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Ohio 90,000. 582,000. 5000. g 2500. E
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New York 150,000. 1,446,000. 10000. ' 4500. E
Missouri 471,000. 6000. 5200.
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Michigan 28,000. 250,000. 5000. ? 2200.
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_California 950,000. } 10000.
Iowa 558,000. » 600 . ' 4000.
Kenhicky 60,000. 90,000. E 5500. i 2760.
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 l I I
Co—operatrve Work between Statrons and the Department of Agriculture.

At the San Francisco meeting of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, :1 com—
mittee on co-operative work between stations and the Department was appointed. This committee consisted of Directors
IS. A. Bryan, of \Vashington; H. H. Goodell, of Massachusetts; W. A. Henry, of \Visconsin; H. J. \Vaters, of Missouri,
and L. B. Carpenter, of Colorado. At the New Haven meeting the following report of this committee was adopted by
the association and the committee continued. It is understood that a conference of all directors and the department on
this subject is desired at the coming \Vashington meeting. Meanwhile the committee invites a careful examination
of the report and of the entire question of co—operative work, and requests that you make at once to the chairman, E. A.
Bryan, Pullman, \Vashington, any suggestions which may occur to you on the subject.

Report of the Committee

Your committee on Co-operative \Vork between the Stations and the Department of Agriculture would respectfully submit the follow-
ing report: .

The committee has sought for an expression of views both from directors of experiment stations and from persons connected with the
department. A very general and free expression has been secured, from which it has become evident that the matter is one of great in-
terest and far-reaching importance. The attitude of the present Secretary of.r\griculture toward closer co-operation between the depart»
ment and the stations and toward more systematic arrangements for such co-operation. meets with very general approval from the directors
of experiment stations. The perfecting ofa system of co-operation in all its details will require time, and it is quite beyond the power of
the committee, without further Consideration, to present a definite program. The most it can hope to do is to suggest such general consider-
ations and principles as may, with the approval of the association, serve for future guidance in co-operative experimentation.

The term “co-operation” is a somewhat loose one, suggesting all degrees of mutual helpfulness, from the formation of a "card index“
to station publications on the one hand, to acting as an agent in seed distribution on the other. In the opinion of the committee, however,
the immediate end in view in the appointment of this committee was the establishment of a satisfactory basis for what might be called
“joint experimentation." Many cases in which the work of the department supplements the work of the stations, or 7'1}? E's/1m, cannot be

i called “co—operative work" in the above sense. It is not the business of your committee to define the functions of the department. But as
the department would seem to be the only feasible channel through which the stations can ordinarily receive foreign seeds and plants, for
which purpose a corps of expert agents visiting all parts of the world is essential. the securing ofsuch seeds and plants for the stations, to-
gether with any relevant facts as to their propagation, is to be looked upon as a legitimate function of the department and as a service to
the station rather than as art example of co-operative experimentation. ()n the other hand, when a station consents to test for the depart-
ment certain new seeds and plants in which it is not otherwise particularly interested, it should be looked upon rather as a courtesy exten-
ded to the department than as a case ofjoint experimentation requiring mutual expenditure of funds. Another type of co-operatiou is that
in which the facilities at the disposal of either institution is not sufficient for the completion of the work without the help of the other.
Such for example would be the case in which tht department furnishes a tobacco expert to Connecticut tenipofarily, or a case in which it
completes some chemical analyses to which the equipment ofa station might not be quite adequate; or, for instance, on the other hand the
assistance rendered by the Arizona station to the department in the introduction into the ('nited States of the date palm—an experiment of
such magnitude as to be quite beyond the capacity ofa state station and of such importance as to make it a national affair.

A third type ofco-operation is the case in which work of a purely scientific. character, involving large expenditure and a number of
investigators, has been undertaken by the department. In such a case it is not unlikely that men of especial fitness for the investigation
will be found here and there in colleges and experiment stations who do not wish to sever their local connections. In such case their ser-
vicesare to be secured and facilities are to be placed at their disposal as the particular circumstances seem to require, and they are to be
looked upon, in a) far, rather in the light of special agents of the department. Snell, for example. are the nutrition investigations of Dr. , ,
Atwater and Dr. Armsby. A fourth type ofco-(qM-ration is seen in those investigations which require the combined work of many stations,as
for example, an attempt to obtain definite information on the changes produced in plants by enviromnent aid the value of this factor in
plant breeding; or the study of the varying effect of soil and climate on some single crop, as the potato. Such experiments call for the work
of many stations at the same time. It is manifest that the uniformity and efficiency of the work would require that such co-operation be
arranged and supervised by some central organization, and it is equally manifest that the department is best prepared to undertake the task.

