xt7b5m625w8k https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7b5m625w8k/data/mets.xml Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station 1960  journals  English Lexington, Ky Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Kentucky farm and home science, vol. 6 No. 1 winter 1960 text Kentucky farm and home science, vol. 6 No. 1 winter 1960 1960 2012 true xt7b5m625w8k section xt7b5m625w8k 5 ‘ ` .
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   ztaeka  ARM L   A ’
Vol. 6, No. 1 ......................... VVinter 196() " ?
A report of progress published quarterly by the Kentucky Agricultural
. . . . . at
Exoernnent Station, Unwersztx 0 Kentucki, Lexmvton ° A
l J J >;>
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lil£N'I`U(1li\' i·\(}lU(]ULTURAl. EXPERINIILNT Material appearing in this publication may be re—
STATION produced without further permission, provided that P" ·
FnAi~:kj.\V1aLcn ............................................ . ..... Director gnu ncknnwlndglncnt is Inndé Og the Source nnd tnnt U
3xI1;‘l2;x{I£&(§Ji;\\r '''''.'''''· ` '''`.·`'`'·'~'''.~'     D0 ClILlI`1g(‘) ll'1 h€Z`l(llDgS Ol` text is l“Hd€ \Vltl]OUt approval i ~ . 
j. ALLAAJ Sxrirn   Editor by the °“th°r· {AQ
Kentucky Farm arlcl Homg Scicncc Address correspondence about articles in this pub- ;,—»·
jmnpu C DU\K_A_I Editor lication to either the authors or the Department of I
Louise B(gS\VELL ...... I   .... l .· ...... Assist mt Editor Public Infonmltion md Educational Aid$= EXP€Yim€Ut e
lionnnrr C. NTAY ......................................r... Photographer Station Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, ng,
I T h ° Is ue li
TALL FESCUE—A Fnociucss 1i1;1>on*r
By William A. Seay Page 3 K * _
 
Tun E1·‘1·`1;cTs or PAnAs1*r1sx1
By Stanley Leland, ]r. Page 5
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\Vnmu; Dons rin; KEN*rUc1"?,{$·i?  
 rilégiegs-»y$}4¢?’>¤. }Z.—. *~2*~w   “-V‘ .·¥;¤i·rt V=~   ‘···= Y  N "·'1W·5’?;·...a;".¤¥$5 A "·  ¤.—··—e yl ?i··2s..·.:;.‘·’zi       
. Tall fescue grown in pure   fgqgg-- “ ’,;;~;%‘£?`?¥·*&~i;;‘?:‘i·<',_Q·."¥,' Q.Q3.»‘:r.¥¥fV,,
stand makes a relatively poor     ’V,'·      ‘   ¤ I "  ? Caffe:   ’—’;1{i?°‘
- .   1-—=¢»·;¤.,:.   —»··»       =·    -.;c,*¤.?· ef  V  »   * · ~* .·z.i ‘ ‘· ?·.¤*—<=,     " ; #'r‘    
"*¢~ quality pasture for most live-  ;;.;*i£‘ii·.   ·  .. 2;;,xq.      
-       ·     ra N .· ·· ,;`,— sw >··#·~ ··,— · *·      “‘.   —   zi` .>   -;   ;~··~.— ·‘
` stock. The quality may be        
*· greatly improved by having 25       :T"‘3_;?['Z.?¤  Y
- V-   —.   ., J · .   ‘· M ..=.: I   5. ·»=e     I ··¤e 4 ·< · .       A is »&·‘ ·— .‘ , *;~:»z  Fi
we "°r?°“? °" ‘“°"° °* °l°""‘*       .
