xt7tb27ppf90 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7tb27ppf90/data/mets.xml Walker, C. B. 1880  books b92977w1512009 English R.T. Root : Burlington, Iowa Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Mississippi River Valley --History. Mississippi River Valley --Antiquities. The Mississippi valley, and prehistoric events : giving an account of the original formation and early condition of the great valley ; of its vegetable and animal life ; of its first inhabitants, the mound builders, its mineral treasures and agricultural developments. text The Mississippi valley, and prehistoric events : giving an account of the original formation and early condition of the great valley ; of its vegetable and animal life ; of its first inhabitants, the mound builders, its mineral treasures and agricultural developments. 1880 2009 true xt7tb27ppf90 section xt7tb27ppf90 
    
    
    
    
    
   T*H E "THREE FORKS"   MADISON, GALLATIN AND JEFFERSON RIVERS, FORMING THE MISSOURI,

NEAR   STERLING, MONTANA . 
   THE

MISSISSIPPI

VALLEY,

and

PREHISTORIC EVENTS:

giving an

account op the original formation and early condition  op   the   gbeat  valley;   op its vegetable and animal life; of its first '   inhabitants, the mound builders, its  mineral treasures and agricultural developments.

ALL FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES.

By C. B. WALKER.

R. T. ROOT, PUBLISHER.

burlixgton, iowa. 1880. 
   Entered for Copyright in 1878, R. T. Boot. "All right, reserved/ 
   PREFACE.

The object of this book is to supply the means of acquiring a clear idea of the Origin, Extent, Resources, and Development of the Mississippi Valley. No work before the public embraces this information.

Can a subject apparently so familiar in its general features as the development of the Valley of the Mississippi be clothed with fresh interest ? A brilliant and durable prosperity must have an extraordinary cause ; and a region that iias reacted with such happy effect on the character and destinies of a great nation must be worthy of close study. That study will show that the Valley is only beginning to make itself felt in the country and the world, that its natural .advantages are wholly unequaled by any section of the globe, and that its People and Institutions are equally superior.

Scientific studies on its original formation have been principally confined to learned books. Presented in a condensed and popular form, they will be found of fascinating interest; while a complete view of its surface features, its vast area, its variety of climate and soil, its agricultural and mineral resources, its rivers, lakes, and plains, and wide expanding rim, with the peculiar course and significance of its human history, show it to be the grandest and most desirable region in the world. It is to be a mighty element in a wonderful Future. The works of the Mound Builders, before authentic history began, furnish evidence that it was

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   4

PREFACE.

even then the abode of a numerous and prosperous people, and nourished one of the Primitive Civilizations of the world.

The publisher feels justified in saying that in all the range of English literature no publication can be found embodying so many valuable and interesting,facts, collected from reliable scientific investigators and from the remains of an-tiquity, presented in a manner so pleasing, and, at the same time, free from dry and tedious details. It can not fail to. please all friends of literature and science. 
   INTRODUCTION.

Within the last half century the world has been passing through changes of anew and striking kind. Many tendencies that had been long acquiring strength in secret, have .suddenly come to the surface and taken control of life and thought; directness and force, leading to results of worldwide importance such as no previous period could show, have become characteristic of most displays of energy in practical fields, and made the general situation for mankind at large extremely different. It reminds us of the flowering time of the plant when new parts are suddenly unfolded, new purposes and powers revealed, and all its vital energies concentrated on the final work of maturing the fruit.

Science is one of the chief factors in this suddenly quickened progress. It has learned to make its studies at once minute, comprehensive, and accurate. By carefully ex-   amining every particular, putting all the facts together to learn the significance of the whole, and then returning to a consideration of the relation of the parts to the general result, it seems to lay bare the secrets of nature. There are few things which it appears carjable of concealing from an inquiry so searching, and the practical and the mental worlds seem to share about equally in the grand discoveries. The earth and the history of man have acquired a new meaning, and are invested with greater interest.

Tracing effects back to causes, science finds conclusive proof of what before could only be dimly suspected, that

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   6

INTRODUCTION.

all things are bound together in a true unity ; that the solid earth has passed through a succession of changes as orderly as the stages of growth in a plant or an animal, each change contributing to the sreneral advance toward a foreseen end.. It is continually finding new evidence that the earth was fitted up with reference to human history; and history is found to show more clearly the more carefully it is studied, that it has been guided with reference to the structure and varying resources of different regions of the earth.

