xt7j3t9d7s30 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7j3t9d7s30/data/mets.xml University of Kentucky Fayette County, Kentucky The Kentucky Kernel 19670201  newspapers sn89058402 English  Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. The Kentucky Kernel The Kentucky Kernel, February  1, 1967 text The Kentucky Kernel, February  1, 1967 1967 2015 true xt7j3t9d7s30 section xt7j3t9d7s30 Inside Today's Kernel
WBKY is under a new operation this
year: Poge Two.
The

start

of Kentucky
UniversityWEDNESDAY, FER.
LEXINGTON, KY.,

Vol. 58, No. 88

1, 19G7

Eight Pages

Quit Bowl got off to a good
Tuesday night: Poge Three.

A New York court's ruling on the
nature ol the droit was good,, editorial says: Page Four.

That simple war in Vietnam
simple of oil: Page Five.

isn't

The Delts take the Iroterniiy basketball title: Poge Si.

presents his budget to
the California Assembly: Poge Seven.

Gov. Reagan

COEDS OPPOSE 'NO HOURS' BY

6-

-

BUT FAVOR MIDNIGHT PERMISSION
Debate Heated Over ProposedLaw Honor Code
Results At Last Revealed
From November AWS Poll

Vote Set

Thursday
A heated debate among law
students has preceded the vote
Thursday on a resolution that
would establish the fourth honor
code in a campus professional

til

school.

The code similar to ones already operative in the medical,
dental, and pharmacy colleges-w- ill
be voted on by law students,
except seniors.

1

r

James Richardson, a professor of law, favors the code and
hopes that it will "start something" among the other colleges.

OtJ

,

--

iL

DcnKK-rat-

Group's Coup Fails
To Elect Full Young Dem Slate

ttoy Moreland, professor of
law, feels that "a law school

By JOHN ZEH
Kernel Associate Editor

definitely needs honor but that
if there is any cheating going on
its the fault of the professors.
There is no problem here," he

trol over the campus Young Democratic club,
winning the presidency by one vote after a heated, but humorous, factional fight.

In explanation of the purposes
behind its proposed draft the
Honor Gule Committee set forth
the major tenants:
An honor code is no more
than a restatement of the written and unwritten rules which
govern the College of Law at
7

n

'Anti-La- w'

School."

said.

J

give President Herbert Dcskins, back to camera,
their ballots after the great debate Tuesday night over the group's
elections. An "anti-law- "
group's attempted coup failed by one vote.
Young

Mitch McConnell, president
of the Student Bar Association,
said "we need it, yes. What we
need here is for someone, having
never seen the Law School, to
read this honor code and establish in their minds that there is
no question of honor at the Law

Continued on Page

HELEN McCLOY
Kernel Staff Writer
Coeds want midnight weekday hours, favor an extension of
junior-senio- r
privileges to sophomores, and reject by six to one
a no hours system, an AW S survey indicates.
Statistics of the November Senate showed a strong desire
poll on women's hours were prefor further evaluating hours on
sented to the Senate of Associated
this basis, rather than in light of
Women Students Tuesday by the overall
figures: all women
member Yicki Knight, who said surveyed were eligible to "pass
the vote reflected answers made judgment" on all hours.
by alxmt 1.S00 or 76.3 percent
Thus, although IS women said
of campus women.
freshmen should be in their dorNext week, Miss Knight will
mitories at 10 p.m. on weekdays,
of figures
present a break-dowit is possible that no freshman,
showing what hours each class but
only upperclassmen, voted
favors for its own members. The
for 10 p.m. hours.
By

By MARTIN E. WEBB
Kernel Staff Writer

Law students Tuesday night maintained

con-

The "in" group, whose candidate was Charles
Lamar, successfully thwarted a surprise write-i-n
campaign to elect Jerry Coins, a junior political science major. Miss Coins and her supporters charged that the ins had made a "deal"
with opposition candidates nominated two weeks
ago to insure Lamar's election.
The other presidential candidate, John Lackey,
declined the nomination at the meeting, saying

he wanted to avoid factional strife, which "we
need like the national party needs another George
Wallace."
But the outs had learned of his intentions to
withdraw, and the "bloodshed" Lackey hoped
to avoid, resulted anyway.
The struggle was so tense,
close, that the
ins gave up. "We've been had," said law student Chris Gorman after hectic parlimentary play
to X)stX)ne the vote. "They have the majority.
Let's vote."
The
outcome in favor of Lamar showed
Gorman had misjudged the electorate's mood.
Miss Coins has 10 days to determine if she
wishes to appeal.
)

