xt75qf8jfr3h https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt75qf8jfr3h/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1977 journals 228 English Lexington : Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Kentucky Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Progress report (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n.228 text Progress report (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n.228 1977 2014 true xt75qf8jfr3h section xt75qf8jfr3h Kentucky Small Gmm
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I By W. E. Vian, V. C. Finkner and C. R. Tutt
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY O COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
I Agricultural Experiment Station • Department of Agronomy
Lexington • Progress Report 228
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 CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ................... 3
Experimental Methods _,,__,,________ 4
Data Collected .................. 5
Results and Discussion ............... 6
1977 Test Conditions .............. 7
K 1976 Test Conditions .............. 7
1975 Test Conditions .............. 8
Recommendations for 1978 ............. 8
Winter Barley Varieties ............. 8
Soft Red Winter Wheat Varieties .......... 9
Winter Oat Varieties .............. 9
· . . .
A Spring Oat Varieties .............. 9
Certified Seed ................... 10 ·
‘ List of Tables
1. Small Grain Harvested Acreage and Yields in Kentucky-
‘ 1975-77 ................... 3
2. Planting Dates and Location of Kentucky Small Grain
Evaluation Trials—19 75-77 ............ 5
3. Barley Performance Trials at Lexington, Ky., 1975-77 . . . 11
  4. Barley Performance Trials at Princeton, Ky., 1975-77 . . . 12
5. Barley Performance Trials at Bowling Green, Ky ...... 13
6. Barley Performance Trials at Murray, Ky., 1975-77 .... 13
7. Barley Performance Trials at Elkton, Ky., 1977 ..... 14
8. Disease Ratings on Barley Varieties Tested in 1977 .... 15
9. Wheat Performance Trials at Lexington, Ky., 1975-77 . . . 15 `
10. Wheat Performance Trials at Princeton, Ky., 1975-77 . . . 16
11. Wheat Performance Trials at Bowling Green, Ky., 1976-77 . . 18
12. Wheat Performance Trials at Murray, Ky., 1975-77 .... 19
13. Wheat Performance Trials at Elkton, Ky., 1977 ..... 20
14. Wheat Performance Trials at Elizabethtown, Ky., 1977 . . . 21
15. Winter Oat Performance Trials at Lexington, Ky., 1975-77 . . 21
16. Winter Oat Performance Trials at Princeton, Ky ...... 22
17. Winter Oat Performance Trials at Bowling Green, Ky. . . . 23
18. Winter Oat Performance Trials at Murray, Ky., 1975-77 . . . 24
19. Winter Oat Performance Trials at Elkton, Ky., 1977 . . . . 25
20. Spring Oat Performance Trials at Lexington, Ky., 1975-77 . . 25
21. Characteristics of Recommended Small Grain Varieties . . . 26

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` I

 Kentucky Small Grain Variety Trials
By W.E. Viun, V.C. Finkner and C.R. Tutt
The 1976-77 climatic conditions for planting small grains
were exceptionally poor which resulted in the reduction of small
grain acreages. Also, many acres of small grains were destroyed
because of the better economic advantage of replanting to corn or
soybeans. The spring growing season was relatively good and rela-
tively disease-free resulting in increased yields (Table 1).
Table 1.—Small Grain Harvcsted Acreage and Yields in Kentucky·1975-77.
Q;} Indicated __ 1976 4 1975
1,000 A Yieid 1,000 A Yield 1,000 A mem
Harvest Bu/A Harvest Bu/A Harvest gal
Wheat 270 38 330 31 352 34
0aes 9 42 10 35 10 A1
Barley 28 his 30 37 3io 37
Rye _; 26 A 24 i 25
· 309 373 400
if July 12, 1977. From Crop Production, SRS, USDA, Washington, D.C.
, The objective of the Kentucky small grain variety trials is to
, evaluate varieties of barley, wheat and oats that are commercially
available or may soon be available to Kentucky farmers. New
varieties are continually being developed by agricultural experi-
ment stations and commercial firms. Annual evaluation of small
grain varieties and selections provides seedsmen, farmers, and
` other agricultural workers with current information to help them
select the varieties best adapted to their locality and individual
requirements.
Since weather, soil and other environmental factors will alter
varietal performance from one location to another, tests are grown
in five locations (Fig. 1) in the state (Lexington, Bowling Green,
Elkton, Princeton, and Murray). Recommendations are revised
3

