xt71zc7rp98s https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt71zc7rp98s/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1956 journals ky_farm_home_science_v1_8_num_3_2_1_winter_1956 English Lexington, KY : Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Kentucky farm and home science. Special progress report. v.2 n.1 winter 1956. text Kentucky farm and home science. Special progress report. v.2 n.1 winter 1956. 1956 2014 true xt71zc7rp98s section xt71zc7rp98s Y ‘
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I. ,\l.lAX SMITH .....,......,......................,... · \gl`lClll[lll`Hl Elll(Ol` ixddrcss Correspondence about articles in this l)ub_
Kgmfucky Farm and Home Scjgncg lication to either the authors or the Department of g
;..sn·.t<.;.1>tist..ts ...............,.......................................... titans i’¤i>ii¤ i¤ii<>i‘iii=i¤i<>¤i Mid Eii=ii Aids KX1>€i`i·
cmissr imisses ......t........t...............t............t \ssist:int Editor mem Siziiioii Biiiidiiig. University oi iiéiiwcky. Lex- 5 _
Roman (1. \lA\' ................................................ Pliotograplier ington. S
  .;`
In this Issue *°
,; .
SOIL CHARACTERIZATION PROGRALI Page 3 i A
By Harry Hudson Bailey /
rv
l‘lEA'l`ED Mime AS AN EXTENDER Fon DAIRY BULL SEMEN Page 4
By james R. Perkins and Dwight M. Seatli RL
hlEA'I`S SPECIALISTS STUDY \V1LD ON1oN Pagg 5 H4
PROBLELI IN BEEF M
By Iames D. Kemp ·
. L
Mixori ELEBIENT RESEARCH Page 6 L
By H. F. Massey
PLASTIC hlULCH Fon VECETABLES Page 8
By E. M. Emmert W
ES'l`.\BLISIlXIEN'l` or LEGUBIES IN SEVEN-YEAR-oL0 Page 10 5
FESCUE Son ;.
By T. H. Taylor. \\`. C. Templeton, ]r..
\\`. N, _\lcMakin and S. H. ¥Vest }
NE\\' Exi·E1nMEN·r S·rAT1oN FARBI PURCHASED Page 12
ik
K
r
N _ _ _ _ _ 5
- T.   The Cover A method lor measuring the effectiveness ot gr sys-
` temic insecticide is shown on the cover. Strawberry g
plants were treated in the field; then leaf disks A
ssa, ·. were ent and mites introduced on them. Examin- q ·
, v viwov : · · . . . .
#1, ¤· __; an 1 mg a disk to determine 111ltG mortahtv 1S Dr.  
Lk §<` _ _ ' *`
°’__ ·* C. Rodriguez, Department ot Entomology and
Botany. A
s
2

 Better use and management
{ recommendations for Kentucky’s _
e farm lands to result from
° So°l Cha acte ° t' P gr
3 V,
By HARRY HUDSON BAILEY
iff
é Two programs underway by state and federal agri- The 28 important soils sampled were selected from
g cultural agencies hold promise of expanding our each of the principal physiographic divisions of the
. knowled e of Kentuck ’s soil resources. Results of state Eastern Coaliields, Blue rass, etc. . Each was
S Y S
.;. the work will help research and extension specialists sampled at two locations, 1 to 20 miles apart.
in making better soil use and management recom- At each site a pit was dug and a sample taken from
`* mendations. each of the various horizontal layers (horizons) from
* . .
" The Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station two the surface downward until unweathered soil ma-
g years ago began a soil sampling program over a wide terial was reached. The number of horizon samples
area of the state; at the same time the U. S. Depart- taken from a single pit varied from a minimum of 4
Q ment of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service started in eastern Kentucky to 15 in some deep soils in the
progressive soil surveys in seven Kentucky counties. western part of the state.
