b92-88-27381464

xt786688h525 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt786688h525/data/mets.xml Williamsburg Commercial Club. 1900 books b92-88-27381464 English Times-Tribune Print, : Corbin, Ky. : Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Cumberland Falls (Ky.). Parks Kentucky. Facts about Cumberland Falls text Facts about Cumberland Falls 1900 2002 true xt786688h525 section xt786688h525

FACTS ABOUT CUMBERLAND FALLS

Williamsburg Commercial Club

This page in the original text is blank.

Facts About Cumberland Falls

PREFACE

The following pages were compiled under
the direction of the Williamsburg Commercial
Club and is endorsed by some of the official and
business and professional men of Whitley and
McGreary Counties without any attempt to
make it a popular petition.

INTRODUCTION
So much has been published that is untrue and misleading
about the power development at Cumberland Falls that the
Commercial Club of Williamsburg and business men of Whit-
Icy county have decided to set out certain facts in relation
thereto, and we invite your unbiased reading of same.

LOCATION
Cumberland River Falls are on the line between Whitley
and McCreary Counties, On a straight line they are about
twelve miles below Williamsburg, but as the river winds the
distance is twenty-five miles. The entire watershed above the
Falls drained by Cumberland River contains about 2000 square
miles. The Falls proper are less than sixty feet high, but from
a point a thousand feet above the Falls to the level of low
wvater below is about eighty feet. During high water the nar-
row gorge below the Falls so fills up with water that the Fall;
proper are lessened by more than half that distance. The
channel below the Falls for miles is between parallel rowan of
cliffs and filled with massive boulders, so that the roar of tl'e:.e
rapids can be heard many times farther than that of the Fall;
proper.
ELEVATION
Along the Cumberland River a short distance below Wil-
liamsburg the bottom and valley lands disappear and the River
passes first between rugged foothills and then into deep rough
Fortes and finally between parallel rbws of cliffs, and then
no more level bottom lands border upon the Cumberland until
it reaches the level of the limestone formation at Burnside in
Pulaski County, Kentucky. The distance from Williamsburg-,
to Burnside on straight line is about thirty miles, but as the
river winds the distance is sixty-eight miles. The elevation of
the River at Williamsburg is 910 feet and at Burnside 585 feet
above sea level, so that there is a total of 325 feet fall in the
River between these points.
For many years this entire section of the state has tried to

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induce capital to harness this tremenduous but wasted power
and put it into the service of the state.
LANDS TRAVERSED
Between Williamsburg and Burnside the Cumberland
River cuts its way down through the conglomerate sandstone
and lower or Western Kentucky coal measures to the limestone
levels. For more than fifty miles along the River there are
only a very few skirts of level land anywhere between the cliffs
and the River. There flows into the River from either side
scores of streams, some of them only a few miles long and oth-
ers of considerable length. These either cut their way through
these sandstone formations and enter the river through like
rough gorges, or in case of many of the smaller streams, pour
into the river over cliffs in picturesque beauty. Some of
them are much higher and more scenic than Cumberland Falls
but they are now wholly inaccessable. For miles on either
.Jde of the River and between these side streams the country,
made up of sharp sand ridges separating deep rocky gulches,
is non-arable and largely uninhabited, and is of little value at
present, the original forest timber having been removed.
HISTORY
For more than twenty-five years diligent effort had been
made to interest capital in Cumberland river power develop-
ment. Early in 1923 the H. A. Mansfield Engineering Compa-
ny associated with certain business men in Indianapolis made
application to the Federal Power Commission for two power
dams on the Cumberland River and one on the South Fork
River About that time the City of Louisville was in some sort
of controversy with its gas and electric company, and the city
had made application to the Federal Power Commission to
grant it a permit authorizing the construction of a power dam
at the Falls of the Ohio and also in connection with it a permit
to build a dam at Burnside in the Cumberland. The Louisville
Courier Journal under date of February 1, 1923, discussing
this application of the city for such permit said:
"Haraeesing the Cumberland River as a subsidia-

