xt71zc7rnf92 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt71zc7rnf92/data/mets.xml SYLVIA WROBEL   books cop001 English University of Kentucky : Lexington, Kentucky Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection.  The First Hundred  Years of the  University of Kentucky  College of Pharmacy  1870-1970 text The First Hundred  Years of the  University of Kentucky  College of Pharmacy  1870-1970  n.d. true xt71zc7rnf92 section xt71zc7rnf92 

The First Hundred  Years of the  University of Kentucky  College of Pharmacy  1870-1970 





 







 

The First Hundred Years 





 







 

The First Hundred  Years of the  University of Kentucky  College of Pharmacy  1870-1970  SYLVIA WROBEL 





 







 

Dedication  In appreciation of a hundred years of  supportfinancial, legislative, and  the simple strength given by their belief  in what the school was trying to achieve the University of Kentucky College of  Pharmacy dedicates its centennial history  to the pharmacists of Kentucky 





 







 

Contents  Preface page IX  Greetings XIII  I. Introduction: Louisville in Mid-Nineteenth  Century 3  II. Founding of the Louisville College of Pharmacy 7  III. Growth, Solvency, and a Place of its Own 28  IV. An Increased Academic Nature 37  V. Before and After World War I 48  VI. First Four-Year B.S. in Pharmacy Degree 64  VII. Times of Testing in Depression, Flood, and War 70  VIII. Affiliation with the University of Kentucky 84  IX. Last Years in Louisville 97  X. First Years in Lexington 118  XI. New Dean, New Curricula, New Programs 129  XII. Research 160  XIII. Service to Alumni and Kentucky Pharmacists 167  XIV. In Conclusion: The First Hundred Years 180  Chronological Listing of the Presidents of the  Louisville College of Pharmacy and Presidents  of the Kentucky Council on Pharmaceutical  Education at the University of Kentucky 191  Cumulative Listing of the Faculty of the Louisville  College of Pharmacy and the University of  Kentucky College of Pharmacy 192  Cumulative Listing of Awards and Scholarships  Offered in the Louisville College of Pharmacy  and the University of Kentucky College of  Pharmacy 200 





 







 

Preface  This view of the College of Pharmacy over the past one  hundred years was written by an outsider. My lack of any  acquaintance, before beginning this research, with the field  of pharmacy leads me to stress that mistakes in this history  are mine, as are interpretations of events and descriptions of  personalities.  The reader will observe that the events of the closing years  of the college's first century received considerably more atten tion than any other comparable time span in the life of the  college. This period marked tremendous progress in fulfillment  of the University's undertaking to bring the college to a posi tion of national prominence and leadership in pharmaceutical  education and research. The significance of the administrative  and financial support accorded the College of Pharmacy must  not be overlooked in understanding the rapid expansion in  faculty numbers, in programs initiated, and in available phy sical facilities. The most significant reason for such an exten sive coverage lies in the fact that during this period all  pharmaceutical education in this country was, and still is,  undergoing fundamental changes of a nature and magnitude  never before experienced in pharmacy's long history. The  period represents the advent of educational programs which  emphasized the role of the pharmacist as society's guardian in  the safe and appropriate use of drugs in patients and which  provided a means for the pharmacist to interact and participate  with other health care professionals in meeting the drug needs  of individual patients. It is believed that such expansion of  the pharmacist's role beyond his traditional distributive role  will, in the future, be looked upon as the most significant  development in pharmaceutical practice and education within  the post-Renaissance period. Such coverage is important in  this history because this College of Pharmacy has been recog-