33-3-2

Continued on Page

7

They Wait For A Tutor
By WALTER CRANT

Kernel

Editor-in-Chi-

One day last week about 40 elementary school youngsters milled around the
rralltown section of Lexington hoping to
find a college student to tutor them.
The children sto(xl outside the community center seeking help and attention
from the few college students who came.
However, the students from the University and Transylvania College already had
been assigned to tutor other children in the
underdeveloixtl area.
Pralltown, which lies to the east of
the University between Maxwell Street and
Virginia Avenue, is only one of six places
in tlie city and county where students have
established tutorial centers to help underprivileged and culturally deprived youngsters.

Although about 200 students presently
are participating in the tutorial program,
a severe shortage of tutors is holding it
back.
Rrint Milvvard, chairman of the Lexington Tutorial Program, said he could place
100 students within a week's time. "And
we will need an additional 100 students

within the next month and a half," he said.
Why are tutors nettled in some areas
of the city?
Using the Irishtown area as example,
statistics show that in the past 50 years
only 21 persons from Irishtown have graduated from high school. Of these, only one
was graduated from college.
In addition, of the nearly 1,000 people
living in Irishtown, 30.4 percent arc functionally illiterate, according to a report
by the
Planning Commission.
A person who is functionally illiterate, according to the Selective Service, has had
less than five years of schooling.
One of the purposes of the tutorial
then, is to improve the academic
achievement of the youngsters and to stimulate a positive attitude toward education
in general, Milwartl saitl.
Presently, about 160 UK students participate in the program, along with about
40 from Transylvania.
All of the six tutorial centers need additional tutors to guide elementary, junior
high, and high school youngsters, Milward
said. He addetl that adults are tutored in
some situations.
City-Count-

p

Ms, ij

y

pri-gra-

Youngsters like these in the city's more deprived sections need tutors. The University
tutoring program is seeking help.
In addition to Pralltown and Irishtown,
tutorial centers have been established at
Davistowu, Pleasant Green, the Cisco Road
Children's Bureau and the Blue Crass Municipal Housing project.
Continued on I'ag?

3

The Senate is not obligated,
according to President Connie
Mullins, to institute any hours
changes suggested by the. survey.
But if demands for certain
changes are great enough, will
the Senate make them even if
faced with "lots of opposition"
from dormitory and sorority personnel?

Deanof Women Doris Seward,
responding to this question from
House Representative to the
Tiernan, said, "I don't
think the staff will ever resist
the responsibility women are
ready to accept." Extensions of
hours, she saitl, tlo not imiose
on women who votetl against
them as they "may still come
in when they want to." If a
problem with housemothers and
head residents arises, "we'll ileal
with it," Dr. Sewartl said.
Answers to the three major
questions posed by the survey
show that twice as many women (1,219) are dissatisfied with
hours as are satisfied (557) with
them. While 733 women did not
favor junior-senio- r
Iiours for
sopliomores, 1,954 women did.
An "emphatic no" was given

the idea of no curfew, 218 women reacting favorable and 1,284
expressing disapproval of such a
system. Miss Knight said she
thought the freshmen rejected
the question alxmt 400 to 50.
The 10:30 p.m. weekday curfew now in effect in all women's
living units was supported by
1,624 women; 3,156 favor hours
past 10:30, which breaks down
into 11, 11:30, 12, 12:30, and
categories for
each class, as tlo figures oil w eekends and Sundays. Tuesday will
tell Iww each class votttloneach
of these issues.
Generally, the Senate felt a
directive from the women to bring
about some tours changes.
later-than-12:3-

0

1

* 2

--

THE KENTUCKY KERNEL,

VY1ihmI.iv, YvU.

lHi7.

1,

Cinema: Off To A Good Start

..Jr.