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ry power producer in connection with the utilization
of the Ohio Falls for power purposes was termed the.
best plan by Maj. Gen. W. L Sibrt in an address be-
fore the Kiwanis Club at its luncheon nieting yester-
day at The Tyler.
Discussing the proposed plan to operate a steam
plant as an auxiliary to tide over the periods of flood
and low stage of water, General Sibert said there was
no occasion to waste coal on such a plant. The ar.
rangement involving the Cumberland River, he said,
would be ;deal, developing as it would 75,000 to 100,-
000 horse power and not involving the flooding of
farm lajicds.
With a dam 180 feet high the fall of the Cum-
berland would be 150 feet even at flood time. A
sixty--mile pool would result from the dam. This
subsidiary could be used, he said, when the Ohio
River was out of its banks or was running unusually
low.
Mayor Huston Quinn introduced the speaker.
"That use of the Cumberland and the Ohio for
power, rather than the Ohio and auxiliary steam pow-
er, would be more practical, in the matter of cost, is
the contention of General Sibert. That seems prob-
able, as steam plants are costly and the gorge through
which the Cmumberland runs is so narrow that a dam
above Burnside would not have to be long.
The Ohio River gives Kentucky a northern water
front of 800 miles. The Cumberland, nearly 700
miles in total length, is seen, perhaps, to have a nav-
igable length of 500 miles in Kentucky and Tennessee
If the potential power of the two streams should be
developed as General Sibert suggests1 as a single pro-
ject, the use of the two rivers in conjunction would
Ue a red-letter event in the history of Kentucky."
The Indianapolis men organized the Cumberland-Hydro
Electric Power Company, a Kentucky Corporation, in which
name the application for preleminary permit was made.
Again we quote from the Courier Journal of February 28, 1903
"An application, conflicting with that of the City
of Louisville, for water power development at Burn-
side, Ky., on the Cumberland River, has been filed

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with the Federal Power Commission by a group of
Indianapolis business men, it was announced today.
The Indianapolis men applied for a preliminary
permit for three large projects on the Cumberland
River, of whith that at Burnside is one. Three power
Jlouses, with about 125,000 combined horsepower,
would be built to generate electric current.
The Indianapolis men, seeking the Cumberland
River permit, include J. H. Aufderheide, Henry A.
Manefield of the Mansfield Engineering Company and
S. A. Tescher.
They propose to build three dams, one 180 feet
high two and a half miles above Burnside; one nine-
ty feet high at the top of Cumberland Falls and the
other, on the south fork of the Cumberland about two
miles above Burnside. The first dam would create
a pool, extending approximately forty miles to Cum-
berland Falls. The Cumberland Falls dam would
create a pool extending to Willianmsburg"
The article from which the foregoing are extracts con-
cludes by stating that there was a ninety-day truce between
the city and the Hydro-Electric Company before the Commis-
sion was to consider the rival claims and that the engineers
were making surveys on the Cumberland, and concludes:
"These engineers will collaborate and will get at
the real facts on which assumptions have been made.
If the Cumberland plan is too expensive for the city's
consideration it may result in ceding rights to the Hy-
dro Electric Company, and by the same token, the
company may withdraw in favor of the city. The
point is that the exact engineering facts are not now
known to either party, but they will be when the joint
investigation is concluded, and the successful com-
petitor will have the advantage of the other's expert
survey. Should the city withdraw, it would still have
complete data to aid it in fixing rates."

PUBLIC HEARING
0. C. Merrill, Executive Secretary of the Federal Power
Commission, advertised extensively a public hearing for August
10, 1923, at Burnside, Kentucky, to consider Preliminary

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Permit Project 889, which; wasaaslking for authority, to build
these Cumberland. River dams. Thi8 hearing was given the
widest publicity and the meeting was attended by United States
Senators and Kentucky and Tennessee Congressmen and an im-
mense crowd of other interested parties. It was the overwhelm-
ing sense of the meeting that the development would add great-
ly to this sect on of the state and would be a step in flood con-
trol of the lo-or Cumberland. The Preliminary Permit was
promptly granted to the Cumberland-Hydro-Electric Power
Company.

CONFLICTS SETTLED.
While the surveys were being made and facts ascertained
the apparent conflict of interests in the development of the
Ohio Falls at Louisville and the Cumberland River were recon-
ciled, and the application of the City of Louisville and allied
interests there was withdrawn. It is reliably reported that the
Cumberland-Hydro Electric Power Company made the ex-
change of power indicated in the February press, that the de-
velopment now under construction at the Ohio Falls in stages
of the river when flooded would receive excess power from the
Cumberland river, and likewise the Cumberland river devel-
opment and mountain coal fields3 would receive excess of power
er erated at. Loui ;ville during the three months of extra low
wator in the Cumberiand. This is the development refered to
as the RED LETTER DAY FOR KENTUCKY.