" The map below shows where samples have been Considerable laboratory work remains to be done,
2 taken, the counties in which surveys have been begun, especially with the samples collected in 1955. As soon
{ and counties which have previously been surveyed. as they become available, results are passed on to
Purpose of the sampling work is to obtain basic (Continued on page 11)
.3 information as to texture (percentage of sand, silt and — 
Clay), rniueral and trace €1€m€Ht¤ COI_HPOSitiOn’ Soil- ° 51] l`lI`tiCl€ OH'I`€S€£`lI`Cll   (lOI`lC Will] tI'1ICC ClOlDCI1lS by
,`,;\ . . . tl`lC l\CDtUCl\y Agf1CllltUYill E\p€fll]]CDt StZltl()I`l LIPPCLXTS OI] pilgi}
A Water Yelatlonshlpsy reactivn (pH), and other data- 6 of this issue of Farm and Home Science.
1 l
<‘°‘ *—· B
• Sites at Sail Characterization    
Q' $¤m¤tes(l954 ¤ndl955) U /_ ____ . L_   Jlxu ll   V .
*   Soil(§:1Jl\QEyV?O;[&)p(Oq(es$ (gl.-wu-' """  '-Inu.   \·"} cu wi
er -·’   A l
. E Pubiasned sort Surveys   Q   l
‘ ·. :2€:?5:€·E·i-€·E-- ·--7 % %.  O `
°`l‘··—   \`
~ , _..... tf}:. ..S "   .@.·?f.;._ Q \._ ’
""     _l,, "’ -..- t  .950  . ..... ___\
  '.';‘.:.g::;;?Z· `'“‘ " ...¢¤#v·\ "" N
>* f ··   ‘‘·‘‘‘ — ··i-   fw-2%% * 7
1  H ,  w e ,/
./   ‘   ' • . 110 )
/· .,   _ ~···'.j{ff-f·Q·§  ="—       {
at ‘ -·»~·~-   ***‘°    -..¤
l ·· C- 1%*8 " m'_ri°=d" i-‘?€}}{€i°   J
; ¤··**—¤ T   l'  T  , N)
e QLke.T._. .._ 
This map shows the progress of the statewide soil charac- being surveyed by the Soil (lonservation Service. The dates
Lg terization program. Indicated are the sites from which on other counties indicate when mapping and survey work
S2ll]\I)lCS l]2lV€ DCC!] [ill(€l], 218 \\'€ll EIS ll]C SCVCII C()l|l]ll€S I1()\\' ¥\'3S (l0I`l€.
O
t KENTUCKY FARM Axn Hoxui Scr1·;xc1;—\Vrx‘r1;n 1956 S

 .   , . . . - `Q       °Y  ’  
Heated Milk as an s 1    A 1   '            
    . ...~,V     -  V A it r  
  "e~·~·;»· A . . . ef
Extender for Dair     N   t »e f 3   1 r 1 ee
Y ’   ‘ r  tz. `fgili ttg, A ,ede  
B   S _   »·t            
ll €m€H ·•’ . e . -. ~ . 1    
· pi     ;:_    .id, ,7,1 »_`_e»  
By JAMES R. PERKINS and DWVIGHT M. SEATH ,_gQ{,W .     i . 7 ,    Q    
_ \  il: i· l‘`'l  `    ”l ;:ey 
A field trial conducted by the Dairy Section of the i   ~ ,7 ,.__ A, "      _, 
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station in coopera- ,  Y   iiiii     K A » ‘  
tion with the Kentucky Artificial Breeding Association . ~ 7 `1   ‘ 7 _ K   ,7      “ `‘`i'  
shows that heated milk can be used as an extender ‘ `- ` .,  ,;   .5
..__  _/  .”,,i§:{:<·¤r» _ = ‘ l ‘   i ~·;);r
fer bull Seem-   ii i.    .  i- » 1 .
