russia is another that has  
lately shown a capacity to endanger crops. The species attack- l
A ing red clover in this country and Europe seems also to have a  
Y
v
1
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 . , *1*
F Hit] _  
      4 . Bz¢l!etz'¢z N0. 105.
Q _'I_.;__·       .
   {     capacity for mischief that renders it a menace to farmers
,       — wherever it secures a foot-hold. _
  _,·A f     The broom-rapes are all true parasites, I1€V€1' pI‘0dUCi¤g`
g si   leaves or chlorophyll, feeding therefore at the expense of the
  ·i`_i i plants upon whose roots they fasten. As commonly seen, they
 ` I form clumps of whltish, yellowish, brownish or purplish stems,
  1 arising from the ground at the bases of leafbearing plants.
  . Their stems are often crowded with flowers, but sometimes
    bear but one or two, as in Phe/qbaea caccivzea, of the Caucasus
  mountains, in which a single showy scarlet flower is produced
 S, in the neighborhood of two inches in diameter. This broom-
    rape has been thought worthy of cultivation. As a group the
  parasites fasten upon a great variety of host—plants, but the
  different species are somewhat restricted in the matter of host-
  plants, so that it is possible to find some crop that remains free
  · from injury on soil infested with broom-rape seeds. These
  latter are among the smallest seeds produced by flowering `
 ii plants, hence are likely to be overlooked when among other
  seeds, and can hardly by any practicable method be discovered
  in soil. Once in soil, also, they persist for long periods, some-
  times coming up after lying dormant as long as ten years.
  The broom-rapes are widely scattered over the earth. Brit-
  ton and Brown state that eleven genera and two hundred spe-
  cies of the family are known. Other authors give the num-
  ber as somewhat less. Numerous species have been ob-
  served in one country and another as of more or less import-
  ance as enemies of cultivated plants. Those mentioned below
  do not by any means exhaust the list of species that may be
  regarded as of economic interest, but they are the species that
    are most likely, from the plants they attack, to give trouble in
    the United States. A .
  ii 1. Orabancbe a2gyplz`aca.—Egg-plant, cucumber, rape, cot-
  ton. (Persia, Mesopotamia, Egypt.)
  2. O. aZba.—Thyme.
 `iég 3. O. ameihysiea.—Carrot. -
g&{ · 1 4. O. cer¢zua.—Tobacco. Said to be common and destruct- ,
    t ive to tobacco in India.
    5. O. cumamz.—Sunflower, tobacco, cocklebur. (Russia.)
¤_·.}_s.. ,___}`;_ j;; . . .‘ rr _
 `: v

 ‘ 
T/ze Broom-rapes. 5 ,I 1
ers 6. O. gmcilis.-—Red clover, esparsette, sweet clover (Mel- I. 
ilolus qjticivza/is.) i  
lg 7. O. lawamzwlacea.-Lettuce, beans.  
he 8. O. ludavicia1za.——Tobacco, horseweed. (Kentucky.)  
ey 9. O. l2¢lea.——Alfalfa, black medick, zig-zag clover.  
.s, 1o. O. muieZi.——Rape.  i
s. II. O. mi¢z0r.——Clovers, alfalfa, black medick, serradella,   , 
es carrot, ppetunia. (Europe, America.) M 
1s 12. O. picrzdis.-Carrot. · . {
rd 13,. O. ram0sa.——Hemp, tobacco, tomato, potato, rape, cab-
11- bage, parsnip, Pyvcet/u·2m1 indzkzmz. (japan, India, Egypt,  fl
1e Europe, United States.) ,  
le I4. O. schwei1Jurlz'i.-—Egyptian clover   alexarzdrivzzcm).  
t- I'5. O. spcciosa.-—Peas, beans, lentils, pansy, Euonymus.  
ze (Egypt, England, etc.) `I, 
se 16. O. ii7zc!0ria.—-Sugar beet. (Egypt.)  
g · Of these broom-rapes it will be noticed that only numbers ~ 
zr 8, II and I3 now occur in this country, two of them (11 and  
d 13) being introduced plants. Others may come later with im-  
a- ported seeds, the species attacking low-growing crops being y
the ones most likely to be brought hereii: j
{_ The broom-rapes grow from six inches to a foot and a half  
3- high, are mostly annual, though such species as O. minor have  i
l- sometimes been observed to persist more than one season. ·i
,- They become fastened to the fibrous roots of their hosts when  
;_ these are young, but apparently not before sufficient growth  
V has been made to render the host-plants capable of withstand-  
Q ing to some extent the drain to which the parasite subjects I 
t them. The injury does not consist in any strangling action, j
D as is sometimes suggested by farmers. The parasite simply .
becomes closely applied to the roots of the host so that it takes  
i' *1ll a valuable work on broom-rapes, published in 1887 by Dr. Ludwig · 
KOCH (Entwickhmgsgeschichte der Orobanchen), a copy of which has j
` just been added to the library of the Division, some figures are given 2
showing the preferences of broom-rape in the matter of host-plants. The  
- clover family, Leguininostc, heads the list with SS species attacked. j
_ Newt comes the Compositic with 86 species, then the Labiatte with 46, the g
Umbelliferrc with 31, the Rubiaceic with l3, the Solanaceze with 12, and  
) so on down to families with a single attacked species.  
1
(
V J
V

 *Ji.?·`i iii  
>   —i s _ _
        6 Bu!/elirz N0. 105. ‘
2   .·`~ ?E·3i-»·€     from then1 nourishment produced for the use of the host- plant. I
    ````  ig "    The result of this is an enfeeblement of the host, shown in
i_»ifYi_¥·_     dwarfed growth, when the parasite is large and vigorous and ‘
  Q.; ;’Q._ ‘-’` fg   becomes attached early, or, when the parasite is small, or the
  '`._   host-plant is particularly vigorous, but little injury may be `
  apparent. It has sometimes been claimed of the species at-
  ,_·_, =   ° tacking tobacco in Eastern Kentucky that the infested plants
  are not injured. This is doubtful in any case, and probably V
    = if the tobacco were carefully compared with other tobacco not
      , infested, a diiference in both weight and quality would become
          apparent. In the case of hemp I believe no such claims are
`—   _»,,_   made, It is only too evident on examining infested fields that
  the plants are reduced in size and the fiber weakened, even
  where they are not utterly destroyed at an early stage of their
  growth. I have observed cases where the crop was reduced
  . . fully fifty per cent. by the attack, and have known a few in-
  stances in which it was so injured that the owner did not con-
  sider it worth cutting.
  Kentucky Broom-rapes.
  The branched broom—rape (O. ramasa) is the best known
  species in Kentucky, but thus far has not been observed out-
  side of what is known as the Blue—grass section. The Louisi-
  ana broon1—rape(O. Zur/0vz`cz`a¢za) has only recently been de-
  tected on tobacco in Daviess County. The beech-drops
  (Lgp{;mmz`um z.·z`rgz'2tz`a7zz¢m) is very-common in the State about
  beech trees, and with the increasing value of timber of all
  sorts may be classed among species of economic importance.
  Besides th