GOOD FAITH

Backed by the Preliminary Permit from- the Federal Power
Commission and solicited apparently by the Government En-
gineers to enlarge the plan so as to take in the entire Cumber-
land River, the Cumberland-Hydro-Electric Power Company
has expended in surveys and engineering work an immense
sum. It has purchased in fee the tracts of land including and
surrounding the Cumberland Falls, has incured the expense of
sore drilling the underlying rock formation in all that territory

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to acertain whether there are subteranean cavities or crevices
and upon purchase, surveys and expenditures there has paid
out on this project 340,000.00 according to press publications.

LICENSE APPLICATION
After the matter had been investigated sufficient to show
that the project would pay interest on the enormous investment
and after this concern had made such financial connections
that would insure the sale of the securities necessary to build
such enterprises, application was made for the License which is
the final authority to proceed with their work. To the grant-
ing of this License objections were made to the building of the
Falls dam upon the ground that such dam would destroy cer-
tain scenic beauty in that locality. An agitation was then
started and numerous societies were solicited to file protests
with the Power Commission denying this company the final
License. We have never observed a single statement in the
press suggesting in any way that if this business project by the
Federal Power Commission should be denied the right to con-
clude that which it had undertaken on its warrant that common
honesty would demand the repayment of these expenditures in-
cured in good faith.
INTEREST GENERAL
Very few people in Kentucky have seen Cumberland Fall;.
Fewer still know the real needs of the citizens living in that
locality. Numerous societies, organizations and clubs have pro-
tested against what they term spoilation and destruction of
scenic beauty at the Falls. But some of the societies who have
gone into the public press have given honest investigation to the
claims of all parties interested. The Committee appointed by
the Round Table of Louisville made an exhaustive study of the
situation; and the Committee consisting of P. M. Brown, Thos.
E. Basham, Eugene Stewart and Blakey Helm in an exhaust-
ive report published May 9, 1926, among many interesting
things says:
"Assts of Power.....The only economical asset

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which Cumberland Falls has, is for power purposes.
The dam will probably cost 6,000,000. After it has
been built, the chief engineer says, it w 11 require
annual operating expenses of 27,500.00; taxes on
dam and power plant of 75,000; and taxes on power
lines of 7,500 The proposed dam would provide
80,000 kilowats, or about 40,000 horse power, accord-
ing to the chief engineer for the power company.
Industries are scarce in Kentucky and if all this
power should be used by new industries, it would sup-
ply factories oil a fair estimate as made by U. S. Dis-
trict Engineer, Harold C. Fiske of Chaitanooga, pay.
ing labor 13,800,000 a year."

STATE PARK OR POWER
The "Electrical World" under date of January tenth pub-
lishes under the above caption an interview with 0. C. Merrill,
Executive Secretary of the Federal Power Commission upon
the Hydro-Electric- site at Cumberland Falls, Kentucky, part
of which we take the liberty of quoting by reason of its public
interest.

The reported exercise of the option of the Cum-
berland Hydro-Electric Power Company, owned by
the Insull interests, upon the hydroelectric site at
Cumberland Falls, Ky., which has had much newspa-
per notice, has led 0. C. Merrill, executive secretary
of the Federal Power Commission, to issue a state-
ment in clarification of the status of that company's
application for a license to build a hydro-electric
plant there.

If the company does not dispose of the site for
park purposes and persists in its application, Mr.
Merrill says, "it will be necessary for the commission,
when the reports from the War Department have
been received, to determine whether the public in-
terest will be better served by the approval of the ap-
plication for license or by its refusal. The question
does not rest wholly on the relative advantages from
the public standpoint of power development or park

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development of Cumberland Falls. It would be pos-
sible to develop the power and to retain in large de-
gree the scenic value of Cumberland Falls and the
adjacent lands. Furthermore, consideration should
be given to the interests of the local communities and
to the fact that a development of the magnitude
proposed would, by creating taxable wealth, produce
revenues in certain Kentucky counties which under
existing circumstances find it difficult to secure suf-
ficient means for providing adequate road and school
facilities.