 

nized as one of the pioneers in developing the concepts of  clinical pharmacy practice. The University of Kentucky Col lege of Pharmacy provided national leadership in developing  innovative clinically oriented programs in pharmaceutical edu cation and practice. Its programs served as models for other  schools in designing pharmaceutical curricula.  In many cases college alumni and other Kentucky pharma cists contributed greatly to the preparation of this book, both  through careful reading of earlier drafts and conversations  concerning their own student days in the college. George  Grider, Danville pharmacist, curator of the McDowell Apoth ecary restoration there, and member of the Class of 1940, was  of particular aid, as were James P. Arnold, Jr. of Franklin, Class  of 1959; Willard F. Bettinger of South Fort Mitchell; E. A.  Harding of Jeffersonville, Indiana, and president of the Class  of 1940; Nathan Kaplin of Louisville, Class of 1923 and Past  President of the Kentucky Council on Pharmaceutical Educa tion; Charles T. Lesshafft, Sr. of Louisville, Class of 1918 and  father of a member of the college's centennial faculty; Eugene  Phillips of Paducah, Class of 1931; and Gingles Wallis of  Murray; Coleman Friedman, Class of 1940, gathered still other  college graduates together at a meeting in his home in Louis ville at which time much helpful information was generated.  I am also grateful to John H. Voige at the Kentucky State  Board of Pharmacy for an opportunity to use materials con cerning the early days of that Board and for his reading of  the manuscript.  Dean J. V. Swintosky offered much encouragement, and he  and other members of the present faculty have been extremely  helpful. Those faculty and staff members who assisted in  correction of the manuscript included Richard M. Doughty,  Mary W. Lawson, Charles T. Lesshafft, Jr., Harry A. Smith,  Charles A. Walton, and particularly Dr. Howard Hopkins.  Former faculty who were helpful included Norman H. Franke,  now at Mercer; Arthur C. Glasser, now dean at the University  of Cincinnati College of Pharmacy; and A. E. Slesser, now in an  administrative position at Smith Kline & French Laboratories  in Philadelphia.  But most particular thanks must go to former Dean Earl 





 

xi  P. Slone, himself a 1923 graduate of the Louisville College of  Pharmacy, member of its faculty since 1925, and dean for  almost twenty years. He worked with every step in the  preparation of this book, checking facts, calling forth new  ideas and old stories, helping determine the shape of the his tory as he did for years the shape of the college itself. He also  gathered the photographs used here. I only hope that his  love of the college and its students, both past and present, are  imbued in this writing.  Sylvia Wrobel  Lexington, Kentucky  March 1971 





 







 

GREETINGS FROM THE PRESIDENT OF  THE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY  Dear Members and Friends of the College of Pharmacy:  During the 1970-1971 academic year, the University of Ken tucky College of Pharmacy completes 100 years of existence  and, as man has done throughout the centuries, the attain ment of this milestone has been recognized by attention,  celebration and a review of its accomplishments. The dynamic  and progressive spirit which has marked the first century of  the College's existence and which has brought to it a good  national reputation among pharmaceutical educators is very  much in evidence as it prepares to enter the next 100 years.  This bodes well for the University, for pharmacy, and for  the citizens of the Commonwealth.  As President of the University of Kentucky during this  centennial year I salute men such as Dean Earl P. Slone, Dean  Joseph V. Swintosky, and their predecessors, who have pro vided the able leadership which has brought the College of  Pharmacy to its present maturity. But they could not have  done the job alone, and recognition is also due to the dedicated  faculty members who served under them and to the graduates  of the College who are now practicing pharmacists and whose  accomplishments contribute in large measure to the furtherance  of the health of Kentuckians.  I congratulate the College of Pharmacy on its past accom plishments and wish for it continuing vigorous effort and  achievement in teaching, research, service and continuing  education. I also wish for it the encouragement, support and  harmonious participation of the pharmacists in Kentucky with out which it cannot attain the greatness to which it aspires.  Sincerely,  Otis A. Singletary  President 





 

