xt734t6f3m11 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt734t6f3m11/data/mets.xml Alabama United States. Works Progress Administration. Division of Social Research Rural Section. 1936 46 l. : ill., maps, charts ; 27 cm. Cover title has Research Bulletin (Not for Release). UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program libraries. Call number  Y 3.W 89/2:13/J5. books  English  This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Alabama Works Progress Administration Publications Combined farming-industrial employment in the naval stores subregion of Georgia and Alabama, preliminary report, prepared by W. W. Troxell, et. al. text Combined farming-industrial employment in the naval stores subregion of Georgia and Alabama, preliminary report, prepared by W. W. Troxell, et. al. 1936 1936 2015 true xt734t6f3m11 section xt734t6f3m11     U .   ., N . s
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  RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION  
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  RESEARCH.B_ULLETIN
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    COMBINED FARMING—INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE NAVAL STORES
    SUBREGION OF GEORGIA AND ALABAMA
    Preliminary Report A
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§i November 1936 A J—5
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 Permission to publish this bulletin for
administrative use was granted by the Works Progress
Administration. The material contained herein is .
the outcome of a survey of relief problems in areas t
in which part—time farming is of major importance in ,
the life of the community. The study was initiated
by the Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance g
of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and #
completed by the Division of Social Research of the
Works Progress Administration.  
{
Prepared by
W. W. Troxell,
L. S. Cottrell, Jr., '
and
A. D. Edwards
of the
Rural Section
Division of Social Research
Works Progress Administration
and
_1
R. H. Allen ‘
of the
Land Utilization Division ‘
Resettlement Administration

 .i \
CONTENTS ,
I Page I
  I J
  Introduction ,..........................,.....,...........,...,....,.........,.,.....,.,..,......................,, i I
w" 1
J
‘ Summary .........................,...,.,...............................,.........,.,...,....,.....·.......,..4..n....... vi ‘
g I. General Features of Coffee County, Georgia ...,......,,.,e,.....,.,.e.,.. l y
is I
Y II. The Gum Naval Stores Industry ........................................................ 6  
J The Industry .......,............r......................,.................,...................,.. 6 I
I Location of the Industry ...,..........,............................................. 6
It Method of Production .................,...,.,.......,.................................... 6
Q Types of Producers and the Labor Force ......,.,.,...r.,............,.. 8
E Camps .........................,......,......................,.......................,................., 8
; Trend of Production .......,.,................,,................,,.....,.........,,..,.... 9
Competing Materials ...................................................................... 9
I Problems of the Industry ............t__..,..................................,....... 9
2 The Outlook for Employment ...........,...,....,................,...,....,,........ I2
i III. Farming Activities ..................................................,...........r.,..,.......... 14 '
Types of Part—Time Farmers ...........,.........,....,........................,.... 14
y Size of Farms ....._.,,............,...,........r........,..............................r......, I5
P. Principal Enterprises ........................4............,..............4..,......,... I5
Gardens .........................4......4..............,..4......,.................,...r..,. I5
Dairy Products ...............,...............,....,........................,......4. 18
Poultry Products ...............,.,.....,...,,........,.,.......................... 18
Pork .................,.................,...........,..................t.......,,..,......r.... 21
Feed Crops .................,............,.............,...........4................,.... 2l Q
Fuel .,...........,...................,.,......................r.....r.....,.r................, 2l I
Cash Receipts and Cash Expenses ......4.,............t...,.......,...,........ 2l
_i Value and Tenure of Part—Time Farms ..................,...,.......4......, 22
I Labor on Part-Time Farms and Its Relation to Working
` Hours in Industry ..,,...,. . ,.,.......r.......,.,.,.,..,....,.,., 24
IV. Employment and Earnings .,............................A.....A..,............,.............,. 26
The Industrial Group ..........................,....,...,...............,.....4.......... 26
Industry and Occupation ...................................,..............t........... 26
Industrial Earnings of Heads of Households .......4t.4,..4,,.,....4 26
Total Family Cash Income ....................................t.....,.....t.....4..t,. 27
Relief ..........t...........................................................,..................,,...t. 50
A W Variation in Earnings in the Naval Stores Industry ..,...,. 5O
LII V. Living Conditions and Organized Social Life ....................r.....,. 52
' Housing ....,...............r....,...,...........4..........,.........r........,............r.r......4 52
Automobiles, Radios, and Telephones ......4.4...t...r....4.......,.4..r... 52
Home Ownership 4...................r.................................,..t....t..........4..,.r. 52
Education .........................4.................................................,.4............ 55
Social Participation ......,...........................r..............,...,.,.........r.. 55