Ib

s

the photography! The texBy JOHN JONES
ture of the film is like linen;
Tin Art Club initiated its pretation.
a marvelous!)'
luminous film,
film scries last Thursday night
l'olanski searches in this film
light pervades the whole of it.
with Koman l'olanski s "Two for created landscapes, a barrel
closeMen and a W ardrobe" and Jean yard, a row of deserted piers, a Nature's tenderness and
ness, of which the young girl
Henoir's "A Day in the Counmaze of sandea sties, against
try."
which symmetry- he plays the speaks to her mother, are fully
realized, especially inthelx)ating
Both films were quite good, absurd, carefully haphazard acthough remaikabl) unlike each tions of his two heroes. All the scenes, a genre in which Henoir's
other. "Two Men and a Ward- characters, even the tramps, arc father August c, and his fellow fc
........ 1
robe" is a blackly humorous film, caricatured: one knows they feel Impressionists, delighted and excelled in depicting.
the perhaps amusing story ot two forced emotions. Tliose of
you
who bear the onus of a
tramps
This term's Art Club Film
who saw Polanski's "Knife in
wardrobe from the sea (first shot)
Series in effect combines the conthe Water" doubtless remember
through pain, joy and contumely
that cerns and efforts of the Art Film
(series of vignettes, in some of similar caricaturizations in
Series and the Experimental Film
which the tramps participate, and film.
Smithsonian Art On Display
some of which, minus them, are
Jean Henoir's "A Day in the Society of last term. An interest150 years ago to the
European and Oriental watcroolors from
eddies of comment in the main Country," from the Maupassant ing roster of films, both classic
arc on display in the Student Center Gallery through
action) to return to the sea (last short story, is more doctrinal, and experimental, remains to be present The collection was collected by UNESCO and is a travelFeb. 9.
shot).
but a beautifully seen. The new series is off to a
ing exhibition from the Smithsonian Institute.
What it means is anybody's photographed film, sequences of good start.
lifted from the canguess, but I'd be embarrassed which seem
to conjecture, since its import, vases of his father. A dismally
whatever, seems so obvious. The bourgeois Parisian family spends
fishsimplicity of the narrative would a quiet day in the country,
two local
ing, drinking, eating;
Currently, WHKY is attempting to become
created School of Communications
Nero Concert Feb. 9 Lochinvars pursue the mother has The newly many changes in WHKY the Uni- more community-orientefulfilling community
produced
and innocent daughter.
needs with a 45 minute newscast and an array
versity station says Don Wheeler, director of
The Kernel erred in reporting
Innocent daughter is lovingly radio services.
of radio dramas from radio's Golden Age the
in its Tuesday edition that Peter
1930's.
seduced, but marries a monstrous
The 'new administrative
has freed the
Nero would give a Memorial
For the future, WHKY plans more campus
shopmongrel, who is to succeed
radio station from direct control by the
Colesiuin concert Thursday. The her father in business. Several
involvement in its programming with campus
concert is set for Feb. 9 a week
Department. The station now
leaders cooperating in panel discussions and inyears pass. The young innocent has a
from Thursday.
professional staff announcer-produceterviews. Also, the station hopes to instigate a
returns with her husband to the
chief engineer, and station manager and a statewide educational radio network. Presently
Tickets are on sale at Harney
Hawa- scene of her seduction, meets
staff member.
Miller's, Craves-Cothere is little or no exchange of programming tapes
iian's, and at the Student ('en- seducer again briefly, exchanges
or
themes among educational radio
These professional additions have removed
ter. They are $2 in advance of words of sweet regret (what memstations.
the positions of student station manager and enories, etc.). Fin.
the concert, $3 at the door.
Along this same line, WHKY hopes to pargineer but have not replaced the assistant posieducation radio programtions students have and will fill. Mr. Wheeler
ticipate in an
feels that the resulting program improvement ming for the Lexington and Fayette County
Adm. $1.
7:30
Starts
FIRST RUN!
schools perhaps to be
with the suchas been due to students having experienced
ELECTRIC
cessful educational TV programs in these schools.
with whom to work.
professionals
permit only the broadest inter-

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PIANO INSTRUCTION
Group and
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here, looking for a beautiful
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The honor of your
presence is requested at the University of Kentucky's Annual Golddig-ger'- s
1967.
Ball. February
10,
H.S.V.P. your hand shaking buddy.