But the most important type of co—operation, so far as the present consideration is concerned, is perhaps thejoint experimentation ens
gaged in by the department and the individual station. The principles however that apply in this case are applicable very generally in co-
operative work. \'our committee would deem it desirable that both the department and the station should feel entirely free to propose
joint experimentation or to decline a proposal for such work.

It is very clear to the committee that the autonomy of the stations should be preserved, and that the stationashould, in no sense, become
extensions of the divisions of the department for purposes ofexperimeutal work. Not only is the autonomy of the stations necessary to the
fulfillment of their functions, but autonomy in scientific investigations is essential. \'our committee would therefore deem it desirable,
where co-operative work seems advisable, that the agreement take the shape 0le formal contract between the station, as such, and the de—
partment, as such, through the properly authorized channels of each. That is that the high contracting parties be the station on the one
hand and the department on the other. Arrangements between individual officers of the two institutions are deemed inadvisable.

The cost of co-operatiou should be borne jointly by the station and by the department, and the amounts to be expended should, as far
as practicable, be definitely agreed upon and specified.

\Vhile it is understood that an absolute guarantee of continuance cannot be given, yet there should be reasonable mutual assurance of
a fixed policy until the completion of the work undertaken.

The results of the investigation should be available to both institutions, priority of publication being a matter for mutual agreement at
the outset. In all cases, publications should set forth that such work is the result ofjoint experimentation.

Your committee deem it advisable that independent work be not undertaken in the several states by thedepartmeut without the knowl-
edge of the station or consultation with the station, particularly along lines of investigation in which the state station is engaged.

, Whenever co-operation with practical men in the state is desired by the department in investigationsitis suggested that the state station
be the agency through which such co-operation is comlucted. For example, if the department wishes to distribute seeds or plants for CO-
operative work, the knowledge both of men and physical conditions on the part of the station should be made available.

_ Your committee makes the above suggestions realizing that they are in no wise complete, and that the subject is one requiring further
lnqmry.
RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED. _
\ (Signed by l/Ic OWN/(ilian)

 '..
88 Li I ,

Our state guards need these trained young soldiers with all the good o{_a
liberal education and the thorough training of a soldier. for officers who will.
by their force of. character. their influence. and their line gentlemanly qualititzs.
be competent to organize good companies. to train them thoroughly. and to
inspire them with that fine spirit of the soldier which will make them of the
greatest benefit, to the State. ,

Few of our unnpanies now can secure the right kind of tlifit't‘l'S to organize
and keep up and train our guards. \\'e have as good men for soldiers as any
State or country, but we have very few competent officers. I seriously
oppose any exemption of any class or classes from the strict rule of thorough
military training in every year of the college course. and I do this solely for
the good of the young men and all who care for them and for the good of the
State. I hope (leneral llell and all who have given this matter useful thought

; . will help organize the thought and opinion of your conference on this subject,
which will lead to the adoption of very strong resolutions upon the subject
and organized action to have Congress pass laws which will permit of no
exemption ex‘cept for the young women and the men who are physically
incompetent. _

‘ Yours; truly. .\t‘t;t7s'rt's It}. WILLsoN,
’ (lore/"nor of It’e/IIIleI.'!/.

I have given this matter a great, deal of thought, and while I fully agree,
with what tieneral Iiell said yesterday in regard to the strength, both of the
defensive attitude of this country and the offensive, if it should assume that;
role. I have a strong conviction that we will lose a rare opportunity it we fail
to comply with the spirit of this law of Congress. There is no country in the
world tl'at possesses the elements out of which a soldier is made in a higher
degree than the I'nited States of America: and while we occupy a compar-