There was no significant difference between heated  i  if    
milk and yolk-citrate extenders, although heated milk    
was sllpelllol le Yelk Wllell used with 2`day`Old Semen Fig, 1.—Representatives of the Kentucky Artificial Breeding
Th61`6 WHS 21 (iiil6f61106 i11110f1g bUii$- The 110HI`€tU1'H Association, such as this inseminator, cooperated in the field  
rate of some bulls was increased when the extender research on the new semen extender- R
was changed from yolk—citrate to milk. The tendency · 5
was for bulls Wllh e low Dometum mtg Whee then- it was felt that more research was needed before `
Semen was extended lll yolkcltlflle to Show an m` Kentucky would reject or adopt this new extender. "
crease rn nonreturn rate when milk was used as the In the HG1 d trial qt the Kentuck Station the 6040
extenden 90-day nonreturns were comparedywhere semen was T
Characteristics of an Extender extended with yolk—citrate and with heated h0mog— Awe
One of the chief reasons why artificial insemination elllzefl lllllle Selllell Wes eelleetefl llelll 31_b¤US eVel` *"
has been successful is the fact that semen from a bull tl _4`lllOlllll _Pel`lO°l> elld alternate ¤<>11e¤¤<>¤S were L, "
can be extended to a greater volume, thus making it $lllPPell» llslllg llle eellvellllellal Yellecltmte elld K
possible to breed thousands of cows yearly. The ex- llemegelllzed lllllk exlelldelk
tender used must have certain characteristics. lt must $6111611 WHS Shipp6Ci 4 Ci2lY$ 6210h W66i<, with 21 0Ol-
be economical to use, be readily available, show no l60ti011 h6i11g 11121Ci6 tf0111 6210h hull 01106 W66i1k-einnre t}
could be successfully used as an extender. The great 2-¤1~u—<>!rr. lTlit· results Yolk 4,799 (Tg; 5,128 (Gigi; 9,927   »
repor et rom re use o · rm rxttnr rr rate xarred xhlk 4,797 753 5,275 647 107012 694
considerably among experuneut Stations; consequently. Total 9.596 74.5 10,343 66.6 19,939 70.3 *—
6
4 KENTUCKY Acrrrcutrurmt Exr¤E1nrrEx·r Srprrrosr *
2

 were with egg yolk-citrate extended semen which re-
sulted in a 71.2 ercent nonreturn rate, while the M S ° l'
{ remaining half of) the services with milk-extended      
Q semen gave a nonreturn rate of 69.4 percent. This • • -
  difference of 1.8 percent in favor of milk was found      
A to be not significant statistically, which means that
° one would expect this great a variation to be due to P   ° B f
_z_ Ch,mC_,,_ I`O €II1 III B6
N Milk was found to be far superior to yolk-citrate By JAMES D· KEMP J
7 as an extender when 2-day-old semen was used. There
if was a greater decline in nonreturns with milk between
by 2- and 3-day-old semen than with yolk, so that yolk A sizzling lniCY stnnk sninihnisd in Oninns» Pi€Pni`€d
i was superior as an extender when semen of 3 days i)Y n gnnd C0nk» has inng been ingaidnd iis an nPP€‘
. 5% Old. or Older was to be used tite stimulgor, but lwild onion flavor in beef when it
isn’t desire is anot 1er matter.
+ Difference Among Bulls Yearly, both in the spring and fall during the wild
it The results indicated further that there was a dif- onion seasons, numerous inquiries are received con-
a__ ference among bulls; that is, about half of the bulls cerning what can be done to remove wild onion flavor
` showed an increase in percentage of nonreturns with from beef. This objectionable flavor is a direct result _
Y milk extender as compared with yolk—citrate extender, of the animal’s having eaten wild onion or garlic short-
sf while the remaining half showed a decrease when ly before slaughter; unfortunately, there is no success-
5 their semen was extended in milk. ful way to remove the flavor. A usual answer—and not
‘· The indication was that those bulls showing a high ii V€i`Y helpful nn€—is> iicnnk inn beef with Onions-),
i nonreturn rate in respect to yolk extender were lower Twelve steers Used
when their semen was extended with milk, and the _ _
. _ . To study this problem, the Animal Husbandry Sec-
_; rates of those bulls having low nonreturns were im- _ 1 I H { _H _ b { H
proved when heated milk was used as the semen ex- mm testec he G mts O W1 ( mmm On 88 SZVOL
*3 tender- Twelve grade Hereford steers were placed on a mixed
,• grass pasture heavily infested with onion. After 3
‘ weeks one was removed and slaughtered; its meat had
" a strong onion flavor and odor. After 4 weeks all the
gg        cattle were removed, two slaughtered, and the others
  ,-}_      it * ' ly   placed in drylot and fed alfalfa hay and grain. Six
_, A i‘       y»   were slaughtered in pairs on the second, fourth and
  V   Q   y 7 M y_       ip__   sixth day after having been placed on dry feed.