i Th*S1>¤¤*¤**= of UK =·~s¤‘¤¤¤·¤v   c  ia    : ay-    €—‘ * Z #;;>; »··¤e*·1’  °‘ ~¤  >.s>:¢=`*.:2·*‘¥
,, plots in Christian County           ei .· ·*   »i&~°·is"(i1“*?°  
- ’ c     Z   "~ ».-r».?’ ·¤·.,-if ** ·..·’ >'2¤»~/;· Yr ·— {KM .a§€1t»>· $”."·*#·if   *3*
(JUHE   shows (left) tall   bij,   Mi           jj(~t1‘°. ' p _ _ -4}%
  fescue in pure stand and   *.4*       fr          
, _ _ 5:2. ,. ‘f   _3i;‘ , V g •" `  -,_§Z--.ii·».,.,_ " . ._ ZKT   .a.{ _ J.-I U ' wi`? " l "‘·v`, V"-s-‘{‘,l ,053- ‘   ‘ I ·
(right) tall feseue with Ladmo  ·   g r jj     "é{<§»z§q\&¤;»—¢ T .4   A, rQ""*!° ‘
‘**» clover. Both plots had been   em,-.-gg   ji    ia    if  °’*:“`fr"’i·       -3
· - T’"’ ·         L', 5*     T":¤·§~·-; ».·'·=·.»‘·' ,.` =   *f[_—=~' ~·*!· V4.   {  
  seeded to fescue-Ladmo m          
1948, but the clover had grad-    xs  _·><_é;;¢* -3;*,*,,-. · -   · ,·6;“&,;‘;·¤.;>=; *· . \,{“··- q..’·" . *24=· 1 V     *¥.f»
i · I 5},, ,   Vi),   Q, vugil       *y·¤··,_¤Lt%_ ·   7/   4’ fén °` .4,- I { nn';   V . ,i
- , ually disappeared. The plot     yn;.   .,3~,·»-·~_     i, y d,.»b_,·__    
jc on the right was renovated in  i `·     L5-  r’1"V     AV- Q; W   »  
T ·_ 1955 by [ertrlizmg with lime,   --y_       ..2,;,,  },.»;;,,;;;1{7;§-,3,qy · ,_   \ .     ;~ {L T.,-,g\_  
phosphorous and potassium. w§?i·§»‘~d`·{·.:_   ·*¤Q\j -     ,   "'·’Q,.¥ . `*
J, The Ladino is of volunteer   “4‘ '§i   é.   
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L .   4 pl pktjai   I;  ,.1.:   é":>,%¢;.   .-;".‘;¥_.    TJ ,xy_{;v\_Z_\ I ;;.—',;‘~ Sir,  A l·,‘--`;_v`i:.`.t:,-T-   _· ) V; A mi ;.·
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r’}P.
V  ~» Tall Fescue —- A Progress Report
* .
  If mixed with legumes and properly managed,
Kentucky 31 fescue has possibilities
` for livestock and dairy use
-· " needed, and to indicate how tall fescue may be used
» yy BYWILLIAM A. SEAYI in a pasture and forage program to obtain more r
· \flC(’-1)li'(’LX)I 1 E Sl1t1S1:3.CtO1`y 1`€SllltS.
.' K·tkj "·t:l ‘·'#tStitE: . . . .
"*" U] uc ` mm ml Xpmmm ` (H This deep-rooted perennial grass is widely adapted
Since Kentucky 31 fescue was introduced in 1939, to the climate and soil conditions of this region. It is
_ it has become an important pasture and soil-conserving used in many parts of the upper South and lower
`\•- grass in Kentucky. There is much interest and dis- Midwest as a pasture and forage crop. It grows well v
v cussion about the merits and shortcomings of feseue, in wet soil and, yet, is quite drought resistant. lt
and staff members of the Kentucky Agricultural Ex- persists well on both good and poor soils. Fescue
·`** periment Station and the Cooperative Extension Serv- produces a sod dense enough to hold up livestock on
up ice are asked many questions about it. muddy wet land even after a thaw and can be grazed
Kentucky 31 fescue is widely distributed in Ken- in winter. It grows well in eastern and western Ken-
"" tucky and used by thousands of farmers. One should tucky, as well as in the central “Bluegrass” area. lt
. i recognize that this frass will continue to be used is a well ada ated cool-season rass for most of Ken-
V a °’_
_ and, if used properly, can serve very useful purposes. tucky.