"a‘tively isolated position and. so long as we have a strong tleet, are not likely
to he assailed from abroad. still the possibility may come. ()ur tenden-
cies are pacific. but we should be prepared to meet emergencies. To limitl-
lain :11! adequate force that would furnish the nucleus for a good organization
as a standing army would require not less than three or four hundred thousand
‘men in this country. That wtmld"be a yei‘y expensive operation. It wouid
involve 'fh‘vJ military expenditure at least four times as much as we a‘re’expenth
ing now. Ifuwe had a trained militia in every State inl the I'nion. properly
disciplined and properly organized. called out for military exercises two or *'
three times a year. and their exercises continued for sutliciently long to give
them knowledge of field practice and of the operations of war. you would be
able to meet any emergency in a comparatively short time, and with chih—
j{‘.'a'ratively little expense. There arc‘mi‘l'it'ia in training in the l'nited States
now amounting to not less than three or four hundred thousand men. all told.
\\'e have about S.000 or 10.000 of them in I\’entucky. In States like New York
and Pennsylvania and the larger States they are ctIrrespondingly more nu-
lllt‘l'lilis. But these militia are comparatively worthless unless they be properly
trained and unless they have the nucleus of an organization to begin with. and
officers able to manipulate them‘hnd"t‘i‘i‘fl’ltrike them and bring them into proper
military shape and training. so that they may he made effective at once and
'tncorporated with the standing army of the United States. From an ecomnnic
point of view that would he an immense saving.
\ The sine qua non for a good military organization is to have good otlicers.
\ . and where can you look for good etficers better than in the land-grant colleges _
of the I‘nited States of America. organized partly for that purpose in accord-
ance with the spirit of the organic law. and to which are detailed by the mili-
'tary department—the War Department of the United States—the necessary
”(Hikers to carry on all this system of military training. whether it be long or
short? From an economic point of view we could. in case of emergency. spend
several hundreds of millions of dollars. We can afford to keep a small stand- .
ing army if we have an efficient trained citizen soldiery ready to take the tield
v and to be iIa-erporated with the standing army of the United States in an emer-
gency. We are never likely to be subjected to a conscription here. It is alien
‘to the thoughts and the feelings and traditions of the Anglo-Saxon stock. huh
‘ , .7 _ __,__ while that is a fact. and while we are not disposed to submit to conscription.
M" W and never will. yet we ought not'th "ii'd‘gi'ect the fact that we have the very
l'est element for forminglan army and forming it at short notice. if only the
. necessary precautionary measures be taken to provide the necessary instruc-
‘tion at the proper time. -
While we are a peaceful race. we are not an unwarlike people. That is to
‘ say. we are ready to defend ourselves. or think we are, rently to defend our-
selves. whenever we are-calletl upon. Iiut we had a painful experience iii
regard to that in the. civil war. It took weeks. months. and years to bring the,
citizen soldiery. of the I'nited States on the one hand and the t‘onfederate
States on the other hand. into the necessary degree of etlicieney to make them
effective. and while that was being done they died by the thousands: they
‘, perished like tlics. They knew nothing about sanitary measures; they knew
nothing about how to manage the connnissariat of the army. They were utterly
E ignolant in all these matters. The I'nited States had been at peace so long—’—
tifteen or twenty years since the. period of the' Mexican war—that the I‘nited
l States Army. even the standitivfgy‘army otlieercd by West Point men. knew prac- ‘
l x tieally little of the usages and experiences of war time. Now. we can obviate
* all that by giving the necessiiry amount of instruction in our land-grant col-
leges. complying with the law. doing our duty in the matter. and utilizing 10
tie extent of our requiremenfs the means that are placed by the I'nited States ,
C» > (low rmneut at our disposal f. ' Ifl‘ecting this end. . a