  __  ty             Rib Rousts Tested
  _V__     ji       `   A  `’·'fi  i n Rib roasts from the six animals were cooked to
A fx   if   fi yl   f      _ A; IGOOF and tested by a taste panel. Beef from the steers
»   iili   V       gsi; `     1   -·-  V - slaughtered the day of removal showed marked onion
_ 6         i      V  _ _ ‘   flavor and odor; after 2 days, slight flavor and odor,
E . i A A   pw M  »___'____?__M ;i  _ yin . 4 and after 4 days, no detectable flavor and odor.
W R   ‘ A     . (   ` The remaining three steers were fed wild onion tops
  ` *‘     ·?‘ for 4 days. ()ne steer was slaughtered soon after the
Q i    ,—  JL,. if i “ V xy i   last feeding. The other two were killed on the second
’  A .     in  A  ,   ,, .  gi":  ii  and fourth day, respectively, after the last feeding of
V ~ °**’"     V ‘i`i       onion tops, Taste test results were similar to tllOSC
gg I  ·‘f    A A   of the previous test. with heavy initial contamination,
"`5_ i if very slight after 2 days, and little if any after 4 days.
_ ’  V     _, -.[a.-   From the data obtained, it is concluded that cattle
Ai V  W   . ~ ` should be removed from pastures containing wild
J, Fig. 2.—Rcsearch is continually going on to improve the Oilliill iii lCii$t 4 days l)f3liOi`U slniigliici to mnkc sUi`€
‘ efficiency of the artificial breeding program in Kentucky. tll€ l)€€f will llilV€ Il(‘llSll€l` Onion nVUi° UOY Odor-
•
t KENTUCKY FARM AND Hoxn; Scn;xc12—\V1xTi2n 1956 5

 •
Minor Element Research »
4
Needed in only very small amounts, the minor elements *
play an important role in plant growth and production; *
most Kentucky soils thought to be well supplied sx "
By H. F. MASSEY Q
Farmers have l0ng been aware of the essential roles in Kentucky soils. There has not been enough re-
played by nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant search work with these elements, however, to make `{
growth and production. Yet tr0n’l time to time plants possible an authoritative statement. It is known that gg · 
that grew in soils having ample supplies of the “big boron fertilization is often required for crops having F" ~
three" elements failed to flourish and Crop yielClS were a high requirement for that element, such as alfalfa. F
disappointingly low. Research has shown that a scar- i; ,
city of some other element or elements may be re- '
sponsiblc for the poor growth of those plants. Thus, - 7
the term “minor element" has come into use. q  
What Are Minor Elements? ll { ,
In dealing with plants, this term is given to an  
eletnent essential for plant growth but needed in only li
very small quantities. Known to be essential for plant it
growth, in addition to the “big three,” are copper,
molybdenum, zinc, boron, manganese, iron, sulfur, cal- gt
cium and magnesium. Substantial quantities of the ' . y
last three elements are required and they probably  
should not be considered minor elements. Other ele- l {
ments may also be required in minute quantities, but   · . . _   3; ·
as of now the foregoing list includes all minor ele-   _  V, _ _ l
ments known definitely to be essential for plant   V   *\ my/l V li      
Some elements not believed to be required for v _   ~ it     r».; '“ —. r.. ;    ,,
plant growth are required for animal growth and are     i`   i ° __.\,
therefore important in plant nutrition because plants   5    
must normally supply these elements to animals. Two ` 1
elements in that category are cobalt and iodine. T E
The following table gives the approximate average ,_g_   A · ··r· ·  
concentration in alfalfa ltay of Some of the elements i,   .,,.    .,_, , [ , M . _ K ,
just mentioned: - ' _ ·~  7 