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Fig. 1.-Testing locations of Kentucky small grain variety trials.
1. Murray- Mr. joe Pat Carraway, Carraway Farms, Inc.
2. Princeton- West Kentucky Substation
3. Bowling Green- Western Kentucky University Agriculture Department
4. Lexington- Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
5. Elkton- Mr. Owen Schlabach `
6. Elizabethtown- Mr. Allen Baugh
` each year because of the availability of new varieties, improve-
ments in production practices, and continually changing disease ‘
and insect hazards.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
The plots were planted with a specially built four-row seeder.
Each plot consisted of four rows spaced one foot apart and
trimmed to 10 feet in length. Each variety was grown in four
replications, and the data presented are the average response from
the two harvested center rows of the four plots. Planting dates of
all trials for the past 3 years are listed in Table 2.
ln some instances, uncontrollable factors such as excessive
rainfall, high winds, hail, etc., adversely affected an experiment so
that the results were judged unreliable. When this occurred, results W
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4

 DATA COLLECTED
It is important to consider characteristics in addition to grain
yield when selecting a variety.
Grain yield at Lexington was taken by cutting all four rows
with a self-propelled combine. The grain yield at all other loca-
tions was taken by cutting the two center rows of each plot and
threshing the grain with a stationary plot thresher. The weights of
each plot were recorded in grams and converted to bushels per
acre.
Table 2.—Planting Dates and Location of Kentucky Small Grain Evaluation Tria1s—1975-77.
  W   T
Lexingtoii Princeton Hurrriy Bowling Green Elkton
(lop r_ ______ __&U_i‘Q_6__Jj73 __@Z__l276 l_9_Zii__i_9_L_LQ]j¤ 1975 yl 1070__y1s iw:
1:11..1; lO—2(i 10-zz 10-10 10-1r1 10-zi 10-zz 10-ze 10-is l0-li 11-5 10-28 10-28 11-t
1m1t»>» lO-l§ 10-15 10-10 10-18 10-at lO·2J 10-29 10-is 10-1a 11-; 10-2H 10-211 ll-L
1.·1¤1er11.1ts 10-ss lO#7 10-10 10-is 10-it 10-21 10-:010-1s10-1; 11-; 10-28 10-za ll--Q
Spring Uats }—l7 3-Zta .2—H » — · - - — - - — -
1 The l.e>:i11i;to:1, l’rinet·t1»n and ilowliiig Green trials were planted on land not cropped the
previous year. The trial .11 Thtrzxty was planted 111`Lur soybeans. The trial ar Elkton was
plzinted after corn silage.
Test weight, or the weight of a bushel of grain, is a measure
of the quality of grain. The higher tl1e test weight, the higher the
quality and market value, unless the grain has been downgraded
because ol another quality factor.
Lotlgzing was recorded as the percentage ol` tl1e total plants
lying on the ground or leaning at a 45-degree angle from the
vertical when the grain was mature. The term "maturity" as used
in this report refers to the date tl1e grain was ready to be combine
harvested.
P/ant /zezg/tt is reported as the number ol` inches from the
ground to tl1e tip ol the upright grain head.
Sttrttzival was recorded as the percentage ol plants estimated
to have survived tl1e winter. This is a measure ol` winterhardiness
and is an important factor to consider when selecting a variety.
][t’ll([l·l1 r date is resorted as tl1e date wl1en 50% ol the heads
1 l
had emerged lrom tl1e plants in each plot. This is a measure ol
maturity and is important when selecting a variety for use in a
double—cropping system.
Percent protein is reported on a whole seed basis as measured
by tl1e Udy dye binding technique. Concurrent consideration ol`
5

