xt74b853gq4v https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt74b853gq4v/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1930 journals kaes_circulars_240 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 240 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 240 1930 2014 true xt74b853gq4v section xt74b853gq4v I
University ol Kentucky--College of Agriculture
. EXTENSION DIVISION
THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director
Circular No. 240 September, 1930
Published in ('l>l`Illt:(‘ll(>Il with the Vlg`l`lL‘Ulll.ll'1ll extension work carried
mi by cooperation of the ("ollege of Agriculture, University of Kentucky,
with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and distributed in furtherance
of the work provided for in the Act of Congress of Nay S, 191-l.
A Kentucky Farm Which Was Organized Into
An Eflicient Business Unit
By Z. L. GALLOWAY
August 28, 1930.
Prior to the formation and execution of the reorganization plan
this 96-acre farm was being operated under similar conditions and in
much the same way as thousands of other farms in the state. The
available labor on the farm consisted of the farmer, his wife and their -
two small sons. Operating capital was an important limiting factor
in making desirable improvements on the farm. The principal products
sold were dark tobacco, hogs and cream. Very little lime or fertilizer
was being used and as a result clover and alfalfa could not be grown
successfully. The land is rolling and inclined to erode badly under
poor soil management practices.
The total value of products produced on the farm amounted to
HlJ0l1t $1,850 per year, The expenses amounted to about $750, leaving
Only $1,100 as a return to labor and capital.
WEAK POINTS OF THE OLD SYSTEM
1. Poor balance between crop and livestock enterprises. More
land, labor and capital were being used in the production of tobacco
than the ma1·ket o1· farm conditions would justify. So much land was
being used in the production of the crop that it could not be restricted
[0 g00t%1tl0ll justment between the enterprises should be had when the changes `
6 Well were finally made, a farm budget was worked out for the entire farm,
raised embodying plans for the use of the land, labor, equipment, and other
ud mg productive resources available. This enabled him to study in advance
‘¤St<>¤k the effect of any or all changes contemplated. \Vhen the adjustments
‘gS de` were iinally decided upon he made further use of the budget in carry-
mem ing out the changes. As the changes in enterprises were being made
nec? the operator continued his records in order that he might check the
I gram results he was securing with those contemplated in the Budget. (FOI`
a more complete discussion of the budget a11d its use see Kentucky
rnained V Experiment Station Bulletin 292.) i-
ed and
iade il
at ,,,,,, STRONG POINTS OF REORGANIZED PLAN
dmons l- A well balanced business unit which permits of the 111OSt
is and €l°fl0l€11t use of the operator’s productive resources in the DI`0dl1CtlOD
*H€ldS' of tll0SB commodities which are best suited t0 the I1l3l'l(€tS available
fenced and to Conditions on the farm. This means the most adV8.1lt&g€0LlS
as had USE 0f, Hrst, the operator’s labor and managerial ability; SeCOI1d, his

 4 ](01zf1u·L·y ]g.l'{C"7lS?·(}'il U[r<·z1Zr1r N0. 210
available funds; third, his land; fourth, his machinery and equipment;
and fifth, the available family labor.
2. A systematic crop rotation which will not only increase the
fertility of the soil but will provide a uniform acreage of the cash
crop, feed crops and pasture each year. The rotation consists of:
1st year: corn, 13 acres; tobacco, 3 acres.
_ 2nd year: wheat, 16 acres (seeded to mixed clover and `grass).
3rd year: mixed clover and alfalfa hay, 16 acres.
4th year; mixed clover and grass pasture, 16 acres.
5th year: mixed clover and grass pasture, 16 acres.
3. Efficient farm layout. The fences have been changed and ti
fields grouped together until the land in rotation has been arranged U
into five fields of approximately sixteen acres each. One small field a
of one and one—half acres near the house is kept in alfalfa for hay t'
or pasture. As it has become necessary to replace the old buildings H
they have been re—located to provide for more efficient handling of l EL
the livestock. The buildings are located as conveniently to all fields 0
, as natural conditions permit. With one exception, any field can be 3
reached directly from the barn lot.  
4. Good selection of crop and livestock enterprises. A number
of crop and livestock enterprises have been selected which appear D
to have the greatest possibilities considering the available markets ti
and prices which can be expected, on the one hand, and conditions t
on the farm including the ability and special inclination of the farm
operator on the other. Dairy products and dark tobacco are the im- {
portant sources of income, with wheat, poultry and hogs as minor 1,
sources of income. I
5. Good balance between enterprises. Not only have the €llt9l`· (
prises been wisely selected but they have been combined in such
proportions as will give the greatest possible returns for the resources 1
available. On most farms it is not possible to obtain as large returns I
from a single enterprise as it is possible to obtain from a number 1
of enterprises properly selected and properly combined into a pr0·
ducing unit. This is simply the result of certain economies and
savings which are to be realized in the use of materials, labor and
land.
Thereare enough livestock of the right kind to utilize the feed 4
crops and by-products which are produced on the farm. There are ‘
enough feed crops of the proper kind to supply the livestock with
home-grown rations except for a minimum of concentrated feed which
must be purchased to supplement those grown on the fa1·m. 'I‘l1ere is
a. limited acreage of tobacco, grown on choice tobacco land, which
produces a profitable cash crop.