HAROLD

F.

lFlt

The Kentucky Kernel

Kentucky Kernel. University
Station, University of Kentucky,
Kentucky 40506. Second class
postage paid at Lexington, Kentucky.
1 ublished
five times
the school year exceptweekly during
holidays and
exam periods.
Published by the Board of Student
Publications, UK Post Office Box 4986.
Nick Pope, chairman, and Patricia
Ann Nickell. secretary.
Begun as the Cadet in 1894 and
published
as the Kernel
since 1915. continuously
Advertising published herein is
to help the reader buy. Any
false or misleading advertising should
be reported to The Editors.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
Yearly, by mail
$8.00
Per copy, from files
$10
c.T.he

DANCING every FRIDAY

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Florist.

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FOR SOPHISTICATED ADULTS ONLY t
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LEXINGTON

At 1:00, 3:45, 6:35, 9:30
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"THE FORMATIONS'

* .Till: KENTUCKY

KHUN FX.

Fell. I,

Writm-Mlay- .

I!ffi7- -f.

r

7

Laughter

Anger
As Quiz Boivl Begins

'--

I

""

"

By LYNN CARLOUGH

O T"

.""

iinrr, and laughter dominated tin first ronn
Qui Howl last nilit in the Student Center Theater.
Sponsored
ly tin- Student
('enter Hoard I'orum Committee,
t lie third annual howl
"The Leaning Tower of Pisa
event not
oft to a rousini! start when tlie
is an example of what type of
first set of competing teams architecture?" Dr. Douglas Schmissed the first toss-uwartz moderator, asked.
Both Kappa Delta and the
Fluents were silent as Dr. SchConfusion,

tin-

-

p

Bulletin Board
for
MortarApplications
board's "Smarty Party" unavailable from Mary Lee Cosney at
The party will be held
in the President's Room of the
Student Center Thursday, 7 to

233-083- 5.

8:30 p.m.

reception for gubernatorial
candidate Henry Ward will be
held Saturday in Louisville at
Ward's State Headquarters. Bill
Lippy's Gay 90' s Band will entertain and refreshments will be
A

served.

wartz laughingly dismissed the
session." '
question as "a warm-uXearing the finish of the first
round of competition KD and
the Fluents were tied
In a two minute over time
Kappa Delta broke the tie
but not without work from the
audience.
Successfully
answering the
toss-uquestion, KD gained the
right to try for the bonus question.
Their first attempt to answer
was incorrect but Dr. Schwartz
gave them another chance for
p

80-8-

90-8- 0

p

success.
In loud shouts the audience
claimed that sikce Kappa Delta
missed the first part of the bonus

the remaining thirty
seconds should have been devoted to another toss-uquestion.
The judges overruled their argument.
The UK Quiz Bowl is patterned after the popular television
question,

All interested Freshmen women are invited to apply for the
Cwens Scholarship at the Student Financial Aid Office. Applications must be returned by

Feb.

8.

p

Kernel Photos by Dick. Ware

The opening round of die Quiz Howl brought happiness, joy, and frustration to the members of the
Jewell Hall team and the Delta Tail Delta squad who competed in separate rounds.
show, General Klectric's College
Bowl.

Each round begins with a
ten point toss-uquestion. When
a player on a team correctly
answers the toss-uquestion, his
team is given the chance to answer a bonus question ranging
from 20 to 40 points according
to the question's complexity.
If both teams miss the toss-uanother toss-uquestion is
asked of them.
Other winners included
Hall outwitting Sigma Chi
150 to 50; Delta Tau Delta 100,
Patterson Hall 70; Jewell Hall
115, Sigma Phi Epsilon 80; Phi
Gamma Delta 150, Gamma Phi
p

p

p,

p

Keen-lan-

1

one-on-o-

relationship with the children, spending a minimum of
two hours a week," Milward
said. Tutors keep the same tutee
throughout the year.
Although we badly need more
students to work with the program, if someone wants to join
just to fill an activity sheet they
can forget it," he said. "The
program requires a sincere personal commitment on the tutor's

part."

In addition to the actual
teaching, tutors also meet the
children's parents and teachers
and discuss the individual needs
of each tutee, Milward said.
"Tutors can be like a big
brother or sister and act as a
model for the child," Milward
said.
He said children are not tutored unless they want to be.

