"       — T" TT"` ""T " " " ` ‘ ·· Y V -- ~-   . in .,- . .. .t .,. _,·_/_,__ ,7 _ _ { M_ _' _ _ __ r>r> ` . , V rn V- —‘
  ,   -»-' j·Qyl;,Q »'_A’ it — _‘·   - ` i Fcbruaryi 24, 1932 T H E N E W R E P U B L IC 38
  -   - __   ` v  ’ _ of the low birth rate during the war years, 1915- began to have complete control over japanese
the     ‘i a‘—- `  · 1920, while all French manhood was waging a policy. Instead of withdrawing its troops during
On e     ‘  struggle for life against Germany. In the years those first days in October, japan began rapidly
thic `y.g_ l j  - e 1935-1940 France will therefore be most vulnerable to extend its occupation over the whole of central
Q r · e,   ‘ _ from a military point of view. »~In those years Italy, Manchuria. On October S, twelve japanese naval
[ini t i     , whose population has gone on increasing in spite of airplanes, in open disregard of the 1907 Hague
1 a ‘ V gg e   , ; e the World VVar, Italy, which has grown poorer and convention, bombarded the unfortified city of
gh e I   iw i poorer under Fascism, while being taught by Chinchow,
isc __ _1 I   FZ1SCiS1Tl that to beCOni€ powerful and feared she On the very next day, japan in effect served
kly f   must pillage and annihilate France—in those notice on the world that it proposed to violate its ·
ur, ‘ · years Italy will attempt to crush her "Latin sister." international obligations wholesale. The japanese
ius Ii   ‘ This is what Fascism has been promising New Cabinet met at Tokio, and a list of demands upon
ral I · .   Italy for the last ten years, this is the only ray of China was drawn up. Two of the principal de-
itic   — hope that Fascism ·allows the Italians to see ahead, mands were recognition by China of existing treaties
ar- in I this is what every full-blooded Fascist dreams of and the elimination of l\Iarshal Chang Hsiao-liang
SCS ~ — » T   . every Clay and every night. How triumphant will from the Manchurian government. Until these de-
SO r     be_Fascism then! It will ridicule the world’s gulli- mands were complied with, japanese troops would
we j ·’ j. V bility, its faith in solemnly pledged words and the remain where they were. This announcement was .
ice   I -— · sanctity ofmoral principles among individuals as an act of either incredible stupidity or pure madness
: a F.  well as nations. Scornfully Fascism will then on the part of japan. In making these demands
Wn   tell the world: “Sic_·v0lo, Sic jZ¢be0." And the world upon China, japan simultaneously violated the
  will bow,. just as it bows now to japan. League Covenant, the Kellogg-Briand Pact and the
an g   — All this lmay never come true, and be nothing 1922 Nine Power Treaty. "
nc , but a beautiful dream for the Fascists and a night- The League Covenant, by Article XIII, ex-
of ;, mare for the rest of mankind. But, whether it re- pressly provides that questions of the interpretation
Of _   mains a dream or becomes a dreadful reality, why and execution of treaties are to be held proper sub-
{a_   , should the people of the United States allow them- jects for arbitration, and binds the members of the _
Bt t_   selves to share in the responsibility for the prepara- League to arbitrate all such disputes. The Kellogg-
ng if tion of what would be a crime against humanity? Briand Pact goes much farther. By` Paragraph
,,-_ g   Pnsoumo IANcn1. Two, it pledges its signatories to use only pacific
js- . . means—which the bombardment of Chinchow cer-
ne · tainly was not—in the settlement of their differ- 7
ce . i I1] ]‘€ Japan VS_ Wgfld ences. The case of the ejection of young Marshal
ld < . Chang is cared for by the Nine Power Treaty, `
no 1 · ON THE night of September 17, a detachment which guarantees China’s administrative, as well as
»,,_ `   of the japanese Manchurian army seized the territorial, integrity.
gt, g ‘ l arsenal of Marshal Chang Hsiao-liang at Mukden, The League ,,Council met on October 13, and . _
es _ japanese army authorities alleged that Chinese sol- found itself possessed of an embarrassment of in- _
he * diers in uniform had attempted to blow up the ternational instruments under which to convict
,S_ _ South Manchuria Railway. Two days afterwards, japan. This was the meeting at which P1“€Utl5$
ile . foreign correspondents were permitted to see a sec- B. Gilbert sat at the Council table as American
an .   tion of damaged track and the still unburied bodies representative. At the urging of the United States,
yy `   of two Chinese infantrymen. the Council chose to invoke the Kellogg—Briand
jjy.   Assuming that the japanese story was true, japan Pact. japan virtually admitted its guilt. In a
at . i,  was entirely within its rights in seizing l\/Iukden. note to the Council’s P1‘€$i€l€¤t» M- Briandl On
ts I -_i l, The law and practice of nations—to quote the old, November 7, it declared that "it _is far from the
` I "   _ smug phrase—justihes any action necessary to=pro- thoughts [of japan] to insist on a final adjustment
ey e   tect a country’s nationals and their property from of _a whole series of pending questions between ,
lc e ·   sudden, violent attack. japan’s first step, on the japan and China as a condition precedent to the
rc C T .   ` face of the known facts, was completely legal, withdrawal of troops .... "
If L ·   The Lcggug Cguncjj was in sggsjgn at Ggngvg, It is HOW l{I‘l()\VI‘l tllilt Zlll tl`1I`OLlgl1 tl1C` October
ld   . l ’ and on September 22, the Chinese delegate, Dr, session of the Council, Sir Eric Drummond, the
lg ·     S26, invoked Article XI Of the Covenant) by \VhjCh I_,eague’s Secretary General, made strenuous efforts
5.,   t f the Council is given jurisdiction over "any circum- to have Article XIII invoked, and thus compel .
lei a   r   I stance whatever affecting international, relations japan to submit to arbitration. The japanese be·
[ll ` ._ i Q l which threatens to disturb international peace." On came very angry at Sir Eric and the whole League
ly       September @0, the Council adopted a resolution Secretariat. After the Council decided to proceed
e. _ .ii. I       calling upon japan to withdraw its troops by by means of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the project
>‘flif,~ `,·=,. r ° .  j October 14. This was freely agreed to by the of invoking Article XIII was abandoned.
,6:     ,1 japanese representative, M, Kenkichi Yoshizawa. For perhaps two weeks after this second Council
  .     · From. this distance, _it is reasonably clear that meeting, japan sedulously refrained from talking
  I   I j japanls military and naval chieftai·ns, at this point, about forcing China to recognize its treaties and
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