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CONTENTS 2 ,
Page
VI. Appraisal of Combined Farming—Industrial Employment ............ 36
The Combination of Farming and Employment in the Naval
Stores Industry ............................................................ 36 {
Part—Time Farming of Urban Industrial Workers .................. 37
I
Appendix A
Case Studies of Part—Time Farmers ...................................................... 39
Appendix B }
Age Grade Schedule .................................................................................. . 44
Appendix C `
Schedules .............................................,.,.......,.....,.......,................................ 46 I
i

 _Q INTRODUCTION
- u
For a long time many people in various parts of the country Y
have made their living through a combination of farming with employment I
in industry. During the past five years the term part-time farming has
come into general use in describing this way of making a living or in
p describing only the farming side of the combination. Other terms such as
subsistence homesteads, garden cities, and rural—industrial communities J
have likewise been used. At various times it has been proposed that these l
combinations be given public encouragement as a means of improving the 1
living conditions and increasing the security of many more families. —
These proposals are varied in character but in general may be classified V
into three major groups:
l. Provision of garden plots for industrial workers in order that produce :
from these plots may supplement their income from industrial employ- ,
ment, and aid in tiding them over seasons of unemployment.
2. Establishment of new communities of families, each to be provided with
a small acreage on which to raise a considerable portion of its food,
with the expectation that industries would locate in such communities A
and provide a certain amount of supplementary cash income from non—farm Q
employment. I
I 3. Settlement of families on small farms near communities in which indus-
trial establishments already exist, where they may produce a consider-
able portion of their food and may also obtain some employment in the _
industries. , l
In view of the scarcity of factual information available for use
in formulating public policy with respect to such proposals, the Research y
Section, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance of the Federal Emer-
’ gency Relief Administration, in cooperation with the Land Policy Section, 1
Division of Program Planning of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration,
has undertaken a study of this question.l/ Such public programs as have i
actually been undertaken have been chiefly of the second type, but they are
too new to allow an adequate appraisal of incomes and living in the result-
· V ing communities. In this investigation attention is directed toward families
that have already made combinations such as might result from the first and
third types. Following popular usage the heads of these families will be
referred to as part-time farmers,meaning that they spend part of their time
operating a farm and part of their time at some employment away from this
farm. Their farms will be referred to as part-time farms and their activities
on them will be called part-time farming.
l/ Since the study was undertaken the former agency has become the Division
of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, and the latter has be-
come the Land Use Planning Section, Land Utilization Division, Resettle-
ment Administration. The study has been continued by these agencies.
. ·i· `

 -1i-
The principal objectives of this study are: l
l. To describe existing types of combined farming—industrial employment. l
2. To appraise the benefits and disadvantages of these existing types. j
5. To determine the possibilities for further development of desirable I
farming—industrial combinations; in particular, to appraise the extent
to which these combinations might be utilized in a rehabilitation
program.
l
In order to reach these main objectives, answers were sought to {
the following questions; .
l. What land, buildings, and equipment do existing part-time farming
units have?
2. What are the labor requirements and cash expenses of these farms?
3. What do these farms produce for home use and for sale?
4. What industrial employment is, or may become, available for combination
A with farming?
  '
. 5. What are the labor requirements and wage scales of these industries? 1
I
6. What living conditions are associated with these farming—industrial
combinations, and how do the part-time farmers compare in this respect I
with other groups at the same occupational levels?
7. What are the characteristics of persons and families adaptable to a
combination of farming with industrial employment?
· It is evident that answers to such questions must be given by
regions over which relatively homogeneous conditions prevail. Acordingly,
it was decided to undertake this study first in one such region so that the
experience thus gained could be utilized in further studies in other regions.
The region selected was the Eastern Cotton Belt. Two factors governed its
_ choice: (l) it is an area in which the need for a sound rural rehabilitation
program is both urgent and widespread, and (2) industrialization has been
comparatively recent and part-time farming has not yet been developed as
extensively as in some of the older industrial regions. The study has been
limited to the three states, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, which
comprise most of the eastern end of the Cotton Belt.l/ »
In this investigation secondary sources of information were first
explored. The Bureau of the Census cooperated in making special tabulations
of Census of Agriculture and Census of Manufactures data. A field study was
undertaken during the summer of 1955 to provide the additional factual
l/ In cases where important types of farming areas within these states extend i
A into adjacent states data are presented for the whole area.