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FEBRUARY 6

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"Usually, the youngsters' par- pating in the tutorial program
ents apply for them to receive should apply in the
a tutor," Milward said, "but
office in Boom 204 of the
the child must want to be tu- Student Center, or call Milward
tored before we can help him." at
The youngsters list the subjects in which they need help,
he said. The tutorial program
then attempts to match the
youngsters with college students
who are familiar with the appropriate subjects, he added.
Milward said the tutors generally work two hours a week
during their free time in the
afternoon or early evening.
"Tutoring takes patience and
there are a lot of frustrations,"
Milward said. "But you can't
expect miracles with these kids.
We have to break down a resentOn
ment that has been building up
in them for years. It takes time
and concern on the part of the
YMCA-YWC-

The second half of the first
round is set lor Feb. 3.
The winner of the championship round on Feb. 16 will Ineligible to participate in the television College Bowl in May.

d

Severe Shortage Of Tutors Exists

Continued From Page
"Tutors work in a

Beta 40; Complex 8, 95, Triangle
Haggin Hall 100, Delta Delta
Delta 65, and Alpha Delta Pi
95, Complex 7, 65.
Triangle contested their loss
to Complex 8.
Their claim for a rematch
was basd upon the fact that
Dr. Schwartz himself answered
a toss-u- p
question missed by
the Complex instead of giving
85;

Employer (M&F)

* The Kentucky Kernel
The South' s Outstanding College Daily
UnIVI
LIS lira.)

ltM l Y OK

Kl.N I t'CKY
WEDNESDAY, FED.

1894

1. 1967

KihtoriaU represent tlic opinions of the Editors, not of the University.

Wai.tih
Si km. !()((

(),

M. Chan r,

Editor-in-Chie-

f

William Knait,

Editorial Fagc Editor

Business MatuiRcr

J us I Decision
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New
York deserves wholehearted concurrences for its decision that local
draft boards cannot punish registrants by reclassifying them
because they publicly protested
the Vietnam war.
The case in question involved
Peter Wolff and Richard Shortt,
students at the University of Michigan, who were arrested Oct. 15
along with 36 other students for
protesting the Vietnam war by attempting a sit-i- n at an Ann Arbor
local draft board office.
Following this, the director of
the New York City Selective Service requested that the two students be reclassified
by their
local boards. It was asserted that
the young men had become "delinquents" by violating a section
of the Universal Military Training
and Service Act by impeding the
actions of the local board.
By its ruling on this case, the
Court of Appeals reversed thedeci-sio- n
of a lower court. Judge Harold
R. Medina, in a written statement,
it is not the function
said,
of local boards in the Selective Service System to punish these registrants by reclassifying them
because they protested as they did
over the government's involvement
in Vietnam."
The Court of Appeals acted
1-- A

1--

A

...

1-- A

wisely. We have noted before that
we think the United States has
no right to participate in the Vietnam war, and that such participation is dishonorable. We also have
noted that a person may, in conscience, object to this involvement
and, therefore be unable to find
justification to fight in this war.
Such a person is not a conscientious
objector; he is a person willing
to defend his nation in any war
he feels is warranted for purposes

of

self-defens- e.

We commend

the courts of the

land which are recognizing persons with this philosophy and are
protecting their rights. Perhaps this
will be but another step to force
the Johnson Administration into
a speedy conclusion to American
involvement in Vietnam.

"Feeling A Little Sluggish, Eh? What You Need Is
A Good Shot In The Arm"

Letter To The Editor

Action Dynamics Seminar' Cited
To the Editor of the Kernel:
On Feb. 2 and 3 the campus
YWCA is sponsoring an "Action
Dynamics Seminar" featuring Dick
Harmon, presently a professional
community organizer in Buffalo,
N.Y., for Saul Alinsky's Industrial
Areas Foundation. This title probably means little or nothing and
for most of us would appear totally
irrelevant, but when one professional organization can command
$300,000 a crack just for going into
a community to organize a bunch
of poor people, they must have
something going for them.
It might prove to be an invaluable bit of knowledge later on
in life when you get tired of teaching school and being bored with
or
a bunch of brats and
old-mai-