r \Vhile it does have limitations it has many good The ability of Kentucky 31 fescue to persist in
9 qualities. spite of diseases, mismanagement, and competition
This report is designed to summarize our knowledge from other species often leads to unwise use of the
°'*‘ about Kentuck 31 fescue, to uoint out results of Jlant. Man farmers acce nt it as a frazinf ilant with-
1 &» 1
.4, research completed and give information from re- out using proper fertilization and management prac-
search now underway, to point out some research tices. On established fescue-legume pasture mixtures,
use of nitrogen will accelerate the crowding out of the
_ e I lllCSCt1l`(.`ll €ll1(1 Ol)SCl'\'i11l()llS I`C]_)OI`tC(1 llt‘I'L‘ \’\’CI`(‘ C()llll'll)lllC(l lGgu]T]€S_ ()“ the other hand, USC Of ]]itl·()g(¤n 0]] pure
` by several workers in the lxentneky Agricultural Experiment gmudg of fegclw mllv inclvlw hQl_b_l ye (md',-()_ Q Ul
_, Station, the Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service and to a ` ” ` ` ` ~ °‘ “ 5* ‘ I `(’(‘(
*··+ . . . . I ·
lesser extent, neighboring states, and are only summarized by P10K 1101101]- V
¢ the author. (Continue:] on Page 4)
_ Ksxrucxr FARBI Axn I-loan; SClENCE—\VlN'I`EH 1960 3
I
rr

 Tal] F€Scu€;.A Progress Report fescue. Some cattle grazi11g Kentucky 31 fescue or ssp. _
. b `n¤ f f ' r ' "` .
(Cmmmwd from Pageg) G1 el ed escue hay or silage maylbecome lame 1n ·r
G _ d Cr _ E _ the h111d feet, usually 1n fall or winter, and a dry up
r¤z1n an r in x ernments
g pp g P gangrene 1nay eventually develop there a11d at the r
MeuY experrmeurs eempermg Pure reseue zulu end of the tail. Tl1e best treatment seems to be 4 - _
fescue-l¤=g¤¤¤€1>¤St¤r€ murtures Wuu ether grasses and removing fescue hay, pasture or silage from the diet A {
t-Crrrssdegume muuures have ueeu eeuuuered by seVerel if lameness appears 2`|.I1(l before gangrene develops, in _
state experiment stations. Reported results have been which ease reoovery is aided_ Apparently only a sniall "“*;
contradictory and inconclusive. Some of tl1e factors peroentage of oattle develop laineness_ The “tesone M.,
which have made i11terpretation difficult are tl1e toot" seeins more likely to oeenr when no legumes
methods of calculating total (1lg€Sl[ll)l€ nutrients, the are in rhe tesene pasture or when pnre tesene hay or ~v
entrance of w.ld grasses 2`l.l](l weeds, parasite build- silage is the only feedr W ·
uP ul P*rsuu`es» Zulu lmsmiulrrgemeru of Pestures 8. Limited evidence indicates tl1at cattle are more ._
I11 general, experiments and obseivations here and adversely arieeted by parasitisin vvhen grazing tesene i
ur uruer Purees ulurerue rue reuewmg fer KeutuekYi pastures than when grazing other pastures. Tl1is 1nay ye
1- Keuulel(}’ 31 rescue alone er Wuu legumes rs be due to greater survival of i11fective larvae on
relatively easy to establish, compaied with otl1e1 resene pasture, as Well as greater development or V
l)CI`(¥llllllll grasses. It is harder to maintain legumes in parasites in animals grazing tesene { _,
fescue than in other grasses, but renovation of fescue _
sod to re-establish legumes can, under favorable condi- Breedin Better Fescues "’“
Ci
{mus, be S¤¤c<*SSt¤lly rreeumPllsueu· Altl1ough tall fescue is well adapted to K€11tllCl(}’  
2. Kentucky 31 fescue or fescue-legume mixtures and has niany good qualities as a pasture grass, its
wlll Curry tls much er mere llv<>St<>¢l< Per eere uuul lower palatability a11d nutritive qualities tl1an some *`·
other perennial cool season grasses or grass-legume other grasses have been reootrnized by the Kentnolty _
 
llllxullrs lants. *’
1 is F 1 t' ‘t t 1 ’ D “’
_ ‘ ss lmllus Km PU tus lull rm] ml m M sf Nurseries are repeatedly grazed during tl1e grazing _
{\t-ntnelty .31 lescuta Ol on (‘SCll¢&·f‘§lllll¢` P·1Sl¤Y€> ls g€aS()l]_ Cattle Consistently graze certain lines or
‘ll)l"(m'"‘lt°ly (sum to tut lm Ot lu reldesfe Ol hides $11211115 throughout the growing season more tllitll ·"
l°`l;""“` '"“lm°`*‘ _ IL I K k they graze Ke11tucky 31 fescue. After tl1ree genera- *
r' >,..·., ,, ·. . ,2 ’, ,.: __ _ _ _ _‘ ~
_ ‘)· lsl*'sl‘l‘°} ul uu 1T""‘°;*"" ml sums YIM tions of selection, the best grazed inbred lines have
lescne is significantly less t ian w 1en cows graze ot lei been Pprmrttcd to Cl_OSS_POrnmltC to rom] aSynthr_tiC,, to
grasses. ()n pure stands ol fescue. lactating dairy V,U,·r_tiCe These Wmhetic V,u,i€t;€S hive been rrmzes
"l"'u‘u* Ulu ll klml llmls ws l$llt‘ lS‘ltl;;‘l°t°li Ps] n sod plots Lllltl compared w1tl1 Kentucky 31 and other ·
slsliuli') el lllll lllrlrlllellslll ulul 10;*1 ull) ‘l)l()*uCtlml g()mmt—rgial fescue varieties f()1' l)t1lZ1t21l)lllt)/' US \V€ll Tv ·
· · ¤ · ' 1 ` · · · · * T ll · · ¤ ~ . . . . . .