The Cumberland Falls, Mr. Merrill goes on to explain
are situated at the center of a horseshoe bend in the
Cumberland River. The plans of the company pro-
pose the erection of an 80-ft dam about three-fourths
of a mile above and out of sight of the falls and the
diversion of waters of the river thru a tunnel across
the narrowest part of the bend to a power house
about one mile below the falls and likewise out of
sight of them. No construction work is proposed at
or in the immediate vicinity of the falls, but they
would be affected by and to the extent that the wat-
ers of the river are diverted through the proposed
tunnel.

A preliminary permit was issued by the com-
mission to the company on March 4, 1924, there be-
ing no objection raised at that time based on injury
to scenery and no proposal for a state park. These
came later, along with many requests for approval of
the project,, particularly from organizations and res-
idents in the counties which would be benefited by
its construction.

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FALLS NOT DISTURBED
As stated by Mr. Merrill the improvements consisting
of main dam,, cushion dam, tunnel and power house are all
out of sight of the Falls. The following diagram reduced from
actual survey has been widely published in the state press
and is inserted here.

It will be observed that this improvement leaves- the Falls
untouched. The License will require that there shall flow
over the Falls during dry season at least twenty cubic feet of
water per second. Actual tests show that in dry summer
weather the flow is sometimes as low as five feet per second.
For at least eight months in the year the amount of water used
in the turbines would have no perceptable effect on the Falls.

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OTHER DEVELOPMENTs FOLLOW
According to the press reports Government engineers
recommend the building of several other dams in the Cumber-
land and tributary streams in order to control all flood waters
in the Cumberland. The largest of these dams to be at the
mouth of Wolf Creek thirty miles below Burnside. Another
plan is to build a dam at Burnside, but no matter where built it
will bring slack water to the foot of the Falls. When the
Cumberland project is completed there will be 150 miles of
fresh-water lakes which will contain approximately 70,000
acres and will be the rival of Reelfoot Lake as a fishing resort.
The banks of these lakes will in time be lined with summer
homes and access to all of the scenery along the river will be
made easy by motor boats.
CLEAN LAKES
These CumberlaTd River lakes will be an added attrac-
tion far greater to tourists than the Falls proper. The oppo-
sition has published widely that there will be no clean and
beautiful fresh-water lakes, but mere foul ponds and one edi-
torial refers to them as SEWERS; that they would be filled with
dead snags and rotting timber not only unsightly but a menace
to health and reference has been made to the Herrington Lake
at Dix Dam from which the timber was not cut before being
flooded. Dix Dam was not a Federal project. In order to
refute this false propaganda we sent the following message to
the Executive Secretary of the Water Power Commission:
(Telegram)
"Williamsburg, Kentucky., January 14, 1928-Hon.
0. C. Merrill, Executive Secretary, Federal Power
Commission, Washington, D. C. Opposition to Power
Development of Cumberland Falls and along Cumber-
land River have published widely that the ponds cre-
ated by damus would be unsightly and filled with dead
Snags and rotting timber from overflowed forest-cov-
ered banks. Wire us with privilege of making pub-
lic your anewer whether the license from the Power
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Commission, if granted, would require the clearing
away of timber from the areas to be flooded.
(Signed) WILLIAMSBURG COM.MERCIAL CLUL,
(Telegram)
"Washington, D. C. Janiuary 14,-Wifiamisburg
Commercial Club, Williamsburg, Kentucky-
Regarding telegram 14tb, Licensees are required by
condition in license to clear reservoir area of timber
etc. Copy of usual conditions relative to clearing
mailed today. (Signed) MERRILL."
The printed conditions mentioned in telegram provide:
Article- The licensee shall in the interest of
public health cut and remove or destroy to the sautis-
faction of said district engineer all brush and trees
from that zone within and adjacent to the area to be
submerged hereinafter called Contour A and shall re-
mnove and destroy all floatable refuse or other mater-
ials within said Contour D which is 15 feet horizontal-
ly from and outside of the arba to be submerged.
We arc told the Cumberland River can be devel
oped for power purposes without the Falls. That
is as practical as it would be to ask a theatrical com-
pany to put Shakespeare's Hamlet on the stage with
Hlamlet left out. The opponents say that the Wolf
Creek dam should be built first. That development
will require an Act and an- appropriation of millions
by Congress as navigation will have to be cared for
there. The upper dam or two dams cover only cliffs
and bluffs, gulches and boulders. The Wolf Creek
proposed dam floods 31,000 acres including some of
the best river bottom farms in Kentucky and the
City of Burnside
PURPOSE
We hold no brief for the power people. The property
holders, business men and tax payers of this section want this
development because it will add when the entire project is
completed a hundred and forty million of taxable capital with-
in our state, practically all drawn from abroad, and will give
to the counties along the Cumberland River many thousands
in return by way of local, state and school taxes, not taking