ds

when that long dreamed of politi- ing with him is an experience
cal career falls flat on its face within itself.
Lee Rathbone
because you got caught with state
A & S Senior
funds. There is always a chance
become wealthy by organizing
to
Beverly West brook
A & S Sophomore
the poor. It is a legitimate profession.
Ann Stallard
Education Junior
The YWCA has been planning
the seminar for some months in
Year For Parking
hopes that it will serve as a beI would like to
ginning stimulus for students and
suggest to our
faculty programs designed to Board of Trustees that they change
change facets of the University com- the University into a five-yeunan additional re- dergraduate
munity, provide
program.
source experience for the people of
This program would consist of
Lexington who are presently workthe usual four years of study and
ing in the area of community or- rote learning, plus a year in which
ganization, and give the campus to find a parking place.
an opportunity to be exposed to
Carl R. Scidcr
Dick Harmon. Meeting and talk
A & S Senior
ar

Student Press Must Be Free Of Administration Control
A

important question
around universities today is that of
student's freedom of speech. The
Berkeley demonstrations and even
the Washburn Incident at UK have
dramatized the student's concern.
At most American colleges, the student newspapers attempt to act
at the student's platform on which
he may voice his opinions. In the
past few years, student publications have made themselves the
sounding board for comments on
world questions, such as comments
of the War in Vietnam, the latest
federal tax increase, and control of
nuclear armaments.
The university administrations
have shown an increased concern
in student opinion for today there
is a rise in administrative regulation and restriction over student
publications. To say that the administration censors student news
very

that most student newspapers
ministration is deliberately trying claim, not to be speaking "for
to halt or kill student opinion; the University," but rather "for the
it is rather to say that the adstudent." All this is to alert the
ministration is concerned with over- readers that the opinions repall harmony of the university har- resented in its pages are those of
mony within the university itself, the student body, and 'not to be
and harmony between the univer- thought of necessarioy as those
of the people support and lead the
sity and the world around it.
papers is not to day that the

ad-

it, the administration feels that it is faced with a
dilemma. That is, the university
must teach "freedom of the press,"
and yet it fears that the student
will not respect the ethical responsibilities that go along with this
freedom. The administration knows
that the reputation of the entire
University could be at stake if
the student publications were to
use their "freedom" unwisely.
As we see

But there is a fallacy in the
administration's argument. It is

University.
Heally, it is similar to a professional newspaper that claims to

support the Republican Party, but
probably not all Republicans agree
with the paper; at the same time,
the Republican paper would not
claim to hold the beliefs of the
Democrat Party.
In other words, the student
nevvspaper does not have "a stand
of its own," but the students who
read and write the publication
form its stand. For this reason, no
student newspaper should ever be

thought of as "speaking for th'e
University."
The only real solution for this
dilemma, which administration
feels it is faced with, is for the
university all a whole, and the
people who support and work with
the university, to allow the student
publications the freedom it deserves
as a laboratory project; and in return, the student newspaper must
respect the responsibilities of journalistic ethics as would be expected of a professional newspaper.
We are saying, then, that a student publication must be free of
administrative regulation, in order
that it practice in good taste, in
the tnie sense of a laboratorv nro- ject, develop its tools, and above
all, express the views of its stu
dents readers.
v
T. rcc r i
i fir vjjj'KjtnitrT
Ashland Community College

* Till- KENTUCKY KERNEL. Wednesday

I

rb. I,

l!H,7-

-r

The Simple War Just Isn't
By HOWAHD MOFFCTT
The
ollfnUlr 1'rrm Service

EDITOIIS NOTE: Howard
alitor of the
Molfctt, 1963-CYale Daily News, is a
correspondent in South Vietnam
for The Collegiate Press Service.
In this article, the first in a
series, Moffett describes
the social context in which the
war in Vietnam is being fought.

step back a bit and establish a
frame of reference against which

further analysis and interpretation may be measured. It may
also suggest some of the hazards
involved in basing value judgements either on deadline press
reports or on personal iolitical
preferences.
It is based on three assumptions: (1) What is happening
here is as imjxutant as what
SAICON-La- st
year at this should be happening here; (2)
What is happening may in the
time I was writing editorials calling the American war in Viet- course of time affect what sliould
nam unjust, illegal and anti- happen, i.e., the use of power
and the objective conditions to
democratic.
I could still make a case for which it gives rise may either
the last two (it has occurred to undermine or create a moral pre-full-tim-

two-pa-

e

rt

''

'r

'

own vested interests. The majority in each group are people who,
through varying degree