tail?“?}T.‘T1.ii11:1;;:1;;;1:;;;;ii;;;;;;i;;i;:ii;ii 333 .l.‘ i   r   ‘_r { ‘ K ‘‘‘;··  
Iron .................................................... 0.03 AMT ‘ A 'H ` ` A_V`· V 
Iodine ................................................ 0.02 A   V we
Manganese ..........,.................r........... 0.008 °""»'
Zine ................................r................... 0.003 . ‘ ·
Boron ................................................ 0.0025 ‘
Copper ..................,........................... 0.0008 The spectrograplt is widely used for the determination of minors
g$)};R‘l*"""" ·······························-····   elements. As shown in this picture, the operator (Dr. Massey)
` ````'`'''``'``''`'`'``''''''`'``''`'''''``''`''' ' places it small amount of the sample to be analyzed in the elec-e
` _ _ _ _ _ [l`l(C Lll`(` of [llC Lll)l)2ll`H(llS. TllC €l€fI`l€I]tS l)l`€S€I\[ CHI] [hCll lJ€
(-<‘¤·~·r¤ll>’ St><*=¤l<·¤¤s~ it ·S not l>¤‘l¤s~‘<‘i€¤¢y <>f Zinc have beeu bwueht tv the EX- to determine the status of minor elements in the soils
` Pethheht Stattoh- ZthC·d€hCt€hCY has h€€h·Pt0duC€tt of the state and the minor element needs of those
A OH the EXP€I`lIT]€Ilt Statlolll FHTITI   OV€I`llI"I'1111g,   Crops COITIHIOHIY growl] On Kentucky sOilS_ AS a be- _-
is known to reduce the availability of soil zinc to ginning in this Work, sttmnies ef 35 Kentucky soils
1* Plants- Thus, tt $€€m$ likely that Some K€htUCkY Soils have been brought to the Experiment Station for
F m3Y be tOO IOW th Zthc tot th€ Pt0P€t growth of com- study. Samples of the topsoil large enough for green-
_s_ It is hot khowh how €Xt€h$tV€ these SOHS mt‘tY h€» Ot house experiments were collected, as well as smaller
how much th€ d€ttCi€hCY &tt€€t$ CON] Yhilds ih K€h" samples of the deeper horizons suflicient for labora-
V K; tucky, or what is the best way to correct the defi- tety Studies.
J Ct€hCY· K€hthCkY’$ htitghhot tO the South, T€hh€$St`€» These soil samples and plants grown on the soils
1. has reported considerable zinc deficiency in corn. in the gteenneuse ere being analyzed {et tninct eje_
Y? ments. As is true of the major nutrient elements (ni-
  ° · trogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium), not all of a
A · ° _ minor element in the soil is available to plants. The
      major part of any nutrient element is usually held
' K  -   in an “unavailable” or “{ixed” form in the soil and
:·‘   K_ kwin i is only slowly released for plant growth. Ordinary
="·     chemical analysis reveals the total amount of an ele-
K;       ment in the soil but gives no indication as to what
_' `     K j   i   part of the total is actually available to the plant.
        A good idea as to the availability of the elements in
H " A      ·‘   the soil can be obtained from elaborate field and
  ..  ___` <_   . ‘ greenhouse experiments, but a quicker laboratory
.*~`*   se. ._ K,   "Q t method is needed. Research aimed at finding such
ui A ‘ -··y·¤     methods is underway.
· _ i x  { ’ _i First the Needs——Then Recommendations
 TA       · When the studies mentioned above are completed
   *2  K KK ° i f ‘ i agronomists should know which soils in Kentucky are
  ‘’*‘t    I K likely to he deficient in any of the minor elements. -
  ‘ In addition, they will know which crops have the
" if ’_.| K   greatest need for particular minor elements and, con-
4 K jj`;     i   _   sequently, are likely to show deficiency symptoms.
    T ti Then it will be possible to devise the best methods
4  .t .....::   *   of applying the minor elements and to make recom-
if f   K» _KKKK_ _       mendations to Kentucky farmers for their use.