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Into consideration at all the great industrial developments
which would follow in the Cumberland Valley and the state at
large by reason of this large power development. It
harnesses a mighty and heretofore destructive giant and brings
into the service of the state and nation value and power which.
all through the past has stood idle, a tax dodger in time of
peace and a slacker in time of war.
BETTER DAYS
It Is to be regretted that our state with its wealth of coal
and timber and rolling bluegrass farms, truly declared by trav-
eler and poet to be the fairest land the sun shines on, stands so
low in, water power and industrial development. Our resour-
ces are shipped to other states and with them also go out our
young men to prepare and fit these products for the market.
At this particular time our people of every political faith are
talking about a better day in our state and great investment of
industrial capital within her borders. A distinguished citizen
of our state has recently well said that all we need to induce
capital to invest here, build industries and give our young men
employment at home is to make Kentucky a pleasant place to
live, and a reasonably profitable place to invest money.
This section, and we think in the entire state, most needs
better paying working places for the worthy poor rather than
loafing places and playgrounds for the idle rich.
A PARK TOO
Just now our people throughout the entire state are great-
ly aroused and are intently interested to acquire at Mammoth
Cave the 70,000 acres which the Government requires before it
will accept or improve a National Park. We favor that move-
ment heartily. We also favor a Park along the Cumberland
River, State or National, and we think it should include not
two hundred or two thousand acres but at least 'twenty thou-
sand acres including these proposed lakes in river and side
streams and the territory bordering thereon throughout the
river gorge above Burnside. If the facts were presented as
they really exist to that noble and generous Kentuckian now
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in exile in New Jersey, we think his generous offer would be
available for this larger park with its lakes and water falls
and power dams which would be the most scenic and beautiful
section east of the Mississippi, Mammoth Cave not excepted.
CONCLUSION
1 Cumberland Falls dam is the keynote of a development
project which contemplates investment of from two to three
hundred million dollars on the Cumberland River nearly all of
which will be in the State of Kentucky. If the issual of the
License by the Federal Power Commission is prevented for the
Cumberland Falls dam, then the entire project fails.
2 Whitley County has outstanding its limit of road bonds
and a floating indebtedness of more than one hundred and fifty
thousand dollars. The building of this dam and power house
will give us at least thirty thousand dollars a year additional
taxes for county purposes alone and will likewise add to school
and state taxes.
3 The building of the dam carries with it the construction
of twelve miles of standard railroad and the construction of
at least one hard surfaced road 15 miles long to Falls and gives
water transportation for the entire distance along the river
between Williamsburg and Burnside.
4 When these several dams for power and storage in the
Cumberland and side streams are completed under the plan
outlined by Government Engineers there will be no more
floods in the lower Cumberland River, but as this stored up
water is fed out through turbines it will give a uniform flow
of water for transportation throughout the year, and will be
one important step in flood control in the Mississippi Valley.
5 Self determination has always been given the highest
consideration among free people. The people who own the
property which is to be developed and overflowed and the
business men along the upper Cumberland want this industrial
development and their wishes are entitled to receive the great-
est respect as to what they do with their own property.