ulj'} lu <>l>*—{··¤<¤r¤Sit¤i¤- calves. Three of the calves, numbers 932, 934, and A
_ J Slsts ln the Depettment ot Annnel PetnologY have 933, were given one, one-half, and oneefourth million
J" been eondnotmg stndles to determine more PYee1selY stomach worm larvae Trichostronvz Ius axei . Calf
· O
what adverse elteots nemetode Psnnsltes have on 935 was retained as an uninfected worm-free control.
domestic animals. These studies have included blood Calf 932, Wlllell reeelverl the largest (lege ef wel-rn
V wd Plesmtl Volume detel”mlnetlons» eleetl`oPllol`etle larvae, died of acute parasitism 19 days after infection.
L" S€I`LlH'lfl`9tCt101l2llf1OH, total $61111]] ]_)1'Ot€1ll lll€2l.Sl.ll`€lTl€lltS, In this Experinleut a direct relationship bgtyvegu the
( and ObS€l`VZ].tlOllS Oll th€ IlOIl·ITllCl`OSCOplC and llllCl`O· nu]/nbgr Of vvOI·l]·l larvae given and the ggllgral Coljdl-
I seoP?e Petnologloel ollenges tion of the animal was evident in the 2%-month ob-
VAM Slnoe llol`ses» slleeP= wd cattle eeell setve as llost tv servation period. Calf 934 showed definite clinical
_ Over 20 dltletent sPeeles ot Psmsltie nematodes and signs of parasitism (note calfls rough coat and general
 W- since nearly all animals become infected in their onnearrrnee ol? apathy in Fig; gy
i   tlsllel enVll`onment¤ lt is neoessel`Y to obteln “’onn‘ In the aggregate of the three experiments, all calves
\ `. , .r . · , ·. ; · . .
fiee expeianental animals. This .s done in the case grven g()g7()()() or more larvae Showed rerulrly el)-
of sheep and cattle by taking the animals at birth and Servrrble nutlrologleel elmnges at nest rnertern
T telslng tnem ln sPeelsllY deslgned oeges (lng- ll Wlnell In the case of the blood determinations, deviations
provide a worm—free environment. These worm-free {rorn tlle Control were in general nronortgonnl to tllci
 .· “ ._{e_,.,.·· ,=_ UUlUl)€l` of \VO1`lU l2ll'Vi1G g1VCIi. BlOOtl z`tD;l plasm;1 _
· ·*‘   ”‘  V  _   volumes, total serum protein, and serum albumin all
. .__b. Q .... : .... -.AA-~‘ -·-····*·‘‘ “" { V e    Vi . showed reductions following infection. The serum
    alpha globulin in infected calves showed a marked
A       · increase, while the other globulins were decreased.
    ‘’.·- ¤     _ (Continued on Page 8)
  "V      I V lTwt) l`L‘l)llCLltl()1]5 of this calf (‘Xl)(‘I`Illl('Ilf l\zl\`t‘ llL‘t‘l1 Cinn-
’~-oy   '     `6  X A*"    ’ pleted and all were essentially in agreernent.