GREETINGS FROM THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE  UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY MEDICAL CENTER  Dear Members and Friends of the College of Pharmacy:  I consider it a great privilege to be able to draw attention  to our outstanding program in Pharmacy at the University of  Kentucky. The College of Pharmacy, now an important part  of our Medical Center, is actively involved in pushing back  the frontiers for health care delivery, education and basic  research. The increasing strength and balance of this college  are now evident and will undoubtedly form the basis for con tinued growth and development with the introduction of new  concepts and effective improvements in health care and health  care delivery. I am particularly pleased to see the college  providing national leadership in new programs involving clini cal pharmacy, sophisticated and safe drug distribution systems  and effective research programs involving close liaison with  industrial pharmacy research programs and leaders.  The increasing interaction of the College of Pharmacy and  its students with total Medical Center programs is evident,  and should be commended.  Sincerely,  Peter P. Bosomworth, M.D.  Vice President for the Medical Center  University of Kentucky 





 

GREETINGS FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE  KENTUCKY PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION  To the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy on its  One Hundredth Anniversary:  On this momentous occasion in the History of Pharmaceu tical Progress in the Commonwealth and more particularly  the 100th Anniversary of the College of Pharmacy in Kentucky,  Greetings and Best Wishes are extended to you by the Ken tucky Pharmaceutical Association.  Our Association is extremely proud of your accomplishments  and what they have meant to the profession and our citizens.  We know that past contributions and performances will surely  dictate the future of the Collegeand goals that have been  only dreams in the past, and nurtured by the present dedicated  College Staff, will surely be achieved in the hundreds of years  that are yet to pass.  Professionally yours,  Joe D. Taylor, R.Ph.  President, Kentucky Pharmaceutical  Association 





 

GREETINGS FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE  KENTUCKY STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY  To the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy on the  occasion of its Centennial:  In noting this as a time of celebration for the College of  Pharmacy, we would not be doing justice to you and to our  college if we neglected to laud the momentous accomplish ments of the University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy  over the past 100 years.  Your ever strengthening program has given testimony to  itself each year by the reflection of the quality of the students  which continue to come before this board. From the very  inception of the College of Pharmacy, the State Board of  Pharmacy has been closely associated and allied with the  progress of its students and curriculum. We are vitally in terested in, and proud of, the leadership and momentum that  you contribute to the Pharmaceutical profession and the well  being of your fellow citizens and Kentuckians.  In wishing you the greatest success in the years ahead, may  your objectives and goals become the realities for which you  work and hope each day.  Sincerely,  James W. DanhauerPresident  Kentucky State Board of Pharmacy 





 

The First Hundred Years 





 







 

11 Introduction: Louisville in  Mid-Nineteenth Century ..  The College of Pharmacy, celebrating its one hundreth an niversary in the academic year 1970-1971, is located in Lex ington, home of the University of Kentucky of which the  College is now an integral part. But for the first three-quarters  of the pharmacy school's life, it was located in the City of  Louisville, some seventy-five miles away.  When the College was first formed in 1870, Louisville  already was a very proud and beautiful city of 135,000  citizens. Downtown appeared relatively plain, but the resi dential areas opened out from wide streets, shaded with oak,  elm, maple, poplar, and linden treeswith two hundred miles  of paved streets where double track streetcars ran and stately  horsedrawn carriages proceeded. The glow of gaslights had  cut down street banditry and consequently the frequency of  street hangings. Eighty-three churches and synagogues were  scattered throughout the city, and local publications boasted  of the elegance of Louisville society and the wide range of  Louisville culture.  And the city was healthful, having overcome conditions  which earlier earned it the ominous nickname of "Graveyard  of the West." The new port city of Louisville had been built  in 1780 over ponds heavy with mosquitoes and near a river  subject to floods. Cholera and yellow fever were prevalent.  An epidemic of bilious fever in 1823 aroused citizen reaction  and produced some improvements in the skimpy sewerage  system. These initial efforts at cleaning up faded away with  the epidemic, to be revived only by an unusually virulent  cholera epidemic in 1832. At that time a Board of Health was  created, housing conditions improved, more sewerage built,  and several health programs established firmly.  By the end of the nineteenth century, Louisville claimed the  lowest death rate of any city its size or larger in the entire 