   -111-
T? information needed in the analysis. This included a schedule study of a sample
Y of part-time farm families and of a sample of non—farming industrial employees. 1
j It also included an inspection of the areas in which enumeration was done and I
dA·.l of industrial establishments, as well as interviews with employers, public
Q officials, and other informed persons. I
Examination of industrial employment in this region indicates the
p necessity for dividing it into subregions, in each of which a different type
i of industry predominates. For the purposes of this study, industrial employ-
ment is taken to mean any gainful pursuit other than agriculture. lndustry,
thus defined, has been divided into two groups, for convenience called "pro—
lf ductive industries" and "service industries". Productive industries include q
those classified in the 1930 Census of Population under forestry and fishing, {
extraction of minerals, and manufacturing and mechanical. Service industries
Vi include transportation, communication, trade, public service, professional
N3 service, and domestic and personal service. The 1930 Census of Population
PAQ was used as a basis for delimitation of the subregions. The first step was |
P`. to rank the productive industries of each county according to the number of
1 persons occupied in each. The important industries in each county were then
i. marked on a map, and the boundaries of the subregions were drawn by in-
' spection. These boundaries, shown in Figure 1, do not indicate any sharp 1
_ break in condition, but they roughly mark out those areas in which types of
industry are sufficiently different to warrant separate study.
This is one of a series of bulletins reporting the results of the ‘
study. It deals with combined farming—industrial employment in Coffee County,
Georgia, in the Naval Stores Subregion only. Other bulletins treat the Cotton
Textile Subregionl/, Charleston County, South Carolina (Atlantic Coast Sub-
region)2/, and the Coal and Iron§/, and Lumber Subregions.g/. p
Because the population of the Naval Stores area is predominantly
white, this report deals only with whites.
Qriierimfcr-§eie9iing.Eamilies- ¤¤fi`ee C<>u¤iy ie primarily agri-
cultural with a relatively small amount of industrial employment. Only 22
farms, or l percent of all farms in the county, were classified as part-
time by the 1930 Census of Agriculture.§/ There were, however, 168 farms
which reported 75 days or more of outside employment for the operator.§/
This latter group included in addition to those classified as part—time many
more on which the operator either worked away from the farm less than 150
days or produced more than $750 worth of farm products.
1/ W · P - A- EQ$€&£QE_EBll§LlE§i-i§Q@..=l:Z·
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§/ Part—time farms included all farms whose operators worked 150 days or more
in 1929 at jobs not connected with the farm, or reported an occupation
other than farmer, provided the value of products of the farm did not exceed
$750. This presupposes the Census definition of a farm as comprising at
_ least three acres unless it produces $250 worth of farm product; or more.
. §/ Special tabulation of Census data.

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 SUMMARY 1
Two distinct types of part-time farmers were found in Coffee
County: (1) commercial farmers who worked part-time in the turpentine
forests, and (2) town or village workers who had taken up gardening
. and other small-scale farming activities as a means of supplementing
industrial earnings. These two types included approximately three—fourths - (
of all part-time farmers enumerated. (
‘ Naval stores (turpentine and rosin) production is suited to com-
bination with farming because the turpentine forests are located near farm
land and the work of gathering gum from which turpentine is distilled is
similar to agricultural labor. There has been a considerable increase dur- (
ing the last five years in the number of farmers undertaking part-time work '
C in the forests as a means of supplementing reduced farm incomes.
Thirty-seven commercial farmers who did turpentine work were
enumerated. They worked about eight days a month from April to October, i I
and generally a little less in winter, in the turpentine forests. The
earnings from this work were usually from 8 to 12 cents per hour and
added about $100 on the average to their annual income. Income from this (
source was not as great as the average income received by the farmers from
"the sale of their farm products, but since it was made in time that would (
I not have been spent in further farm production, it represented a gain in
income, Commercial part~time farmers averaged about nine hours a day on
their farms through spring and summer. Additional work was done by hired
labor, as well as by members of the family.
These commercial farmers who worked part-time in the turpentine
woods operated typical one- or two—mule tobacco and cotton farms, averaging
4l acres of crop land. While these crops furnished most of the cash income,
considerable livestock was kept and most of the feed was grown. The live-
stock made a substantial contribution to the family food supply and in
addition, livestock products were traded with the local merchants for other
supplies. In addition to cash income, a representative commercial farm in
the open country was estimated to have contributed $380 worth of foodstuffs
and fuel to the family living. Cash farm receipts for 1934 averaged $583
for owners and cash renters, and cash farm expenses, including rent and
taxes, $240. For share—croppers the comparable figures were $244 in receipts,
and $85 in cash expenses. I
1
There is some possibility for the further development of naval stores l
employment as a source of supplementary income for farmers. The extent of this
development and the value and stability of a combination of farming activities
_ and naval stores work will depend in part upon a reform in present forest
practices, which at present are forcing returns from the pine forests at the
expense of their future productivity. Shifts in the industry can be expected
because of the working out of trees in certain areas, and the maturing of the
. , _ second—growth trees in others. Management of pine forests for sustained yield
and an improvement in turpentine processing methods will likewise benefit not I
only the naval stores industry, but also the farmers in Coffee County who work `
A
·Vl— )
\

