xt74tm71x884 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt74tm71x884/data/mets.xml Alabama Alabama Museum of Natural History  Other titles include: Alabama Museum of Natural History museum paper, Geological Survey of Alabama, Museum of the Geological Survey of Alabama. Other creators include: United States. Work Projects Administration, Geological Survey of Alabama, Tennessee Valley Authority. Issues for 1, 3 carry no series numbering. No. 2 also as Education papers no. 1. UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program libraries. Call number  AS36 .A2. journals  English University, Ala. : Alabama Museum of Natural History, 1910-1960 This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Alabama Works Progress Administration Publications Museum Paper, no. 13, undated - including "Moundville Culture and Burial Museum" by Walter B. Jones and Davdi L. De Jarnette text Museum Paper, no. 13, undated - including "Moundville Culture and Burial Museum" by Walter B. Jones and Davdi L. De Jarnette   2015 true xt74tm71x884 section xt74tm71x884   i
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I xr DIl'CCU>I‘. °"  CllI'.IL1lI', AIJIUIIIIIII XII1»cI1111 nt NI1(uI‘.II Lhstnry, L I1I\‘cr>1I}‘. I·\I.II'>I1m.1. I ;\]I pI1mL>gr.IpI1s by KIM .\U\lI¤>1'*» .1
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   us. DEPT. [
Qi OF GEOLOGY ,
G" J " lj. . f 2
Q Miroductzon
  "|·,N'I`UI(Il·/S ago, how many, no one knows, there lived along of the truncated pyramid type and at least one cemetery, most l
  thc flat terrace overlooking the \Y/arrior River, a peace- of which has caved off into the river, and the remnants were
  loving, industrious and highly organized people: ]>r·¢1c<·- excavated by the Museum in 1929-32. The Heddleston Lake
lll lnitiiig, for in more than a quarter of a century of scientific re- site is composed of a single mound, of the truncated pyramid
  search, no war-like implements have been found; imiux/rious, for type, and a small cemetery, also excavated by the Museum.
  the thirty odd artificial mounds contain nearly 300,000 cubic
 if yards of soil, carried srme distance in baskets at 35 pounds per C]!/{uml ],·,;jjy_ The Aioundvillg Culture was highly SpcCia|_
  load; /zig/>l_;r ()I“_Q¢l}IiZt't/, as attested to by the arrangement of ized, pmtjculagy in [hc design and finish Of Objects Of clay \
  the mounds and the general occupation of the ground. Little is sum; s]]C[]_ bone and copper; ]>O(mry is usually Of graceful Or
·  lg definitely known of the migrations of these people, although unusual Shape) Often Vgith black Slipwoating and Polished; with
  science has been striving to determine Scmetlling of tl1Cll‘ l1lSK’JI‘)’· frequent designs and picrographs accomplished by incised lines
'I ln the absence of all written records, this task naturally is and Occasionally in C0]OI·_ Stone Objects Characteristic Of the
l mmf €liffl€¤l€· culture are the handsome discs frequently encountered in the
’, The writers believe that these people, perhaps the earliest or- CCl“e[°¤C$· COPPW must have been S¢=¤r¤¤,_f<>§ all Oblects made of
lj ganized Alabama citizens, came up from the Nlaya country in thls metal Mg l“ghlY Ofnamenmh benutlfu Y dO¤€= a“_d h’*m‘
 4, Central America, by traveling along the Gulf coast, into Mobile mcrcd "°YY_[l“¤· Beads Of $h°ll» of mn“Y SIMPCS and Slzesi nrc {
, Bay and upon the Tombigbee and \Varrior rivers. The writers °h“mCt€r‘sUC> “S_“€ shell 3OYg°tS» Emi plugs, €tc· Bone Oblccts  
x further believe that the ancestry of this ancient civilization ex- Offer Q SYFM V“1€tY> from general UUMY U? Pu"°lY_OYm*mc¤ml· ,
l ‘ tended thousands of years into the dim past, although the locus The $I?”Ok“i*g Qf Wbacco was SCUCMHY PmCUS€d· {*5 ludgcd {Wm
  of this ancestry might have been at any place between the Medi- the Wide dlstrlbutlon Of PIPCS ¤l¤r¤¤gl¤<>¤¤ the enum 3Fc¤· Pipes {
 jp terranean Sea and Southeastern Asia. lt seems obvious that no were Curved from Swnc OY made cf Cl€*Y» and comprise 3 Sfmt l
 · part of the human race originated in the \Y/estern Hemisphere, for "*°~Y1C[}' Of SIZQS and $lmP€$-  
j we have no records comparing in antiquity with the java man; Flesh burials, usually fully extended upon the back, form l
V the Neanderthal, Cro—Magnon, Grimaldi or other primitive men, gmorhey cultural {mir, It was cugromary to place pottery at or Q
 ,=, living in caves and representing the beginning of the human very near the head of the individuals and such objects were l
: race. Since these records of the remote past are centered urOu¤Cl almost invariably upright.