 percent protein and yield should be made. The most desirable _
combination would be highest yield and highest percent protein,
but this rarely occurs. High protein content is often a result of low
yield and poor grain filling.
Grams per thousand seeds is a measure of seed size and seed
quality. Planting rates can be adjusted by knowing seed size. Poor
quality grain is usually low in weight per thousand seeds.
Disease and insect data are reported as relative amounts that
occurred on the varieties at the time the readings were made.
Disease and insect problems are often different in different years.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Since genetic expression of a variety is greatly influenced by
environmental conditions, it is best to have several years’ data
from which to draw conclusions. Performance of a variety tested ·
for only one year should not be compared with a 3-year average of
another variety, since it is possible that results in one of the other
years were extremely good or poor and, thus, not comparable. ,
The yield of a variety is relative and should be compared with A
the yields of the other varieties in the same experiment and at the
same location. Small differences in yield of only a few bushels per
acre between two varieties from an individual test should not be
interpreted to indicate the superiority of one variety over another.
However, if one variety consistently out-yields another over a
period of several years, the chances are that the differences are
real.
Lodging data are very difficult to interpret. A high-yielding .
variety should not necessarily be down-graded because of a high
percentage of lodging for a given year and at a given location.
Local weather conditions, such as wind and rain, may cause a I
variety to lodge much more than it normally does. Variety trials
normally have a greater degree of lodging than do farmer fields. It
should also be emphasized that a report that a variety was 50%
lodged does not imply that only 50% of the grain could be
harvested. With good equipment, it may be expected that almost
all of the grain could be saved. Lodging data for a period of years
should receive more consideration than annual lodging data since
they will give a more accurate picture of varietal performance.
6

 1977 TEST CONDITIONS
The fall moisture conditions were limiting the first half of
October. The latter half of October turned cool and some precipi-
tation occurred. The cool October temperatures continued into
the fall, never increasing enough to stimulate much fall growth. If
the small grains were late planted, they possibly did not emerge
until spring. The extremely cold temperatures generally coincided
with good snow cover on the ground except for a few days in the
later part of December. The spring growing season started with
near normal soil moisture, but then April, May and june were
droughty in some areas of the state.
The good ground snow cover prevented a lot of winter-killing
of wheat and barley. Winter-killing in oats was severe. The disease
picture was very mild or limited to localized areas. New strains of
powdery mildew are increasing, causing the "Arthur-type" wheat
to be less resistant to powdery mildew. _
1975 TEST CONDITIONS
The fall weather conditions were near ideal for planting small
grain. The temperature was cool, but periods of dry weather
allowed the small grain to be planted. Precipitation for the winter
months totaled near normal with less than the usual amount of
snow cover. Temperatures averaged above normal for every month
except january. February was the warmest February in the last 75
years, averaging 7-9° above normal. March had cold temperatures
in the latter half of the month. Freezes occurred the last of April
and the first part of May. The yields of some varieties were
reduced as much as 50% at Lexington and Princeton and a lesser
amount at Murray and Bowling Green. Farmer fields varied in the
amount of damage depending on the developmental stage of the
plants and the temperature in local areas. The damage ranged from
I 0% to 100%, with 18% statewide average yield reduction (Ken-
tucky Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Louisville, Ky,). An
unusually dry May resulted in reduced plant heights in many parts
of the state.
7

 1975 TEST CONDITIONS
Weather conditions in 1974 were good for fall seeding of the
small grain crop. Winter temperatures were mild with above-
average temperatures, which resulted in very little winter killing of
small grain. The crop made slow growth in the spring owing to a
prolonged period of cool wet weather which extended through
April. Some loss from flooding occurred in the spring because of
heavy rainfall. Hard winds and heavy rains about june 15 resulted
in severe lodging in several areas. Hail occurred at Bowling Green
which destroyed the wheat and barley variety trials.
Small grain yields were better at all test locations, equalling
and usually exceeding the 1973 and 1974 averages. A heavy weed
infestation occurred at Lexington, reducing the yields. Winter
killing was not observed at any location. The variety trials were
not infested so heavily with Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus or Wheat
Spindle Streak Mosaic Virus as in the previous two years. The
susceptible wheat varieties indicated severe infestation of Sepmria
Glume Blotch. The resistance (low grade) of Abe, Arthur, Arthur
71 and Oasis was apparent. Scald was observed on some barley
varieties.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR 1978
Recommended varieties are those which are superior in one
or more characteristics important for the crop and have been
tested by the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station for 2 or
more years. Varieties eligible for certification include, in addition
to the recommended varieties, (1) varieties that may have poten-
tial for Kentucky and (2) older varieties that are still acceptable
for production in Kentucky but are not as good as the recom- ’
mended varieties. A summary of the characteristics of the recom- _
mended small grain varieties is presented in Table 21. All varieties
listed are eligible for certification in Kentucky.
WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES
Recommended winter barleys are less winter-hardy than
winter wheat but more hardy than winter oats. The degree of
8