 

4 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  world. In 1886, when the seasonal epidemics had passed and  the dead could be counted, there were 117 deaths from  typhoid, eighty-five from cholera, fifty-one from diphtheria,  nine from scarlet fever. Local newspapers exulted at these  figures, which were considerably lower than those for com parably-sized cities.  Citizen efforts were one factor in the city's increased health- fulness by the turn of the century; another was the expanded  number of health-related professionals in town. The number  of actively operating pharmacies had more than trebled since  1850 when political conditions in Europe had brought a  number of highly educated pharmacists to Louisville. By  1900 over 150 pharmacies were estimated to exist within the  city. Nearly 450 physicians were also in residence, with more  being graduated annually from a number of flourishing medical  institutions. At one time in the nineteenth century Louisville  had eleven medical schools operating simultaneously (many  of these later to consolidate as the medical college at the Uni versity of Louisville).  But in Kentucky as in most states, education given future  physicians was necessarily limited. These early students of  medicine were not required to have high school diplomas to  enter professional studies, which were themselves often little  more than apprenticeships of varying length and worth. No  regulations existed as to who might teach medicineor who  might practice it.  The same was true of pharmacy, and pharmacy apprentice ships had additional shortcomings. Pharmacists were, by indi vidual training and inclination, actually chemists, or botanists,  or, quite often, physicians. The term "apothecary," then used  more frequently than "druggist" or "pharmacist," meant a  physician who also made and dispensed pharmaceuticals. Too  often in America, pharmacists were failed physicians or, even  worse, self-styled patent medicine manufacturers and salesmen  whose wagons had come to a halt. Apprentices naturally  tended toward whatever educational and moral lopsidednesses  their mentors may have had.  The quality of both physicians and pharmacists was there fore extremely uneven and undependable. With the rise in 





 

INTRODUCTION 5  popularity of quack medicines in the 1850s, such unpredict ability became an even more serious problem. The intensified  phenomenon of quack medicine was a national one, and per haps a natural one, bemoaned the American Journal of Phar macy, considering this was a "sparsely settled country where  physicians and apothecaries are thinly scattered . . . throwing  the people on their own resources." But to judge by advertise ments in the local newspapers the quack also found a ready  market in Kentucky, even in Louisville where physicians and  apothecaries abounded. Venereal disease could be cured by a  twenty-five cent pill, impotency for the same reasonable price  and perhaps the same pill! A far more expensive medication,  sold at one dollar per tablet, promised to end "ladies' dis orders," the disproportionate price explained by a discreet  postscript at the end of the advertisement: "Do not take pills  during pregnancy as it will certainly cause miscarriage." Less  fraudulent, but even more lucrative, was the sale of patent  medicines: euphoric, cure-all nostrums, often highly alcoholic  or morphine-laden. At the time the College of Pharmacy was  established, the richest Kentuckian was thought to be Dr. John  Bull, a well-known patent medicine manufacturer in Louis ville.  The middle of the nineteenth century was the age of pseudo- science and fast-talking medicine men. A history of medicine  in Kentucky reports that the state, ". . . before 1874, like a  number of other states, was open to every sort of exploitation  by medical cults and sects and failed to protect the public by  means of examination and license granted by some accredited  body representing either the profession or the commonwealth.  Regulars and irregulars were, so far as control was concerned,  on an equal footing, with all the advantage of parade and  fanfare on the side of the quack."  In 1851 the city had empowered its General Council to  establish a "Board or Institute of Pharmacy" to require that  all apothecaries be examined and licensed by the Board and  "to regulate the trade of retail Apothecaries in the business of  making up prescriptions, and vending poisonous substances."  This was an extremely rare move in the America of the times,  preceded only by similar rulings in New York City and one 





 

6 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  county in Mississippi. Previous to 1825 numerous laws re stricting medical practice in a like manner had been passed  in places across the nation but almost all of these already had  been repealed by 1851. Independent Americans did not like  restrictions, it seemed. The Louisville law concerning regu lation of local apothecaries had not been repealed, however.  It was just never enforced. The only laws in Kentucky with  any teeth to protect the consumer from unscrupulous salesmen  or to protect the honest and competent pharmacist from un trained or dishonest ones came into being only after the Col- j  lege of Pharmacy was formed in Louisville. 