The physical structure of Europe has exerted immense influence on civilization, ancient and modern ; the wonderful effect of the peculiar resources and position of England on its people and the world is well known. The American continent as a whole, the transfer of European institutions to it and their subsequent re-action on development in Europe, also illustrate this law. The Mississippi Valley is in itself a case strongly in point, and in some peculiar ways.

Its grand outlines wei'e drawn in the earliest geological times ; it was constructed with great simplicity throughout its general surface, but very elaborately on its borders, where all the resources of volcanic force, of heat and chemical activity were taxed to enrich it with various treasures ; glaciers of almost continental magnitude were employed to-provide it with a rich, deep soil; it has an unrivaled location and its system of water-ways gives it a magnificent unity. Nature was lavish of her best, and did not change her mood from first to last.

It is interesting and significant to note how carefully the course of human history was guided to preserve this fortunate Valley from permanent occupation by any people whose genius and stage of development rendered them unfit to be its heirs. The primitive civilization of the Mound Builders was broken up before it became too strong, being, probably, more fully developed in Central America and Mexico ; the 
   INTRODUCTION.

7

Indians were no true owners since they sought little but its game and wild fruits, and soon gave way to a superior race ; the Spaniards flitted across the Lower Valley or along its coasts, and disappeared, overwhelmed in the misfortunes produced by their own violence; the French soldier or priest was soon lost to view under the forests, or maintained a precarious and uninfluential foothold at a few points along the rivers; and the Spanish, French, and English governments intrigued in vain with Indians and colonists to establish their control over it in later years.

But there was a people to whom the Valley took kindly, among whom were the germs of thought and character which could produce the best institutions and make the wisest use of its great resources. They wandered across the eastern mountains, under the friendly shelter of the tall forests, and felt themselves at home. Though the Indian swung his tomahawk and raised the war-whoop, nature smiled on them. They had no thought of retreat, though the settler must be warrior as well as farmer for almost a generation. The trees fell before his axe, and gradually the grain fields waved green and gold in the summer breeze    rough homes of peace and plenty multiplied over the whole vast region ; the rudeness and vices of the border soon gave place to the Avell-settled order of old communities ; while the freeman found himself nowhere so free, the business man was nowhere so prosperous, and the State, the school, the church, the press were nowhere so flourishing.

Here was ample room to show that unrestricted political freedom does not necessarily lead to disorder ; that business and trade are governed by laws of their own, which may correct the disturbances of personal ambition ; and that a loose society, with little pressure but its own choice, may prefer to establish and maintain the best institutions of the highest civilization.   The time had come for such lessons to 
   s

INTRODUCTION.

be very effective. Presently England gave most of her colonies equal freedom, and the tension of authority among the nations of the Old World has long been giving way.

Thus we find the first and the last parts of the Valley's history unified. A thread of intention connects its geology with the latest developments in the history of its enterprising inhabitants, and the xvhole forms a prophecy of the future of no small interest. Accumulated causes, in our day, hurry into effects; industrial and commercial forces have become immense   in the Valley especially   and are daily gathering strength, and the surprises of the past will sink into insignificance before those of the near future.

The problems of liberty and national unity have been solved already and completely by the help of the Valley. But these were only preliminary questions. How shall these boundless resources be so used that all classes of the people shall be prosperous ? How shall the great questions of industry, finance, and commerce be settled so that injustice shall be done to none ? Nature here furnishes the means to any desired extent; it is the true adjustment that is required ; the field is roomy, the forces are fairly free to move. Notwithstanding many seeming contradictions, man and nature, here at least, are equally well meaning, on the whole, and the harmonizing law of relations and interests is active and strong. We may therefore believe that the beneficent re-action of the Great Valley on the welfare of the nation has only begun. 
   CONTENTS.

PART FIRST.

THE ANCIENT HISTORY OP THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND OP THE MOUND BTJILDEES, AS BELATED BY SOIENOE.

True Science dates from the Times of Columbus   The difficulties met in searching for Sound Principles and Methods   The Caution and Precision now employed by men of Science.

CHAPTER I.