 -vii- `
' part-time in it. The future of the industry will also depend upon an I
expansion of markets through the development of new uses for turpentine
` and rosin products. Likewise the future course of prices for farm prod-
ucts and for naval stores will be important factors in determining the .
extent to which farmers will continue to be attracted by turpentine work. `
No general increase of the whole industry beyond pre-depression high levels
appears likely at present. I
- I
Despite the recent increase in the amount of turpentine work done I
N. by farmers, the industry is still carried on chiefly by full—time workers. l
These workers live in the open country near the stills, and while land is l
_ usually available nearby which might be used for farming, a very small garden
represents the extent of their average farming activities. The extremely
low wages and inadequate diets characteristic of these workers indicate that I
it would be highly desirable for them tc produce more farm products for their
OWI`1 USE. . I
The town and village part-time farmers were regular employees in the
railroad shops, or they carried on the various service industries of their
towns. Their small farming activities added a substantial net amount to their {
living without interfering with their industrial employment, their principal
source of income. These part-time farmers usually had only an acre or two of
, _ land which they used for gardening, and in only a few cases did they have any I
_ livestock. At a cash expense averaging $25, and with about three hours of I
lfamily labor per day throughout the summer, the 54 families of this type in I
the sample studied were able to provide themselves with fresh vegetables {
throughout the summer, as well as some to store for winter use. The value of
the food for home consumption produced by a somewhat better than average part-
time farm of this type was estimated at $160. Their wage earnings averaged
about $540 in 1934, and total family cash incomes averaged $621.
One advantage of part-time farming was the improvement in the quality
of the average family's diet through home grown farm products. In this region [
pellagra, tuberculosis, and malnutrition of school children are serious prob-
l lems, and milk, fresh fruits, and vegetables are important preventatives of
these diseases and ailments. The incomes of most town industrial workers
were found to be insufficient for purchasing a varied diet, and unless the
l workers produce these foods themselves, the health of their families is likely .
to suffer.
The considerable extra work involved in part-time farming was not
a serious obstacle to most non-commercial part-time farmers, nor to the commer-
cial part-time farmers, whose turpentine activities were so arranged as to give
them adequate time for farming.
I
I
I

 I. GENERAL FEATURES OF COFFEE COUNTY, GEORGIA {
The naval stores 1/ producing area, located mainly in southeastern *
Georgia, northern Florida, and the southern tier of counties in Alabama, is
distinctly rural and sparsely populated, with its population primarily
dependent on the farms and forests. The towns and small cities of the region
serve mainly as trading and transportation centers. A portion of this area,
lying in the states of Georgia and Alabama, has been designated for purposes i
of this study as the Naval Stores Subregion (Figure l). Coffee County, cen-
trally located in the Georgia portion of this subregion, was chosen as repre- {
sentative of the entire area, and the field study was conducted in that county. ¥
- The topography of Coffee County is level to gently rolling. The •
soils are sandy and sandy loams with clay subsoils.g/ Rainfall is adequate ‘
for most crops, but considerable areas are swampy and poorly drained. Twenty- (
A four percent of the land area of Coffee County was crop land in 1934 and most A
A of the remainder was forest and woodland.§/ Over half of this forest and
woodland was in farms, that is, was owned or rented by farmers. The original · (
pine forests of the county were out over some years ago and have become re-
· stocked with second growth longleaf and slash pines, which are now being
worked for turpentine and rosin, (
Agriculturally, Coffee County represents the flue-cured tobacco (
growing area of Georgia and Florida (Figure 2), which is more limited in t
extent than is the Naval Stores Subregion. The county is located near the
_center of this agricultural area, and in 1929 was the leading tobacco produc- _
ing county in it. That year, 45 percent of the farm income of the county was
from the sale of tobacco and 23 percent from the sale of cotton.4/ I
The population of Coffee County, 19,739 in 1930,5/ was entirely rural
with the exception of the 4,206 persons living in the city of Douglas. This
city is centrally located, and there were three small outlying villages with
populations of 830, 651, and 66, respectively, in l930.§/ Making allowances
for two changes in county boundaries 7/ the population of the county has
approximately trebled since 1890. l
Although 27 percent of the population of the county were Negroes,
only 15 percent of the farm operators were Negroes. Of the 2,090 farms in the
county reported by the 1935 Census of Agriculture, 772 were operated by white
1/ The chemical products of the pine tree, specifically turpentine and rosin,
are known as "naval stores", probably because in the past they included tar
. and pitch which were used in wooden ships.
2/ No soil survey has been made of Coffee County, but the Bureau of Soils of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture has made surveys in three adjacent coun-
ties, Jeff Davis, Ben Hill, and Ware, where soil conditions are quite simi-
lar.
3/ Qg_§g Censgs_gf Agriggltu;eL_l93§, Georgia Statistics by Counties.
é/ lhid-
§/ !l_§l.Qe__¤S¤..S .¤>f.E9nnlaii@l-lQ§Q-
§/ Ipid., State Bulletin for Georgia.
2/ In 1905 and 1919 parts of Coffee County were set off to form new counties.
l
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