 J. K. I'A'r'ri-znson, of Kentucky. I have a letter from Governor Willson, of.
Kentucky, who is very much interested in military education. He is the chair~ .
man of our board of trustees, and in that capacity I invited him to come to-
\".'ashington and be present at the deliberations of this body, but. he explains
to me in a letter that pressure of business at home prevented his coming. He
sent this letter, however, to me with the implied request that it be presented to ' I
this body, and with your permission I will take occasion to do so:
v \ty DEAR I’Rornsson I'A'l"l‘lCRSON: '
I regret very earnestly that I can not, be present at the meeting of the Land-
; (lrant College Association to show my interest in their work and to learn more
of it to help me be more useful in helping them, but my duties here will not let
me go. ,
ln view of the relaxation of military discipline in the State University of the.
juniors and seniors, I wished to urge upon the conference not only the duty but
lt.-e very great value of military discipline to our youth. It is a duty, because '
the act of Congress of 18132, which made the allotment of public lands for these .
colleges in section 4, expressly included "military tactics," clearly, to supple- '
,n:ent lhe existing laws made to educate our people for military service, and espe-
cially to have otticers ready in case of any need. It was a wise law. We can .
not'h'ave too many of our young men instructed to be ready to serve their coun» ‘
try in case of need.
But it is even more valuable to our young men themselves. I can not tell
what I would give new if when l was in school and college I had had the great: _
good of rigid military training, the setting-up exercises, the lesson of power of /
organization, training. discipline, obedience, and command; the lesson of duty to
our country and our laws, the stimulus of rivalry in learning that, lesson; and,
above all, the splendid upright, clear~eyed front»faced bearing and spirit of the
trained soldier-gentleman. The lesson of implicit obedience must precede the
lesson of knowing how to lead or command. One must obey before he uses
authority, and no student in college is {lever old enough not to be blessed by this ,
’ -—”T&§§Tifif“h“ls Worth more than any one branch of study or education. One must
have a sound body and erect, gentlemanly bearing and carriage to half utilize
the best mental gifts. and 1 hope that the law will be made more strict, and that
all the colleges will anticipate the need of such a law and make their rules strict; ' ‘
and without exception to any who is not physically crippled or disabled so as to
make it impossible. If we had hundreds of military schools, we should have .
‘ thousands ready to act as ollicers or highly intelligent soldiers in any case of
need; but that need is rather exceptional, and the main good of this training is
to send out thousands of splendid young men soldiers and gentlemen of splendid,
erect, and well-trained bearing, of young men taught that it, is just as indispen—
sable to obey as to connnand, with greater understanding of the duties and
rcsponsibilties of life and of the great good of organization, training, and
discipline. v
i If I were to decide for a son of my own or for myself, if I were again
' young and had the knowledge I have now. I should dispense with any branch
of study before the military part, and I urge upon every one the practice of
insisting upon full, generous, and ample time being given to this military work
ol’ these colleges. and I am sure that, the result will be an unmixed blessing ' ,
to every youth who has the training. a great uplifting and splendid example to
thousands who can not. get it, and a never-ending good and safeguard to our
country and our States. ., ,. .. .
2

 2 7 I .I 3
Fans til
* their ultlmutc results and to run ('\‘(“1')'llllll§.‘.‘ down to its ultimate analysis;
whatever his ficld of invcsl’igntlou 11::1y on: bur \cry ofim he lacks conslrm-tivc
scholarship, he lacks the powcl' of cc-ns'il'uciivc activity that makes his labor ’ V
effective. It llzlS bcx‘n said by tho sumo 1‘01'r'oz1 {11:11 1111- aim of Emzlish educa-
tion is to make :1 gcnth‘umu. not :1 gcutlcuzzul upon the basis of blood. but :1 gou-
llcmnn who ought to be I'l‘prcsctdutivo of thc old and thc lwitcr nobility. 21ml
(hub-divs :1ll lhc cltzn'ucrcrlslics llml :_'.o to make up our modem conm-ptiou o.“ :l
huntlmuuu—ccutlcucss, :.rcum'osity. mnuliucss. The object of thc English 1min-
. 111:.r is To do that. and thcy build upon the basis. mainly. of classical iusll'ucliou.

'l‘wo cculurics bcforo public Schools wcrc established in England: two ccn-
flll'lL‘S before public schools, cilhcr primary or secondary. wcrc established upml
the continent of Europc. with thc cxccption of some parts of (lormuuy. thorn
existed in Scotland wlmt wurc cullcd tho "parochial" schools. 11nd lhcsc
parochial schools made the 111011 who cm1blcd thcivrcountry. out of :11] proportion
lo its area :111d its popdlutiou, to dominate the civilization of (‘ln'istcudonL It

7 was no uncommon thing for men to go up lllcrc from tho parochial schools to
the University of Edinburgh or ol.‘ .\‘l'. .\ndvcw or .\bcrdccn. 1111111 who lmd no '
training: wlmtcvcr except wlml (boy got in thcsu 11:11‘ot'lli111 schools. and “my
l.‘211'l'l(‘(l with them :1 very libcrul :unouut of training: thcy c211'1‘icd with lhcm
(‘iccm :md \'c1'::il :md llomcc :111d somclimcs Tacitus. ’l‘hcy curricd with l'hcm
not only the (luck ’l‘cslzlmcut but 1110 .\11:1ln1sis :111d‘ I'IUlllt‘l‘. 11ml lhcy cub-rcd
these universities, and bccumc the men who mzldc Scotland what it is and what
it has been. .