 

2 /Founding of the Louisville  College of Pharmacy  Following the Civil War, a number of highly educated Louis ville pharmacists, many of German birth or parentage, began  to meet informally to discuss pharmacy. Gradually these dis cussions moved from the art of making pharmaceuticals to  include problems of the profession, such as inadequate training  for new pharmacists. Already some of the group's members  exchanged their apprentices on wintry evenings or whenever  business was slack, to give the young men opportunities to  learn specialties of preceptors other than their own.  Eventually talk grew of making the group's exchange of  ideas, knowledge, and apprentices more formal, of creating a  college of pharmacy. At the time, there were less than a dozen  such colleges in the entire nation,* and some of these were  meager indeed, called colleges only by the immodesty of their  owners or administrators, since they did not offer organized  instruction and often did not last long enough to graduate any  * According to the Louisville College of Pharmacy catalogue, there  were only three other pharmacy colleges in existence at the time, but  that number may have implied any of several definitions of pharmacy  college. Actually there were numerous pharmaceutical associations  called colleges and even a fair number of teaching schools, many of  which appeared and vanished almost simultaneously.  Kremers and Urdang's History of Pharmacy lists some of the more  important colleges established before the one in Louisville, including  Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, 1821; College of Pharmacy  of the City and County of New York (to become Columbia University  College of Pharmacy), 1829; Maryland College of Pharmacy (to affiliate  with the University of Maryland), 1840; Chicago College of Pharmacy  (to affiliate with the University of Illinois), 1859; and the Massachusetts  College of Pharmacy, 1867. The Cincinnati College of Pharmacy was  organized as a regular teaching school the year following the organization  of the Louisville College of Pharmacy, although the Cincinnati association  had been founded in 1850 and offered occasional organized instructional  discussion groups since that year. 





 

8 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  students. Louisville had one of these questionable institutions  in the College of Pharmacy for Women, which seems to have  been little more than a short-lived plan to supply female  apprentices at no salary.  The Louisville College of Pharmacy would be founded on a  sounder basis. Its bylaws would be patterned closely after  those of the oldest and undoubtedly most solid pharmacy  college existing in America, the Philadelphia College of Phar macy. One of the founders of the Louisville college (to become  its first president) was a Philadelphia College of Pharmacy  alumnus.  Set in definite motion in 1869, plans for the new college  proceeded quickly. Monthly meetings were held. The follow ing July and August, the founders met officially in the rooms  of the Louisville school board to pass the resolutions estab lishing the Louisville College of Pharmacy. In September  1870, the constitution, bylaws, and code of ethics were pub lished. Articles of incorporation were not filed until December  1871 and were not acted upon by the General Assembly until  February 6, 1873. The legislature which opened on December  4, 1871 was adjourned shortly thereafter until January 1873.  The college incorporators evidently did not get their act con sidered during the first brief session, and so filed with the  Jefferson County Clerk of Court until the General Assembly  reconvened in 1873. Operation of the college got underway  only a month later than originally planned, when classes started  on November 13,1871.  The first twenty-six students were probably all pharmacists'  apprentices, young men in their late teens, most likely local  boys who lived at home where they paid board or in cheap  rented rooms in nearby residential sections. After working a  full day in some pharmacy, they walked or took a five cent  streetcar ride to the east side of Third Street between Walnut  and Guthrie Streets. Here, three nights a weekMonday,  Wednesday, Fridayin two rented rooms on the second floor  of a building belonging to a Mrs. M. Preston Pope, the Louis ville College of Pharmacy gave the three courseschemistry,  materia medica, and pharmacy practice and theorywhich  made up pharmaceutical education of the day. 