A the Mediterranean Sea, it is reasonable to assume that hulmlan Any sims Properly refcrable to this Culture Should Show POSi_
` migrations started from that region. ln the absence of definite tive evidence of these m,tS_
Y proof of land connections between Europe or Africa and either l
i~` North or South America, it must be assumed that these migra- . . . 3
~ » · ` ll/IOIIIIIS. The c lt re s characterized by medium to lar e 1
, tions pursued an easterly course to :1 crossing bv raft or boat at d ( f h t u ud I .d t Th} { d bqsc gc i
· » . · ‘ . mo so ter c,te *r.11 e. eosan .s. E
.; Bering Strait or along the Aleutian Islands. At least, this theorv un un 1 . Pl nm yp P . {
,1 _ _ . - ' normally square or essentially so, but they are sometimes elongate.
 A would account for the presence of the Eskimo in the frozen _ . 4
·* _ . _ _- · There are 34 mounds in the central group at Moundville, 18 of
pe wastes of the l\oith, and the existence of objects of human 1, 1 f I ll T} I d, B 587 fc E
,; . . . . . r c . * . e. . t 0 _ e
:·;· manufacture deeply buried, in successive layers, in the ice and “_UCl rm 1 lo O" Sql]? le uigcs m un IS ’ . 7
·l _ _ _ _ _ _ hi h and coverin about IJ acres cf round. It contains about =
{ , 3 S 4 8
  iozen ground along the shores of Alaska. Just how deep these . . . . . . . .
w Obicctg cxwnd ig not wt known 111,700 cubic yards of soil. The artificial plateau adjoining
l i l ` L ' i the northern base of B covers about 2 acres.
x l·`· l- ;nI·. ` t·* l· `·.' *·     ·
, . I W"} [   l}l"2;" “°"" Q‘ { li :“g‘l“°‘"SI"?‘° S°";h“‘Ld The mounds belong no the domiciliary or ceremonial class, and
, ; *t·;"·   , ·. .. rt
l lllms K {Ulm {MSL to Cmmbl! mcnm tl is {Lot [lou? temples were constructed upon them. All of the large ones have
" t;[;' t' *;t. ";‘t   ’ - -
y U ml 0 . lk mllxm S “°rc 1 L O CIQSS me Oc lCS’ Or one or two ram s for easier ascent or descent. This corres onds
i P
, that was a difficult journey for our hardv pioneers, who had the · - —d · 1
_ . . . · . , . to the stone steps on similar stone—faced pyrami s in Centra
 y and ol pack and saddle animals, something which the aboriginees Amcrim
i did not have. U _ _
i Clarence B. Moore, who dug into the mounds in 1905-1906,
" found that only five of the thirty-four contained superficial
i All!)/H/(/.l»[`//(» 6*////L/{}·(· burials. These mounds are not burial mounds. Moore dug 11
i large pit to the base of Mound C and discovered that there were
l , Ifx/ru/. The principal settlement was just north of the present {WO Periods Of CO“S“uctlO“· The first Stage Of Occupancy was
l ,. www ul l\/loundville. in adjacent parts of Hale and Tuscaloosa 9 {CCF, Hf Whllili Umc fhé Suffilcc of thc mound WHS ¤$€d fer
 V} counties. Apparently, this central metropolis occupied an area 5UPcYf*C'Y‘l bUrmls· The lust Stage Of Occupancy was at IFA
I ‘ ol about 300 acres. Part of this space is now occupied by the fee? the Present helght of th? mOLmd* and thls Surface was like-
. town ol Moundville (formerly known as Carthage), while a Wlsc used for bufmlS· It ls llkcly that all Of the larger mounds
l x l7$-.lCl'U track comprising the principal mounds and central part Wlll Show {WO Or mcre Stages Of Occupation
 V nl the ancient city, is owned by the Alabama Museum of Natural Most of the mounds are oriented very close to the cardinal
ll1#Wl‘)'. Llml l\ lwllui dcvclowcd into a State Park, tlirou vh the mints of the com QISS, as is the hollow S u1\1'C, Wl`1lCll the 1110Und
_ . _ I _ lv L P
— generous cooperation ul the National l’;11‘l& Service and Civilian gl'OL1p C0mp0seS.
l ` (`onservainnn (Yorps. This aid is gratefully acknowledged.
I Ullilying \‘lll.l3;c< properly retierable to the Moundville culture I'I()l[X(’X and lvnzjwlrx. Unquestionably, the object of the 1T]OUUd$
 ;~ have lween identilied near lliull Station, $ miles north of Mound- was that they should serve as foundations for temples. Evidence
  ville; at Snow`s Bend, un the right bank of the river about 10 of these structures remains on practically every mound. While 4
 f miles north ul Moundville; and at the lower end of Big Heddle- none of these have been completely outlined in excavation, walls s
U · · · . . .