·=>‘     - f A i   ` ‘V
°          ,·  · .A. A~»A A A·   ei·.; ~ =--=e    
'°'*   ;`     ¢*‘? TVV];4  · T `»t`    ’     \/    kk
  ‘   A .... .   _   ..;. .» ’   ·· — . »   =:- ·~  .,3 _ . 3,   * ·
rc . Ay — ·—~A»-; ~ --··i         ‘‘‘>      V   "   93*
V A/j     ·A .A V.,      “ ’  " ·
_ I __._:_   ..‘, .     _       { -.4 ,   { A
- . , . . . .   r       ‘**   ,A A   `     :A‘A ¢   ” "`‘‘   ,
` —,, Fig. l.- Sheep and cattle are rar.;cd in specially designed   A gf   -=t¢-      l   ;7_       . —-’-  
cages to provide worm-free environment. The cages are l   ``__ _.{,      A ..._ A     ·--·   V---.       Z·    ,._  z
A elevated from the floor on metal supports and have Steel- ,    V___‘’_ °   ___,___r vi   ._.. __    ·t-r  — -=··  · ’‘i‘    rr ‘‘=`‘  
mesh bottoms to prevent accumulation of manure.   1** -r~..%A,A¤/     V',r . A_ VAAVAV   °     ’‘‘’   ‘‘‘’ W  
I`)     e       G  
_ animals are then infected with varying but known I I I I   ng _., p    V
’·*¢» .. A . . A A ·' , 2.-   1;   *` ` ¤ '  ' ·
quantities of worms of a single species Thus. it is ng , Tl°`° "`°` ("llllll  M 755 965 .,
_ _ j . _ _ davs ol same age) were raised A (,,,,,:0:. A A *
" also Posslllle ln these Puts i¤*<*¤t¤<>¤S to detennlne a·({]—mAt`ree. To slmw the effects   A    
(1) the lethal larval dose,   the general course oi- or nrnAr,Sn;Snr_ ggly; and g;;.Al were  yy    .;   , V  
the disease,   the male-female worm ratio,   the inoculated with known nlnnl>v1‘S rr gitjy   VVAV  l  l   
. . - - ‘ . A A   r ‘ . - ··   ir? '   A Q ‘2
1 €gg—l21ylllg potential of the female worm. and (0) the ol “o‘m l·nl·‘t· nots "’“?·€l‘ "’·"   {    3 4 ji; {
. · . - (934) and size (llfl(3l`Cll(`CS com-    ·, 6 ’ V l ‘~
pathological effect on the host in the absence of other . _ ._ _ _ , ·· , ·   y   V
A ..f · _ ` pared with w01m·l1ee ttmllol  0   ' A, ·  
\VOI`ITl Sl)L(,l€S. (.nll‘ algo), { . W; Q é, ,Y__
T lf · A   W
KENTUCKY FARM AND Hmm Scr1;xce—\Vrxrun 1960 at   l ‘   ‘
_ F
V' Y { I g .
I I r A ..,.,
. ,. _ ,».;· "‘·' yr °, fh .; lt' A

 W here Does the yl
Current operating expenses are W V
l(€I1tl1Cky II 3I°II1€I°’S tho Iorgoot itom of form production J I
ll G 9 outlay here and nationally to
  `
D0 ar 0 . at
ij)-
liy ROBERT W. RUDI) and 1). MILTON SHUFFETT to family labor, management, and the land and '
l)('|TiIl'llII('lIl of Agrieiilturnl Eennoniies Capital Plant Of flu·lHiHg_ 5/
The decade of the 195(Ys saw agriculture`s gross Product-ion Ex gnggs Com med with G.-oss |.-Nome ¤•
lVll(j()Ill(’ I`(‘Il]1llIl lll)()llt StCZ1(ly \Vllll(* S()2`lI`lllg costs to The Proportion Oi. the gross iucolnc used {01. Op€l.ut_  