    .·i.;».i     ’ii*   S »~»··
  i-`· ??X;’;·‘i?;lY ·‘'.‘ ' .· t - - ·
  i.j:··-~·   ¤i,   -’*t. 3 .  .i;   :·¤   .,..     » WA"'TED—Z·¤¤·d€*·¤·€¤* Cm
`    'z;_`¤‘;‘f{=; .K,iK if V   ‘_'-     . Zinc rlefieieney first appears in corn 8-10 inches high
t   ·`_’i  ij .: ·.·,   .,K..   KKK_KK     . as a yellow streaking. ln severe cases the leaf tips,
*~‘  .  “ . y  , K   i K   `   ``‘``‘   ‘ K margins, and sheaths become purple; a broad yellow
» `   ` is   ~ r~ strip develops down each side of the leaf, the pith may
sicular color. For example, the insmunent can detect as little have dark splotches at the lower nodes, and the plant
as one-ten liilliomh 05 an ounce of coballt. \Vilh HCW eq11i]>· is Stnnterl Dr, Massey would like to know the €Xt€1lt
§1§1‘iL.§°i€.‘§‘..i.g‘2§l"Ii.i ;..EI;$ .l.‘.‘ZIiL2§.";',fil-1§g1?.I§1i.‘il t3};E»f.'Z3§i;§ ~t     in K<*·¥¤_~ky· It Y <>tl   Whish
ut any experiment station in thc United states seems to show zinc deficiency please notify hun, giv-
ing all particulars.
u
A Kisnruckr FARBI Ann Hoixns SCI}-jNCE—\VlNTl·Z}i 1956 7

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Kentucky experimental work shows the way to earlier and A?
larger yields of better quality products through use of ;, V
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Plast1c Mulch for V egetables »»
sa
By E. M. EMMERT tables at the Kentucky Station. Kentucky Wonder Li
beans yielded nearly 200 bushels per acre more with
Eilillef (l1`y W€z1tl]€I` 0I` ll€21Vy {Hills Call for IT1t1lCl1l11g the use Of the black plastic and were marketed earlier
around vegetable plants. In the first instance, the pur- than beans growl] on tho chock Plots_ Tomatoes also 3
pose is to conserve moisture; in the second, to prevent
packing of the soil and ground-spotting of the fruits.   V    .V—:e»-·- ·—··     ,VY_;V 3
In addition, mulching helps to control weeds. Q,   Q;~;f;•d$”\   3.4,.   ;V·°¤~g   V V A
V . ‘ . V  .~agf<’;,!··€**"F`=* .`s;z¤   V ag ’ A/V .Va;*?&;#·»;e:2*§.;.:,¢ 
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terialV but it is too costly and tragile. Also, lt olten    ;$»;*.r;  m y __aV»  
V V : ·V ’*’· "·· — L   ‘ . ` '-;*`" e* 'V‘‘ " *`·<¤;f V`’' §&=2#¤“'¥:"
deteriorates and becomes useless before the season   ‘ V   gg?.   R
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suited to hot sunnner weather because it rellects heat K `ls,       , ·
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considerably more expensive than black polvethvlene   I  e    .»?' Y“—`V.·     V ,'`'   ,;_§?*?:=~f Q
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tucky Agricultural Experiment Station. (Recentlv an-   I ; "°"‘ *   ~.¤  ,b
. V V ‘ V    ~   ‘ . V. V   .V V.V.  V  V
nouneed is the development ot a plastic impregnated  · ’~V.,;   r   `._  _;\‘r~r VV  V » "   Vx;V·I,>¤·-4e—£°¢iA•*¤‘°¤=_€.‘¥V£j;o  4
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with alunnuum particles. wlnch also holds promise as   _· _VV  s V VV . _»  I .  9* . .V  »·- ¢ q·—;V;y, V igg;;KQ¤
a mulchin 1 material. . . . V . . . "
Tl 0O%15 Y la L 1 1 I I _ _ I Fig. 2.- Use of "gated" 11`1`1gI1[l0Il pipe permits regulation
1 - T4 A i — v x v A 3 ~ r ¤ _
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