Shall we ruthlessly cut 10030 from all ”(1105c traditions and put aside classical
culture 11s of practically no vuluo‘.‘ My own i111px'cssio11 is (11:11 \vhgu'cvcr more
is opportunity and wherever lhcrc is :1 Hul‘licicul‘ amount of 111c:1ns‘:1t lhc ('Ulll-' '"
muud of the parents. and whom thc boy or the girl 111:111ifcsts :my disposition
to attain to a high clump of scholarship. \vc should glvc 111cm tho benefits
of classic-:11 training. at lcust us :1 basis upon which to build. It was said by
the sumo authority of which I spoko ad the outset. that whilc 1110 :11111 of 11m

1 (lcrmun is to make Scholars in thc merely tcclmlcnl sense 1 have spoken of,

I . while the :1im of lhe Illnglishmnu is to make gcullcmcu. that lhe :1im of tho
.\mcl'icnu is. :1ud should 110. to make good citizcus‘v :111d thc thrcc ideals are not
incompatiblc. 'l‘hc (lcvnmu has not the constructive ability that thc lh'ilon
has. although thcrc has boon :1 vllst l1mou11t of very grout scholarship in (lor- 7
many, and although flu-y lmvc bccu unsurpasscd in wlmt thcy lmvc oblxllucd 'V '

’4. in lhcil‘ Inbomtorics with tho crucible and thc 1111'c1‘oscolw. yct Germany. so fur
:15 I know, has 11cvc1' produccd :1 .\'cwtou, 11cvcl' produced :1 1*‘111'11duy. :1 Lord
Kelvin, (11' :1 Darwin. The men who are the leaders of thought. who lmvc bccu
lho lcudcx-s in molding the destinies of tho world. have not been among the
Germans. grout as is the intellect of the Germans. and lunch :IS I honor if.
but it is the men who Como from your grand old Saxon stock who have the
powci' to analyze into ultimate clcmouls and thou the powcx' to build up and
construct 11min;

1 think that we ought not to cut loose ruthlessly from tho classical system
of training our ancestors gave us, from the traditional ideals that wc 11:1vo

‘ inherited. but that we ought to stick close by it. and that, So fur as may be, we

‘1. ought still to retain this as the best of all the instruction that we give. ‘

h “R At 4.15 p. m. the section adjourned until Thursday, November 19, nt 11) a1. 11).

l

 __ J. K. PATTERSON, of Kentucky. 1 have observed that the general consensus of ' _
opinion is that amongr the list of our graduates who are present upon coni-
mcncemcnt day those who have received somewhat of a classical training,
even though they graduate as engineers or as strictly scientific students, are
able to express themselves with more ease and in more eloquent language,
their diction is superior, and they are ablc_t0 express themselves with a force
and vigor that does not attach to the youngr men or the young women who
have not had the previous advantage of some classical training. The head of
our engineering department informs me that he gets better results from those

~ , who have taken two or three or four years in Latin and in Greek and in the
studies that appertain to the old curriculum than he does from those who have

not had the advantage of such training, and I believe that he is correct. It

seems to me that classical training: gives a wealth of language and a clcarness

of conception and an incisivcness of statement that is not obtainable by any

other preliminary course of training. 'ljliat has been my experience, and while

1 would not, insist upon a classical basis for the majority of these courses of

study oil’cred in our land-grant colleges, it seems to me that if the young man

and the young woman can afford the time and the means to take this pre-

' - liniiiiary training it will inure to their advantage in the end.

Judged by results. 1 think 1 may safely say that we should not have had such

a nationality to-day if the men who founded the Republic had not been very

largely classically trained men. 1 think that the men who founded the ('Ulll-

inonwealtli of Australia. the men who founded and governed the destinies of

the Dominion of t‘anada. the lll(‘ll who are now shaping the consolidation in

South Africa, would not be able to give to lllzllllillld the result that has been

~ obtained and will be obtained but for the training of statesmansliip that they
cot upon a classical basis. It has been said of the Germans that their aim in

study is to lllzllic suliolars. You all know the patient. persevcring. investigating
character of the German student. He spares 110 time to follow out ideas to

.

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. The Agricultural and Mechanical Col¥438 of Kentucky
wag notablished in 1865, on the basin of the hand Grant
by congvena of 1862. In 1878 it was dotached from ita 00n-
nention With Eentuoky univernity, with whinh it wan orig}
Holly connected. In 1220 it was placed upon an tndopmn-
dent footing under the excluaive management and control
of the State and a tax of one-half of one cent on every
hundrod dollars of taxable yroperty wan levied by the
Logiolature for tho maintananoe. In 1887 the Federal Govern-
menfi established and partially endowed an Adrifiultural Ex
perimnnt Station a9 a Departmeqt 0? the Rtate Collegfi. The
State maanwhile paooed an act vegulating the Sale of forte
ilimero and veoted the managemant theraof in the Export-
ment Station of the College. The fmoo aooruiA5 from tho
analyoaa of fertilizers: ~50 into- 11.7163 treamu’y of the Uni