 winterhardiness, straw strength, and maturity are important char-
acteristics when choosing a variety. Barley performs poorly on
soils not well—drained. It is an excellent feed grain for livestock.
Varietal performance data are presented in Tables 3-8. Recom-
y mended varieties are Barsoy, Knob, Monroe and Volbar.
SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES
Kentucky’s climate and soils are well suited for the produc-
tion of high quality soft red winter wheat. No one variety has all
the desirable characteristics; each has certain advantages. Yielding
ability, straw strength, height, earliness, grain quality and disease
resistance are important in choosing a variety. Wheat is an excel-
lent feed grain for livestock. Varietal performance is presented in
Tables 9-14. Recommended varieties are Arthur, Arthur 71, Abe,
Oasis, Beau and Doublecrop.
WINTER OAT VARIETIES
‘ Winter oats are the least winterhardy of the winter grains.
Early seeding, good fertilization practices, and planting on well-
drained soils are recommended to minimize winter killing. Most
winter oats are susceptible to the crown rusts so the variety must
be selected in respect to maturity, lodging resistance, and yielding
ability. Winter oats are excellent also for fall grazing and silage.
Performance of the winter oat varieties is presented in Tables
15-19. Recommended varieties are Coker 66-22, Compact, Dubois,
` Norline, and Walken.
SPRING OAT VARIETIES
The only small grain suitable for spring seeding by farmers in
Kentucky is spring oats. Spring oats are used mainly for hay or
silage and as a companion crop for grasses and legumes. Grain and
forage yields of spring oats are lower than those of the recom-
mended winter oats varieties when yields of winter oats are not
severely reduced from winterkilling or disease. Two spring oat
varieties (Otee and Jaycee) are recommended because of their
higher level of resistance to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (oat red
leaf) (Table 20).
9

 CERTIFIED SEED \
Planting certified seed is one of the first steps in insuring a
good small grain crop. The extra cost of certified seed is justified
in view of the high quality of seed obtained. Certified seed is seed
which has been grown in such a way as to insure the genetic
identity and purity of a variety. Certified seed also helps to
maintain freedom from weed and other crop seed and, in some
cases, freedom from disease. The Kentucky Agricultural Experi-
ment Station recommends that Kentucky-certified seed be used
whenever possible for growing commercial crops of small grains.
Acknowledgement is made to john Byars, of the Department l
of Agronomy, and to the University of Kentucky Computing
Center, for assistance in summarizing the results reported in this
progress report; to Harold Vaught, Extension Area Agronomy
Specialist, for his assistance in collecting Feld data at Bowling
Green; and county agents Ted Howard, Marvin Davidson, and jack
Snyder for assistance in locating test sites.
Acknowledgement also is made to R.E. Stuc/{ey, Department
of Plant Pathology, for disease ratings on barley (Table 8) and other
small grains.
10

 Table 3.—Barley Performance Trials at Lexington, Ky., 1975-77.
 