 

FOUNDING 9  Upstairs rooms in this building at Third Street, between Walnut  and Guthrie Streets, housed the first classes of the Louisville College  of Pharmacy.  Early Faculty  The instructors, all of whom were founders and one of whom  was president of the college, also had spent full days as phar macist or physician before taking up their classes in the  evening. In 1871, two of the three were physicians. One of  these, Dr. Thomas Jenkins, soon turned his course in materia  medica over to a pharmacist, tipping the balance of the in structional staff to pharmacists for the second and all future  years of the school's operation. This second year faculty stayed  with the college until their deaths.  Between these three, they represented much that was typical  of the leaders in American pharmacy during the late nine teenth century. One was a physician; all were German or 





 

10 COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  second generation German; all had served apprenticeships;  and, less typically, all had some formal university education.  Physician as well as pharmacists, all enjoyed and were experi enced in drug manufacture and research; all loved the art as  well as the science of pharmacy.  Last, and perhaps even more important than the instruction  for which they were responsible, these early teachers and  leaders aspired to public recognition of pharmacy as a pro fession instead of a trade. They were concerned that pharmacy  become regulated and protected, and they were ready to work  toward providing laws and education to accomplish such goals.  L. D. Kastenbine, first professor of chemistry at the Louisville Col lege of Pharmacy, 1871 to 1904.  Dr. L. D. Kastenbine, M.D., the first professor of chemistry,  was a native Louisvillian and a second generation German.  He had served a medical apprenticeship under a popular Louis ville physician. His formal medical studies at one of the 





 

FOUNDING 11  schools later to become part of the University of Louisville's  medical college were disrupted by the Civil War. After serving  a stint as doctor for the Union, he completed the medical  course at Bellevue Medical Hospital in New York. He returned  to Louisville in 1865 to become the first demonstrator of  anatomy at the newly organized Kentucky School of Medicine.  The following year he acted as assistant to the professor of  chemistry at the medical department of the University of  Louisville, and eight years later he took the Chair of Chemistry  and Urology there. In 1870 he began to teach chemistry at  the new Louisville College of Pharmacy. In addition to two  teaching positions, Dr. Kastenbine maintained a large practice  of medicine and surgery, did all medico-legal work for the  city, and held an almost complete monopoly on any medical  practice that required either chemical analysis (at which he  was a master) or use of a microscope (which he was fore- sighted enough to possess). In 1878 he was appointed special  government examiner of drugs for the Port of Louisville,  a post which itself reflected a victory for pharmacy and the  college.  Emil Scheffer, the first professor of materia medica and  botany, had been apprenticed to an apothecary in the German  university town of Tuebingen, and he returned there to study  with a famous chemist after practicing pharmacy in Switzer land and his native Germany. Spreading political upheavals  forced him to leave Europe, and he like so many exiled political  liberals came to America, where German pharmacists were  doing much to stabilize American pharmacy. Scheffer worked  in one of Cincinnati's popular "Deutsches Apotheken," then  moved to Louisville to become a partner with the widow of a  local pharmacist. After their marriage, the apothecary became  his. It was a large, clean, well-organized place, and his pride  was the big laboratory in back where he made his own staples  like quinine and cream of tartar. There too he carried on his  experiments and consulted with the many tanners, dyers, and  chemical manufacturers who came to him for advice.  Botany had originally drawn Scheffer to pharmacy, and  botany was the heart of his materia medica course in the  college. His students used the famous Gray's botany text, and 





 