HOW NATURE FORMED THE GREAT VALLEY..................33

"The Forces employed by Nature have Written their History in the Rocks   The Earth originally a Molten Fiery Mass, which gradually cooled   The immense Forces proceeding from Contraction   How Continents were outlined, their Parts raised and Mountains elevated    The Outlining of the Great Valley.

CHAPTER II.

HOW ROCKS ARE MADE AND HOW THEIR "STOr.Y" IS READ. 41

The Four Geological "Times" and Classes of Rocks   Primordial Time and Azoic Rocks, i. e., without Life   Palaeozoic Rocks containing Ancient Forms of Life^Mesozoic Rocks containing Mediaeval or Middle Forms of Life   Cenozoic Rocks showing Recent Forms of Life   The Great Coal-making Period   The Great Mountain-making Periods. 
   10

CONTENTS .

CHAPTER ITT.

HOW NATURE FINISHED THE VALLEY AND PREPARED IT

FOR MAN............................................................48'

The Tertiary Period preceding the Age of Man   The Quaternary, or Recent Period, including the Age of Man   The Glacial Period, or the Age of Ice   The Drift it formed, and how it was distributed   The Champlain Period and draining of the Valley   The Vegetable Mould gradually produced completes the Work.

CHAPTER IV.

VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL LIFE-ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS. S5

The wonderful Skill and Intelligence of the Life Force   How did it Originate, and How was it Propagated?   Various Theories   Similarities and Differences in Animal and Vegetable Forms of Life.

CHAPTER V.

VEGETATION TN THE VALLEY, ANCIENT AND MODERN......63

The two great Classes of Vegetable Forms   Vegetable Life probably preceded Animal Life   The first known Forms   The small number of Early Forms preserved   The Forests of the Coal Period   Vegetation after the Coal Period   Forest Trees after the Mountains were raised.

CHAPTER VI.

ANIMAL LIFE IN THE VALLEY, ANCIENT AND MODERN......70

The Five great Divisions of Animal Life   Most Ancient Forms   Life in the Palaeozoic Rocks   Gradual introduction of Higher Forms   No Animal with Lungs befo e the Coal Period   Probable reason   Life after the Coal Period in Mesozoic Time   More Recent Animals    Man the Ideal Animal. 
   CONTENTS.

CHAPTER VII.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE FINISHED VALLEY.....................81

The Great River and its Principal Branches   The Subordinate Rivers and their Basins   The Gulf Slope   The Prairies and their Origin   General Relations within and without   The Readiness with which it gives-up its vast Treasures.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE MINERAL TREASURES OF THE VALLEY....................89'

The Causes that produced its Extensive Deposits of useful Minerals    Every Geological Age worked well for the Valley   Iron Deposits in the Primitive Rock   In Later Formations   Fine Quality and favorable Distribution   Copper-bearing Rocks   Lead of Lower Silurian Rocks   Building Stone   Salt and its Origin   Petroleum   Extraordinary Supply of Coal.

CHAPTER IX.

AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES OF THE VALLEY...... .........97

Its Adaptations favorable to a vast Development of Commerce and Manufactures   However great in other respects, Agriculture will always Lead   The remarkable Qualities of the Soil   The Climate and Rainfall of different Sections   Comparison of Mississippi Valley with Russia and the Valley of the Amazon   Points of Superiority to every other Region.

CHAPTER X.

THE   MOUND   BUILDERS   AND   THE   FIRST   MEN   IN THE

VALLEY.......................................................... 112

The Champlain Period and huge Animals   Traces of Man in connection with the Mastodon   Men in the Valley as early as in Europe   Where did they come from?   Their Unlikeness to any Old World Race   The Mounds in the Yalley   The conclusion is that the people who made them had an Organized Government and Institutions. 
   12

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XI.

THE LABORS OF THE MOUND BUILDERS...... ................117

The great number of the Mounds   Mounds classed as Fortifications, Temple's, Altars, Sepulchres, etc.   Careful Study of them by Men o' Science   Number and Character of Military Enclosures   Fort Hill and Fort Ancient, Ohio   Temple Mounds and Enclosures   Works at Newark, Ohio   Cahokia and Seltzertown Mounds   Altars of Sacrifice   Burial Mounds   Mounds not made by Indians.