Test Plant Date g/1000 Whole Seed
Variety Yield Weight Lodging Height Headed Seeds Z Protein
Bu/A Lbs/Bu Z In.
1977 Results
Barsoy 70 52.9 0 31 4-29 36.8 11.6
Dayton 72 47.2 9 40 5-2 34.9 11.5
Harrison 81 48.6 1 36 5-7 36.4 10.6
Henry 76 45.5 21 33 5-8 36.1 10.5
Kanby 70 47.3 4 36 5-6 32.2 10.8
Kentucky 1 74 47.5 13 44 5-9 30.9 10.8
Keowee 73 47.8 43 38 5-6 29.8 11.0
Knob 76 45.9 23 33 5-2 31.2 11.8
Lakeland 76 46.9 4 34 5-9 31.5 10.7
Maury 85 44.7 30 39 5-7 31.9 10.8
McNair 3004 77 49.1 0 32 5-2 31.1 11.3
Monroe 84 42.7 24 35 5-9 31.3 9.9
Paoli 67 45.8 45 31 5-6 28.1 11.6
Perry 84 49.7 0 36 5-3 32.5 10.5
Pike 76 50.8 0 30 4-28 35.9 10.7
Post 80 47.1 0 33 5-10 29.9 10.6
Surry 85 46.8 5 35 5-3 34.7 10.0
Volbar 93 47.3 4 40 5-4 38.5 10.1
Two-year Average 1976-77 `
Barsoy 67 52.0 0 32 4-23 34.3 11.5
Dayton 73 46.9 4 39 4-27 35.4 10.5
Harrison 73 48.6 1 35 5-4 36.3 10.6
Henry 79 47.2 11 34 5-1 36.7 9.8
Kanby 73 48.5 2 35 5-4 32.8 10.4
Kentucky 1 72 49.0 6 43 5-6 31.6 10.0
Keowee 82 49.6 21 38 5-1 31.6 10.0
Knob 72 47.2 11 33 4-27 32.0 10.8
Lakeland 75 48.0 2 34 5-5 32.0 10.3
Maury 83 46.1 15 35 5-2 32.3 10.0
McNair 3004 80 50.2 0 32 4-26 31.2 11.2
Monroe 81 45.7 12 34 5-5 32.2 9.6
Paoli 75 47.3 23 30 5-1 28.8 11.4
Pike 71 50.3 0 29 4-23 34.7 11.0
Surry 79 47.1 3 35 4-27 34.1 10.0
Volbar 93 48.4 2 39 5-1 37.6 10.0
Three-year Average 1975-77
Barsoy 62 49.5 24 33 4-24 29.5 12.0
Dayton 63 44.7 15 39 4-29 30.9 11.2
Harrison 65 47.7 5 37 5-5 33.2 10.6
Henry 74 46.2 30 35 5-2 33.0 10.3
Kanby 65 47.2 33 37 5-5 29.1 10.9
Keowee 75 48.4 43 38 5-2 27.8 10.7
Knob 64 45.6 30 34 4-29 27.9 11.7
Lakeland 68 46.9 25 36 5-6 28.5 10.8
Maury 75 45.1 28 36 5-4 29.0 10.4
Monroe 75 44.3 28 35 5-6 29.0 9.9
Pao1i. 67 46.2 40 32 5-2 26.0 11.8
Surry 74 45.5 27 37 4-Z9 30.6 10.4
Volbar 85 47.5 29 40 5-2 34.4 10.0
1/ . a. ., .
7 A11 varieties had 100.. survival.
11

 Table 4.-—Barlcy Performance Trials at Princeton, Ky., 1975-77.
Test Plant Date g/1000 Whole Seed V
Variety Yield Weight Lodging Height Headed Seeds Z Protein
Bu/A Lbs/Bu Z In.
1977 Results
Barsoy 64 48.5 60 33 4-20 37.2 13.3
Dayton 41 39. 7 96 40 5-1 35.4 14.0
Harrison 59 43.6 100 42 5-4 34.4 14.1
Henry 77 43.2 70 39 4-30 37.3 13.0
Kanby 45 42.0 95 39 5-2 33.7 14.7
Kentucky 1 20 35.8 100 39 5-6 31.5 16.1
Keowee 37 42.8 99 38 5-5 31.6 14.9
Knob 58 43.0 93 35 4-28 33.6 14.6
Lakeland 41 37.4 83 40 5-6 29.1 14.4
Maury 78 40.8 64 39 5-4 33.0 13.2
McNair 3004 60 45.5 84 36 4-27 32.0 14.0
Monroe 64 38.3 80 39 5-6 30.5 13.7
Paoli 35 37.9 100 37 5-1 28.2 14.9
Perry 57 44.9 69 38 4-28 34.8 14.9
Pike 67 47.5 96 34 4-21 36.8 13.7
Post 55 40.3 100 40 5-7 29.0 13.9
Surry 76 43.2 81 41 4-29 34.9 12.3
Volbar 65 39.2 98 43 4-30 37.2 14.2
Two-year Average 1976-77
Barsoy 57 46.9 44 36 4-16 27.9
Dayton 36 38.7 91 39 4-25 28.2
Harrison 51 43.4 84 40 4-30 30.4
Henry 70 43.3 74 38 4-26 32.2
Kanby 36 41.7 96 38 4-29 28.6
Kentucky 1 23 36.8 100 37 5-4 27.6
Kuowce 39 42.7 89 39 4-30 27.0 4
Knob 52 42.7 70 36 4-24 28.4 2
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