, sion lake, some 6 miles south ol Moundville. r\t the Hull site, and other details have been encountered, prompting the conclu-
i A there was a small village site and cemeterv of less than an acre, sion that the tem les, like the houses, were s uare and of the
e. . · ` _ · _ _ . P .
i , without a mound. ;\r bnow s Bend, there is a beautiful mound same construction as the houses. Until some of these old temples `
5   i
 
il 
i E

  ’ l
l s
` are completely uncovered, the fOrm, size, and interior arrange- entirely leached away, not even the crowns of the teeth remain- { 
ment must be conjectured. ing. E 
. . . l 
As re ards houses, much is definitel known. Dozens have l 
g- y · O/`·`1" " ·/ ·`/[ ·`/ Kd l· b" ` " K 
le cemererY» mhsf Q been outlined and all were square and of the same construction, _ JIM l ¢*5$0¢/if/H Mil) Wl/<1S.' yi unt) 0 jects const1tut— { 
ie remnants were The size vm-{ed fl-Om abgut l2 fcc; Square {O about 24 fcctr Tljc mg CliC personal prOp€r_ty of the individual were deposited with { 
Heddleston Lake opening, usually between posts legs than 18 inches ;1P;rr;_ was the remi11¤$- SL1Cll OlZ>l<2CtS‘. except beads and other ornaments,  ~r
. · Y . . , , 1, ’! , ,. .  rr
‘uncated pyramid commonly on the northwest corner. The larger houses had par- wel'? usuall} Plncod beer ot· or o€·“T— Fhh h“·‘d· \\ hm ““m“‘o“” · ‘_
the Muscunr {Mom forming 4 moms, While the smaller. (mcs formed only H pblects were buried with the indrvidual, they were scattered  
Sin le rOOm_ The fire_ laces were invariably in the middle` SO rom head to foot. Beads were left where they were normally _ 
g P ' · · *‘ ak V ·d kl- G=ll*b' *· b`*d ‘
as l-rrglrly Spcclah that the smoke could emerge from a small opening in the rcof. Yoflh fu mh ·I“ mts Jn rm “$· €“°_r“ F _o IECES ““r° “r"_ l
Objects Of clam l Sometimes flat stones were placed just outside and inside the r‘%*§_s1d€£'P> *1 fllgulsli YECY were ;o¤7¤€¤¤m¤S Inverted   *‘bor‘SL;‘ Ei?
lly Or gmccful Or door way. Often a slightly raised seat of clay existed near the of lst? fmce an CSS 0 ten bY C‘°‘C°· Them Mc *1 fc", mwr “ r 
nd Pclrshcd; Wir], wall, with depressions in front such as would have resulted from 0 wsse S Inverted ovcr skullS· Q
1 by inciscd lines constant pressure of the heels of the individual occupying the Amhhg [he 0hle€F$ deP0$1r€d Wlrh rhe dead 15 il Wide V¤r1er}` { 
· · smc of things, including: water bottles, bowls and pots of clav, often
racteristic of the · cl bl k l_ d 1, h d _ { I   E 
. . . . wi 1 a ac si -coat an ois e · ies o cav an ston*· , 
COU¤€€1‘€d JH the House construction began with :1 trench four to twelve inches bmds Of Shell Clfu Amd SCOEC YM; Epmd ending Of Shir L 
. , . . . . . 1 ' . ‘ c ; z ‘ . P s
ll Objects made of wide and about a foot deep, in which green saplings of appropri- ’ ‘ ’ S 5 P li 
. . . bone, copper and stone; ear plugs of shell, copper and stone; .. 
dO¤€’ and ham- me S1Z€’ butt and dOwn’ were Placed at eight [O twelve md] iercin im lements of bone and stone· discs and disccidals of  
pes and sizes, are { centers and thoroughly camped. The small ends of the saplings gone id CE ,_ Ceremonial WGS Of Smngmd CO` CV Celts `hqm F 
gtg_ Bone objects l‘ were then drawn tOgCfllCI' HC Chi? EOP Find l3$h€d lhro place with mers Lcurrirroiamcl Olrsllinie cools Of Storm- rcgp yéllO“t iwhlgc  
urely ornamental.   vines and bark, leaving a two to three foot hole in the center mc]; and brick Ilia? Cough Shell driulrm ' Cu gjommxcms or { ·>
d as ud ed from fer esca e of smoke. Small withes, canes and reeds were closel I g - P ’ . g. P ` {
’ . J g . P . y mussel and marine shells; and various useful implements of stone {
zntire area. Pipes woven along the saplings, to the top of the structure. The lower ind bcnc y l
comprise a great half of the resultant wattle—work was plastered with a mixture ` A ` I d b _ I I f b_ _ d _ I E 
of mud and cane leaves, while the upper half was thatched with h S A Ellllg ecauclc mln S lol °_   liue asiocmm wl; l  
the luck form   cane leaves and grass. The doorways were invariably small. Y _ing’ V; lc ?bCO¤l5CmmU(GnS’ nds 1 EPC to lg agi}, {QL  
‘ 3 A . t - t · r ·>~ — . s y _ '
Imc Pottery at Or r Even though the people were of small stature, it is thought that wl _°rl   O b rm mg if ¥“°““£$ out o l“°“f$c·“T’r° F   1 r 
uch Objects were l they must have usqueezedo themselves through the doors, The origina d isrjur ances. Ieriapsf the Ilyéiiigf o ske etons witi  
l . . . · `¤ ’ .