CHAPTER XII.

THE  CHARACTER OF THE MOUND   BUILDERS AND THEIR

INSTITUTIONS....................................................133

Their Mental Qualities as shown by their Skulls   Physical Qualities-Evidences of a Settled Government   Their numbers and Proof that

they were Agriculturists   Military and Mathematical Knowledge_

Their Art Remains indicate considerable Advancement   The great Difficulties they had to overcome in Industry and Art   Their Religious Institutions   Proofs of Sun Worship   Of Human Sacrifices_

Their Priesthood   Evidences of Connection with Central America and Mexico   Sudden Disappearance   Conclusions. 
   PART SECOND.

THE INDIAN TRIBES AND EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OP THE MISSISSIPPI YALLET.

CHAPTER I.

THE WILD HUNTERS OF THE VALLEY.........................155

Indians totally different from Mound Builders   'Their habits, military and political organization   Comparison of Brain with Mound Builders and Europeans   Difficulty of accepting Civilization, and its Causes    Their manly and childish Qualities   Unhappy effect of contact with Civilized Races   Limited Success of Indian Confederations   Their Origin   Inferences from Language   No Traces of former higher-culture or mixture of Races.

CHAPTER II.

DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION BY THE SPANIARDS........1C7

Character of Spanish Conquests of the Sixteenth Century   They were Religious Crusades   Their Unsparing Cruelty   DeSoto's Expedition..

CHAPTER III.

THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA IN THE SEVENTEENTH

CENTURY..........................................................175

The Modern Tone of their Missions and Conquests   Marquette and Joliet   The great Vigor and Misfortunes of La Salle   Bienville at. the Mouth of the Mississippi.

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   14

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

english   explorations in   the valley  in the eighteenth century............................................., 183

The Aims of English Settlers different from those of Spanish and French   English Traders and Colonists   Cause of Indian Hostility to them   Contest of English and French for the Possession of the Valley.

CHAPTER V.

the  Indian's   defence  of  his   hunting grounds against the french and english....................191

The Massacre of the Natchez   The Chickasaws and Choctaws Successfully Resist the French   English Policy in the South Against the French    Indians Assist the French in the Upper Valley   Pontiac's Designs and their Failure.

CHAPTER VI.

the indians make war on the american pioneers.200

Indian Titles to the Valley   Purchases by the English and Colonial Authorities   English Policy during the Revolution     Courage of Early Settlers   Bloody Contest during the War in Kentucky and Tennessee   Success of Gen. George Rogers Clarke   Struggle of Indians for Northwest Territory     St. Clair's Defeat     Wayne's Victory.

CHAPTER VII.

tecumseh and his allies.......................................209

Fifteen Years Peace   Character and Purposes of Tecumseh   His Organization in the North   His Visit to the Creeks   The War of 1S12   The Indians in the English Armies   Fearful Massacres North and South-Death of Tecumseh   Gen. Jackson and the Creeks   Final Subjugation of the Indians   Indian Policy and Later Contests. 
   CONTENTS.

15

CHAPTER VIII.

THE HEROIC  PERIOD  OF SETTLEMENT.........................222

Daniel Boone and his Companions   The First Settlers in Tennessee    The Spread of Settlement in Kentucky   Incidents of the War in Kentucky   The Brave Girl   The Young Hero   The Prudent Boys    The Two Wounded Men   The Number of Settlers in 1795.

CHAPTER IX.

WHOLESALE  SETTLEMENT UNDER  DIFFICULTIES............2S&

The Two Heroic States   Settlement of Ohio and the Northwest   Settlement in the Lower Valley   Population in 1800   The Situation in 1812   Sudden Diffusion of Settlement after the War   Transportation on the Rivers   Social Habits in 1816   Population in 1820.

CHAPTER X.

THE STEAMBCfAT  ERA...............................................250

The Isolation of the Valley and Want of Markets in Early Times   Great Improvement about 1820 on Introduction of Steamboats   Gain of Settlers in 1830   The Southern Valley   Vast Immigration between 1830 and 1830   Need of a new Carrying Agent.

CHAPTER XI.

THE RAILROAD ERA.................................................257

The Difficulty of Building Railways before 1850   California Gold and the Extension of Railroads   Transfer of population from the East to the West   Increase of Population between 1850 and i860.