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(; During the period of construction along the Cumberland
River several thousand men will find profitable employment
for a number of years and after that this entire section of the
state by reason of taxes derived on this enormous development
can build better roads, have better schools, enjoy lower cost of
power for industrial development, and have more factories,
coal mines, cheaper lighting and heating, and last, but not
least, give profitable employment to many thousands of our
young men at home and will draw from outside sources large
investments of capital in such enterprises, giving us that red
letter day in Kentucky.
7 It would enable our poor farmers along the river strug-
gling for support upon sterile, rocky and worn-out lands to sell
these relatively waste lands to be submerged at far greater
prices than the owners could sell same for to anybody else,
thus enabling them to go elsewhere and buy productive farms.
We submit these facts for your careful reading and solicit
your hearty co-operation in bringing about this great develop-
ment in our section and in the state at large.
WILLIAMSBURG COMMERCIAL CLUB
By T. B. MAHAN, President.
A. T. SILER, Secretary
Commercial Club and President, Banlk of Williamsburg

R. S. ROSE, Judge 34th Judicial
District
P. H. CENTERS, Commonwealth's
Attorney
WOLFORD JONES, Circuit Clerk
L. P. LAY, Judge, Whitley County
Court.
W. B. EARLY, County Attorney.
T. H. HICKEY, County Court Clerk
M. M. CRJSCILLIS, Sheriff
C. S. WILSON, Supt. Schools
D. F. Rose, Ex-County Judge
H. II. TYE, Ex-Circuit Judge
34th District

P. B. MAIDEN, Cashier First
National Bank
CHAS. FINLEY, President Farmers
Band Trust Co.
T. C. PERKINS, Cashier Farmers
Bank Trust Co.
T. SCOTT SILER, Cashier Bank
of Williamsburg
ZEB WARD, Mayor Williamsburg
J. D. GATLIFF, President Gatliff
Coal Co.
N. A. ARCHER, Secy. Treas
E. M. GATLIFF, Vice Pres. Gat-
liff Coal Co.

L. D. MOORE, Police Judge T. E. MAHAN, Vice Pres. High
E, S. MOSS, President, Fst Ntl Bank Splint Coal Co.

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N. B. PERKINS, Pres. Perkins
Harlan Coal Co.
DR. LEE ROSE, J. P. Whitley Co.
B. A. PEACE, J. P. Whitley Co
LIDA PEACE, J. P. Whitley Co.
B. B. SNYDER, Attorney
H. C. GILLIS, Attnrney
E. E. SILER, A torney
F. G. BURNETT, Merchant
F. F. PEACE, Ex-J. P.
E. L. STEPHENS, Attorney
L. 0. SILER, Attorney
J. B. Johnson, Attorney
I. N. STEELY, Attorney, Former
Legal Advisor for Prohibition
Department
R. C. Browning, Attorney
J. B. JONE,3

'iIHE FOLLOWING OF CORBIN
T. B. CULTON, Attorney.
D. B. CATLVEPT, Viee President
First National Bu nk
, .vm. IJox;WNFIGT, Cashier First
National Bank

0. L. ARNOLD, Magistrate
A. B. JOHNSON, Pres. Whitley
National Bank
W. G. BUCHANAN, Merchant
H. CATES Merchant
ROBT. VANBEBER, Druggist
L. C. WRIGHT, Police Judge
OSCAR BLACK, City Atty.
J. B. WALL, Attorney
J. M. TIPTON, City Commissioner
W. T. RUTHERFORD, City Com-
missioner
I. M. BOND, Real Estate
Wm. COX, Physician
J. T. WATKINS, Gen. Mgr.
Whitley Grocery Co.
J. A.(Gilliani, Exl-Mayor
J. M. STAMPER Ex-Mayor
TIHOS. RALSTON, Judge Mc-
Creary C runty
WILLIAM STEPHENS, Clerk
C(. W. 1IATFIELD, Co. Atty.
T. A. WA'rSON, Hall Watson
Furniture Co.

ip.
-L -

Vimes-"Crthane, f'rint, Cal'bin, ];y.

b92-88-27381464

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Facts about Cumberland Falls
Williamsburg Commercial Club.

Times-Tribune Print,
Corbin, Ky. :
[1900]

15 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.
Coleman
Cover title.
Microfilm. Atlanta, Ga. : SOLINET, 1993. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. (SOLINET/ASERL Cooperative Microfilming Project (NEH PS-20317) ; SOL MN02922.13 KUK)
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Cumberland Falls (Ky.).Parks Kentucky.

FACTS ABOUT CUMBERLAND FALLS

Williamsburg Commercial Club

This page in the original text is blank.

Facts About Cumberland Falls

PREFACE

LOCATION
Cumberland River Falls are on the line between Whitley
and McCreary Counties, On a straight line they are about
twelve miles below Williamsburg, but as the river wi