fire-places were circular and bowl—shaped, and varied from about dssocletcu O lccts is lone Ourlloh I rc°’ lll]? € mfcCnC€mmUOnS‘ ill
I ld 1 . a foot to nearly three feet in diameter. Possibly eight inches was Prgerlea 5 °\er>_ 5 °l€¤<>¤ \\l¤ FW Sqriaotaihg. o tm as many as  
swu slow POS1- · · · · a 0Zen entries in tie Cxlfil Og ist. n suca concentrations are _
the maximum depth. They are usually filled with fine ashes, _ _ _ ~
suggesting that the coarse charcoal was regularly removed. The usually found disco bCJdS’ Copper, Oblccm gorgctsi Plplfe and l 
floors Of the houses were hm_d_p1Ck€d Ch}! handsome pottery. The area occupied by concentrations is usu-  
· l all less than SOO s uare feet, although one (field northeast of Q
medium to large i . . . . Y Cl ~ l ,.
l During the excavations, many levels of house-sites have been Mound E) Occuplcd rrcurly an ncrc_ g 
tops and bases are l . · w
. l tc 1 found, one on the other, often walls cutting walls.  
>met1mes e onga . li
\/[oundville, IS of l . _ S/llroki/lg. \Whilc tobacco was native to America and smoking  
ncl is B, 53% fcc; Buria/x. The Moundville culture is characterized by flesh practised by the earliest known inhabitants, the comparative Q.
It contains about l burials, usually fully extended on the back. · Apparently pits scarcity of pipes would imply that smoking was not so very com-  ·.
plrrccau lrdjolrrlng r were about 18 inches deep, and it appears likely that burlals mon among the Nloundyille people. During the Nluseunfs work  
were laced underneath the dirt floors of the houses in which at Moundville, erha s less than SO i es have been encountered. i' 
P _ P _P _ P P _ _ ,V »
cmoniql Criss nmd the family of the deceased was living at the time. As a general This would be a ratio of one pipe per fifty people, but it might V. 
I 1 ` `€S’];_wC rule, pits were just large enough to accommodate the bodies. have been that several people smoked the same pipe.  
16 ar C on r , . . . _ _ s
Thisgcorresponds The depth ”° “'l“°]" bumls ‘“€ cncoonrered durmg “X“""·“‘{“* Pipes were made of both clay and stone, the former small and ._ i
·d · (jgmreil has l‘°"l“ or “° bmong “P°“ the °r'8‘“*‘l d°Pd‘· The ”re’* ’*dl“· the latter small to large, practically all of the elbow type, and li 
*.m1 n · - . . ·_ ·
1 S 1 cent to the mounds, where the villages were excavated, has been rrrrlrcr cruclcly fashroncd Hcwcvcr, rr lcw Of rlrc clay prpcs and  =j
_ eulrlvdred for more than rl century, ilhd c0h$e€luehrlY Sheer ero· many of the stone ones are handsome objects. It is thought that 5
lds lh l9oS'1?0_6· sion has had considerable effect on the surface. Likewise, the thc large Stone pipes, Cfrcn elaborately car-vcd! wcrc {Or tribal Or l
lmmcd Supcrflcml accumulation or €11mP debris resulted lh Phe Ulihhulldlhg at Polhrs ceremonial use while the smaller ones of clay and stone were for l 
ls- Moore dug e of long occupation. The depth at which burials were encountered lrldlvlclrml Or family usc  
. . . ' P
fd that there were ranged from a few inches to about 7 feet. In many instances, the Appnmmlv Smrjking was indulged in by mule md female
bf OCCUpHf1C}’ WHS plow has torn out skeletons, or left remnants. Usually, lJLlrialS qlike { ` L i  
and was 11SGd {Or are scattered around concentrations, in which pits are so numer- r
ncy was at l$% cus that individual ones cannot be determined. In such c0ncen— P H _ I . 1 tl { _ { I l
surface was lil