CHAPTER XII.

CONSTITUTIONAL BEGINNINGS BY THE  EARLY SETTLERS. 203

The Sturdy Character of the American Colonist   Fortunate Escape of the Valley from Spanish, French and English.Rule   Miscarriage of Proprietary Companies in Early Settlements   Significance of the Reason   "'Articles of Association" of Wautauga Settlement   County Organizations in Kentucky and Tennessee   The " State of Franklin"    Its History Illustrates American Character   Foreign Intrigues in the Valley. 
   16

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM FOR CREATING NEW STATES 274

The "Ordinance of 1787"   It becomes a virtual Territorial Constitution    Its Wise Provisions   The Constitution of the United States as a Definition of State and Popular Rights   Liberal Interpretation of Theory in Practice.

CHAPTER XIV.

STATE   CONSTITUTIONS..............................................292

History of the Organization of each Territory and State in the Valley-Special Features of each State Constitution detailed   The Features Common to all the States   Summary of Results.

CHAPTER XV.

NATIONALITY OF EMIGRANTS TO THE VALLEY, AND THEIR

ORIGINAL CHARACTER.........................................320

Immigrants from the Atlantic States in Different Periods   Their Enterprise and Intelligence   Immigrants from the British Isles   They are Branches from our own Stock   Immigrants from Northern and Central Europe   The readiness with which they '"Fall into Line"   The French Settlers in the Valley.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE PIONEERS OF KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE.............325

Their bold and hardy Qualities   The combination of the wi.'y Hunter and the practical Farmer in them   The Independence and self-assertion acquired   The influence of these qualities on the later History of the Valley   They furnish a leading Type of Character. 
   CONTENTS.

IT

CHAPTER XVII.

NEW ENGLAND IN THE WEST.....................................332

The thoughtful, logical and enterprising character of the New England Type of Americans   Long isolation and much hardship did not injure, but improved the Type   What the Yankee lost and what he gained in the woods and prairies of the West   The Undertone thus given to Western Habits and Institutions   The later New Englander, what he gave and what he received.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTER IN THE VALLEY..................339

The peculiar character of Pioneer Life in the Southern Valley   The social qualities and intelligence promoted   The Master, the Servant, the Gentleman, and the American Citizen in the Southern Valley.

CHAPTER XIX.

FOREIGN IMMIGRANTS AS AMERICAN CITIZENS..............346

The Foreign elements at different Periods   The readiness with which they caught the American Spirit   Liberalizing influence of the Foreign Element of the Population   The Fusion or combined results of all these elements of character in the Valley.

CHAPTER XX.

EDUCATIONAL BEGINNINGS IN THE VALLEY.................352

Origin and Progress of Popular Education in Europe and the Eastern States   Early Embarrassments to Common Schools in the Valley    The eager interest soon displayed   Great and intelligent development from 1S50 to i860   Newspapers and Churches.

CHAPTER XXI.

INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS TO  i860..................................302

Early Manufactures and their steady increase   Progress of Commerce and Trade     Agricultural beginnings     Progress limited only by capacity of markets   Investment of Capital and production of wealth in different periods. 2 
   IS CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE VALLEY IN  lS6o...............................................3G7

Review of favorable features of Valley History to 1S60   The disadvantages from industrial and political opposition between the two sections   Neither the River nor Railway systems could overcome them    Influence of these two systems on the Civil War.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE CONFLICT AND ITS LESSONS................................374

Military Strategy and the Railroads   Operations on the Rivers   Other lines of defence and attack   Conquest of principal lines decides the War   How the Valley tends to preserve the unity of the whole country.

* 
   PART THIRD.

THE NEW EEA IN THE VALLEY.

CHAPTER I.

THE SOUTHERN VALLEY AT THE CLOSE OF THE WAR...387

The Misfortunes of the People   The Losses in Capital   The Disorganization of Industry   The South must begin anew.

CHAPTER II.

CHANGES IN THE SOUTHERN VALLEY AFTER THE WAR.....394

Re-arrangement of the Labor System   Political Changes   The New Situation Fairly Established   The New Career Open   How Americans Manage a Difficulty   Constitutional Changes

CHAPTER III.