l'2ll`lllC]'S l)I‘()lll.§llt g€ll€l'2llly lOVV€l' lltft lllC()lT1€S. K&’Il·V ing expense is ggnerauy lower {O1. K€1]tllCky fal.In€1.S _ Q
tucky l'1l.l'lTl(‘l`S shared lll this decline with the rest of than the lmtimml average} mggcting the USC, of mow ti ‘
tll($ ll2ltl()llS i1ll`lT1CI'S. Tll€ lllCI`CZ1Slllg tOtk1l C()StVSltll2i— hunny labor in Spgcialty Crops   tobacco Ou Km} "_
[101] lTI`()lIl.[lll' (Jll2lllgCS lll V2l.l'l()llS C2l.tCg()1'1€S of l'EI1`lll tucky farn-ISV Fixed GXPGHSCS also HVGI-REE 10\V€l~ as 21 V V
oottt if"` K*`“t"CkY t=ttmot>= flurmti the lust I0 Years- proportion of gross income for Kentucky farmers Tv
l?ul'm(*l'S` pl`()(ll1Clil()Il €Xp€HSGS lull ll] t\VO classes: than for the patio;] mainly because of the lgwgy —
llX(‘(l (‘Xl)(‘llS(‘S 2lTl(l Clll'I`Cllt()p(‘l'1ltll1g CXPCITSGS.   (japltill lIlV€Stlll€lltS lll K€1ltLlCl(y 11g1'lCllltll1`€. TOtzll
(‘Xp(‘IlS(‘S 1ll'(‘ tll()S(‘ C()StS \VlllCl`l HFC lI1CllI`l`€(l I`€g2`l1`(ll€SS P1'0(lllClZl()Il QXPCDSGS in K€11tllCl(}’ 11&lV€ ZlV(i1'21g€(l t1l)OUl wa`?
()i· tll(‘ lCV(‘l (Tl: p1`()(lllCtl()ll, \VllllC Clll'I`€I1t Op€1`2l.tlllg   p€I`C€lll[   of tl'1€ gI`OSS THCOITIG tllilll {OY tl`1€‘ *; 
l‘Xl)(‘IlS(’S Vtll`y \Vltll {lll? lCV(‘l ()l' Pl'()(lllCtl()Il. 1t€l11S ll2l.tl()l1. BOtl1 K€IltllCl(yil.ll(ltl1(;‘112ItlOTl’S l"L`l1`l1lll1g Sl1()\V l
like taxes, depreciation, and interest on farm mortgage about the same effects of the last decade’s climbing _
debt are viewed as fixed expenses, while outlays for prices of items used in farming as well as the larger -
hired labor, feed, or fertilizer and the like are con- amounts of ofl?—farm purchases of production items
Sl(l(‘I'(‘(l IIS ()I)(‘l'2ltll1g CXPGITSGS. \Vl1l1lZCV€1' I'ClTl2Ill1S of     FlX€(l Hl1(l Cll1`1`€l1t€X]_)€l]S€S (521011 lZ2ll((i 2l.l)()lll Ll _ ~
gross income after covering fixed and operatin t ex- 6 Jercent more ofthe tross toda than at the betin- ·,- ' 
Y f—
penses, then, IS net 1nco1ne and includes the returns ning ofthe 1950,s.
"`£ ¤V
OPERATING EXPENSES AS PERCENTAGE OF GROSS FARM INCOME
KENTUCKY AND UNITED STATES, 1949-58* —
  S0!/N6`! L/SDI {INS]  
‘;}•;..
KENTUCKY UNITED STATES .
80 *’* A
TDTA1. v l ‘
’W'
6 0
 
tttti    
•&v•· · .
\ _ _ .¢r¢••J’&{••'•"••• ••• Fig. 1.- These graphs
4 O \   "  ll"  ·sx  ~:··~··~···• ··¤>°:·:¤•~:¤•$•· :¤•·:·:%·. ‘ I ‘ g ‘I ‘ »
_ V. · _ ¤_§g—;»- Q`, •°•°••’{•:•:M • •°••°••:•,••% ••• . · . . . [ . . ; ,,
. —~\ -\ · . .‘.'.‘.'.*.·.‘.·.\·. ·. ¤\\~·`¤--\·\(> ’•‘•‘•’••• V •’:`*:°•*•°•°•*•••V•’•°:%• J5 J l)(·Y€€U[¤l€§c 0 QIUS5
•• __ _j.;(_·_.j\q.Aq,._.;.;.;.;.j.;.§.;.;.·.;.;.·»;.;—.·q~; >.*-Z~§>\_·Q_·{;j‘;g;€$