round-about jackets with wide, white ruffled collars
at the neck. The proper little girls have scoop bon-
nets and conspicuous pantalets. Most of the men
wear knee breeches. The houses shown have the
thatched roofs of English cottages. In one picture
a boy has a regular cricket bat. Other schoolbooks
of that date show similar appropriations of English
engravings; but even at that time there were a few
wood engravers in America. When the second gen-
eral revision was made in 1843 some original illus-
trations appeared and in the edition of 1853 notice
was given on the title page that the engravings were
copyright property that must not be used by others.
  As pictures are closely studied by children, some
of the users of these early books may remember
the cut showing vividly the dangers of "whale catch-
ing." Two boats are thrown high in the air by one
sweep of the animal's tail and one seaman is shown
head downward still in the boat. Another repre-
sented Jonah being cast overboard from the ship to-
ward the whale below whose mouth is manifestly
large enough to accommodate Jonah.
  But the engravings in this edition of 1853 had no
considerable artistic quality and they were very
coarsely engraved. In 1863 came the first employ-
ment of a genuine artist in wood engraving. This
was Mr. E. J. Whitney who had made a reputation
by work done for New York publishers. His en-
gravings were to take the place of some then in the
books and their sizes were precisely determined. The
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