THE UPPER VALLEY DURING THE WAR.......................406

Causes of the Uninterrupted Development of the Upper Valley During the War   The East and West Railroad System   Agricultural Machinery, Immigration, and Circulation of Monej   Its Products find Excellent Markets   A fine Situation.

CHAPTER IV.

THE NEW STARTING POINT........................................410

The Fresh Impulses Furnished to Enterprise   A Hopeful Energy Creates Resources   The Era of Results Succeeds the Era of Beginnings   The Benefits and Evils Resulting from the War.

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   20

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.

VAST EXTENSION OF THE RAILWAY SYSTEM................416"

Completion of the Pacific Railroad   Rapid Development of the Western

Valley_Immense increase of Business multiplies Shorter Roads and

completes Long Routes   Advantages of the Railroad Furor   The Sudden Reaction.

CHAPTER VI.

PRODUCTION OF MINERAL WEALTH IN THE NEW ERA...424

Increase of Iron Production in the Valley   Consumption of Iron and Steel   Progress of Coal Mining   Significance of these Facts   Petroleum, Copper and Salt   Precious Metals on the Rocky Mountain Border in 1872   Progress and General Probabilities.

CHAPTER VII.

RAPID GROWTH OF MANUFACTURES............................428

Value of Railroads in Diffusing Industries and Developing the Capacities of every Region   Comparison of Earlier and Later Statistics of Manufactures   Great Relative Growth in the Center of the Country.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE  TRANSFER OF INDUSTRIES TO THE VALLEY..........433

It is Promoted by Ready Access to Material   By the Nearness of Purchasers   By the Large Margin of Profit   Indications of Transfer as a Fact   Growth of Large Cities in the Valley   Manufactures in the Eastern, the Central and the Southeastern Valley.

CHAPTER IX.

CULTIVATED AREAS AND FARM VALUES IN THE NEW ERA..439

Gain of Acreage Cultivated from i860 to 1870   Losses in the South    Later Gains   Facts from Census   Later Values   The Period of Investments and the Period of Profits. 
   CONTENTS.

   21

CHAPTER X.

THE GIFTS OF THE SOIL-AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. .444

Grain Production in Various Years   Crops and Prices   Other products of the Farm   The Law of Expansion   The South and the Southwest.

CHAPTER XI.

COMPARISON OF AGRICULTURE AND OF OTHER INDUSTRIES..451

Comparison of Data for Fifty Years   Farm Products and Mining   Agriculture and Manufactures   Foreign Export.

CHAPTER XII.

COMMERCE OF THE RIVERS AND THE LAKES................457

Earlier and Later Statistics   Carriage by Water and by Railway   The Future of Water-ways.

CHAPTER XIII.

DIRECT FOREIGN COMMERCE OF THE VALLEY..............464

The Past and the Present of Commerce   The great Changes preparing    Atlantic Commerce   The future of South American Commerce    The Mississippi Valley, the Isthmus Canal and Pacific Commerce.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE STIMULANTS TO EDUCATION SINCE THE WAR........469

l'he Educating Influence of the War   New demands on Scientific and Technical Education   Sudden removal of Barriers to Observation-Educating power of Intense and Comprehensive Activity   Newspapers and Libraries. 
   22

CONTENTS .

CHAPTER XV.

THE WONDERFUL PROGRESS OF POPULAR EDUCATION.......474

The Funds devoted to School purposes in i860 and 1870   Schools in the different States   The great improvement in Methods   Normal Schools   Universities and Colleges   Significance of School Systems in New States.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE GROWING BREADTH OF RELATIONS TO THE OUTSIDE

WORLD.............................................................482

Relations to the Commerce and Manufactures of the East   To the Mining and Commerce of the West   A New World of Relations.

CHAPTER XVII.

THE   NEW UNITY OF THE VALLEY.............................496

A Financial Crisis, and the Telegraph and Railway Systems   The East, the West and the Valley in a Financial Storm   The Valley comes to the Front   It is a World in itself   True Centralization.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE PAST AND THE PRESENT OF AMERICAN HISTORY.... 501

Early directions in Development have not been changed   Expansion and Union of American Types of Character   The American Idea and Manhood Suffrage   The free operation of Natural Law render* Catastrophes impossible.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE GRAND EXPERIMENT, AND EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY... 509

The Old Theory of Government shown to be False   Fifteen Years of European History   American connection with the Regeneration of European Governments   The Law of Change. 
   CONTENTS.