 ]{mm4cky Farm Rc0rg¢m2»zZ20d Info E_(}'zTci(·rn1 Jimlfmgg (jpl; 5
; The livestock consists of:
16 dairy cows.
e 4 dairy heifers.
li 4 heifer calves saved each year.
10 calves vealed each year.
1 purebred bull.
1 sow with one litter of 8 pigs.
60 hens and the young chickens.
3 work horses. `
6. Good farm practices in producing crops and livestock. Prac-
(1 tices similar to those shown by the Agricultural Experiment Station
d to be most profitable are being used in the production of both crops
d and livestock. One application of limestone consisting of about 2
V tons per acre has been applied to all the tillable land and some of the
Q fields have received a second application. Phosphate fertilizers are
ji · applied at the 1·ate of 300 pounds to 500 pounds per acre per round
is of the rotation. In addition, all the crop land has an application of
manure, of about six tons per acre, once in five years. The manure
le is scattered in t11e spring on the field which is to be cultivated that
year.
i1` The dairy cows are fed a balanced ration according to individual
if production. The production of the herd is being increased from year
ts to year as the older cows are replaced by the best heifers produced on
is the farm. Good production is also obtained from the poultry and hogs.
m 7. Adequate farm records. Such records as are needed to study
n‘ the farm business as a whole and the enterprises individually are
OY kept on the farm. These records included a farm inventory which is ·
made at the beginning of each year, purchases and sales, production
up of livestock, and acres and production of the various crops.
ch The total value of the products produced on the farm with this
es improved system amounts to about 3,900 dollars per year. The ex-
ns penses amount to about 1,150 dollars, leaving about 2,750 dollars as a.
er return to labor and capital.
.·0·
url
nd TIME REQUIRED FOR REORGANIZATION
The time which will be required to effect the adjustments in ·~
gd organization in order to make your farm a more efficient producing
me unit will vary with the number and extent of adjustments which are
ith necessary on the one hand, and the labor and money available to
ch make the changes on the other. In many cases the shifts which are
is necessary to put a farm business on a profitable basis can be made
ch lil two or three years while in other cases it will take six to (Bight
Years to make the desired changes.

 6 Ifc/1zfuuL·y .E.l`[C72.S'I·01I C%ir¢·u7ar N0. 210  
I! \ I
’ fg {Locus
:4 JHP HRV c0RN Fon GRHIN ·cR0vE
ij no A. lp A. \‘
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EF 5*  
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L. § /I;/x { I
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rl /,-·’ , N QOR GRB
4____,} •»»5{<°*‘ ‘—\ COR 7_5 FL .
.r SW
M Jap mw GRASS .
PHSTURE
szzmsu TO LOT q H_
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  is H 9 ,
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sov BEFIN *60  of
‘ —···· ·—· Hay `Q0 \$» --... _ --__-_--
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y ; 7~.\ \;, -___ JHP PASTURE
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  53 H. : NOODLHND 5
°‘$°   E ,
Fig. 1. Original layout of farm amd crops grown.

   Ifonytzecky Farm R6OI`Q(L71l.E0(Z 1111*0 E_(?`ic2'011t Business Unit 7
1 ‘\
  111 § W gmc
QE NHEHT; MIXED CLOVEF? HHY xgppv 
an 1 ran. 1
I ,-»»”
_E »’§Y'(C“"/ V
. ·"'_ CLOVER HND GRHSS
PHJTURE
lb/7.
Ill
` WHEHT 1
I3 A. ‘·°
. \
` .\ (
  { · WT 0
\‘\  
:   Q  Z
I   3
¤ II X     \ & _
CORN FOR GRHIN `~\ @*15 Y"   §*\
I3 H. ~\   Q
\\ "` V  
  g   Q\
`_ _``` "" \\ rl ,  
\_`\ _ yl _~ g2` MOODLHND
 .\ ·  &0
1   1._1 _ ';<\\¤5"c`7 ```` ""Cf _’`“   `’`*
3 CLOVE7}? HND GRHSS   { I
pggrypg ; CLOVER /1/V0 GRHSS 1
105, / ; PRSTURE
· Za .
WOODLHND: H  
Fig. 2. Layout of farm under 1‘¢101`;¤HiZ€d Dum @“d cmps grown