Emil Scheffer, first professor of materia medica, 1871 to 1881, j  emeritus professor 1881 to 1902, and president of the college, 1884  to 1887.  after several years Scheffer organized a spring-summer course  in which students were led to the fields to examine for them selves the prime source of pharmaceutical supplies. They some times collected specimen plants to dry and mount for display  in the college's herbarium.  After only two years in the college (although he had been  a practicing pharmacist at least twenty years), Scheffer made  one of the most important discoveries in pharmacy: the process  for preparing pepsin from the stomachs of pigs. A rough  process for extracting pepsin from the stomachs of sheep  already existed in France, and a similar process using cow  stomachs existed in the United States, but both processes were  slow, cumbersome, and expensive, and neither could begin  to supply pepsin enough to treat the many stomach disorders  for which it was prescribed. Scheffer found that the stomachs  of pigs more closely resembled those of humans, a fact impor tant in much of today's digestive research, and his preparation 





 

FOUNDING 13  process was considerably simpler and more efficient than the  others. He shared his discovery freely, refusing to capitalize  on it in any way.  Scheffer remained committed to the Louisville College of  Pharmacy, even when the profession itself seemed to grow  away from him. During his thirty years of practice, pharmacy  had changed drastically. Pharmaceutical manufacturers had  begun to market machine-made tablets and other medications  Scheffer once had prepared carefully by hand. The pharma ceuticals he had known and helped develop were giving way  to new ones. Even in the nineteenth century the "modern  drugstore" was becoming popular in a growing and faster- paced Louisville. Scheffer felt too old to adjust to the new  business complications and the different demands of such an  operation. In 1882 he reluctantly sold his apothecary and all  the materials in it to other Louisville pharmacists who were  quick to buy products from one of the city's finest pharmacists  and craftsmen. While they maintained the new kind of phar macies, Scheffer himself turned his energies and love of  pharmacy with renewed enthusiasm to the college. In addition  to his classes, he assumed the presidency in 1884. In 1889 he  changed to the office of treasurer, a position he held until his  death.  C. Lewis Diehl, first professor of pharmacy and first college  president, was German-born also. He had come to America  at the age of eleven and here served his pharmacy apprentice ship. He graduated from the Philadelphia College of Phar macy, which later awarded him an honorary master's degree  as well.  Diehl began work in a German pharmacy in Philadelphia.  Wounded fighting for the Union in the Civil War, he was  transferred back to Philadelphia as a chemist. He aided in  the manufacture of ether, chloroform, oil of wine, nitrate of  silver, quinine, phosphoric acids, and other medications useful  for combat injuries and produced in volume in the large "heat  rooms" of the Union Army laboratories. After the war Diehl  moved to Louisville to reorganize and manage the Louisville  Chemical Works once operated by Edward R. Squibb. When  this business dissolved (perhaps because Squibb was a North-





 

C. Lewis Diehl, first president of the Louisville College of Pharmacy,  1870 to 1880, and a member of its faculty until his death in 1917.  em sympathizer like Diehl while Squibb's partner still lived  in Charleston, South Carolina), Diehl found himself without  a job and decided to remain in Louisville and open his own  pharmacy.  Diehl was president of the college from 1870 to 1881. He  asked not to be re-elected then because of poor health, but  despite continual illnesses he taught pharmacy in the school  for a quarter of a century. His course in pharmacy was the  center of the early curriculum. It dealt with weights, meas ures, apparatus, classification, and included what lay closest  to his own heart and probably that of most other earnest  pharmacists of the century: the manual manufacture of phar maceuticals.  Yet, even as Diehl taught pharmacy, it changedand he  helped it change. In 1872 he gave what was thought to be the  first American paper on elixirs, mixtures of spirits, flavor and  drugs that had been in long use in Europe but had recently \ 





 

15  FOUNDING  become Americanized by the addition of sugar. He gained  national prominence for himself, and for the young college,  by chairing the prestigious and influential Committee on the  National Formulary