2 P.

CHAPTER XX.

A HISTORY OF THE PROPHETS OF EVIL..............519

The Dark Side of the Picture   The Serious Dangers of the Past   How they Disappeared   " Beware of False Prophets."

CHAPTER XXL

THE AMERICA OF THE FUTURE.....................527

The Monroe Doctrine and its Fruits   The Continent Unified in the Valley    The Rule of Reason and Interest   Can Intelligence and Science cease to Develop?   The Securities furnished by the Past and the Present   The Certainties of the Future   Its Probabilities.

PART FOURTH.

THE TWO SLOPES   WEST AND EAST OF THE VALLEY.

The Mississippi Valley is the Home Farm of the Anglo-American Race    How the East and West unite to promote its interests.

CHAPTER I.

THE PACIFIC  SLOPE-HOW IT WAS FORMED...........543

The Great Extent of the Rocky Mountain Plateau   Age of the Mountain*    How Gold and Silver got there   River Systems and Basins.

CHAPTER II.

ARIZONA-THE LAND OF PLATEAUS.................551

The peculiar Structure of Arizona   The Grand Canon of the Colorado    The Gila River and the Southern Pacific Railroad.

CHAPTER III.

PREHISTORIC ARIZONA............................557

Its former Dangers and Romantic Mysteries   Early Spanish Search for Cities and Treasure   Extensive Ruins of Houses and Irrigating Canals   A Prehistoric Civilization   Its Character, Probable Origin and Violent Ending   Climate of Arizona, Rainfall, Soil and Mines. 
   24

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

THE GREAT  DIVIDE   the   PRINCIPAL PLATEAU OF THE

ROCKY MOUNTAINS...........................576

Structure of the various parts of the Plateau and Mountain Ranges   Fine Features of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and New Mexico   The Plains, Stock Raising, Farming and Mining.

CHAPTER V.

THE GREAT BASINS...............................590

The Central Trough from British Columbia to the Gulf of California-Utah and Upper Columbia Basins   River System, Soil and Climate of the different Basins.

CHAPTER VI.

THE PACIFIC COAST-FROM PUGET SOUND TO SAN DIEGO. 598

Western Washington and Oregon   Promising Features of these Regions    The California Valley   Southern California and the Pacific Coast.

CHAPTER VII.

AGRICULTURE ON THE PACIFIC  SLOPE...............607

A Wonderful Soil   Its Origin   Statistics of California   Irrigation and its Climatic Effects   In California   In the Interior Basins   Western Oregon and Washington.

CHAPTER VIII.

SETTLEMENT   OF   THE   PACIFIC   SLOPE-THE VIGOROUS

CHARACTER OF THE  PEOPLE...................626

Spanish Settlement   Character of Mexicans   Gold Discoveries test the Character of Americans   A Magnificent History of Enterprise and Energy.

THE ATLANTIC SLOPE. CHAPTER IX.

THE BIRTH-PLACE OF THE  REPUBLIC......J.........641

The best Anglo-Saxon Traits preserved in the Colonies of the Atlantic Coast   Geological, Commercial and Agricultural Features of this Region   A New and Admirable Race is produced here   The Wisdom of the Original States. 
   CONTENTS. 25

CHAPTER X.

THE   DEVELOPMENT   AND   PROSPECTS  OF THE ATLANTIC

SLOPE.....................................655

TJarly Growth Slow   Great Advantages of New York, Pennsylvania and the Middle Coast   New England   The Southern Coast   Probable Future of each.

CHAPTER XI.

THE  EAST AS A LEADER..........................663

Eminent Features of the Sections Compared   Wise Management and Enterprise preserve the Ascendency of the East   Its Leadership of Intelligence and Energy, Past, Present and Future.

PAET FIFTH.

CANADA AND ENGLAND.

What America owes to England   English Vigor and Skill   The Relations of Canada and the United States.

THE DOMINION OF CANADA-CHAPTER I.

THE PEOPLE AND THE  GOVERNMENT.................675

Early French Settlement and History of Canada   The English Conquest results in Self-Government   The Union of the Canadas and Orig