xt786688h703 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt786688h703/data/mets.xml Lexington, Kentucky University of Kentucky 19980120 minutes English University of Kentucky Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Minutes of the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees Minutes of the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees, 1998-01-jan20. text Minutes of the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees, 1998-01-jan20. 1998 2011 true xt786688h703 section xt786688h703 AGENDA Meeting of the Board of Trustees University of Kentucky 1:00 P.M. January 20, 1998 Invocation Roll Call Approval of Minutes President's Report and Action Items PR 1 President's Report to the Trustees A. College of Education Report PR 2 Personnel Actions PR 3 Central Administration A. Acceptance of Report of the Task Force on Research and Graduate Education PR 4 Community College System (No items to report) PR 5 Lexington Campus A. New Master of Education Degree Program in School Administration PR 6 Medical Center (No items to report) Finance Committee 1. Acceptance of Interim Financial Report for the University of Kentucky for the Six Months Ended December 31, 1997 2. Report of Leases 3. Patent Assignment Report 4. Edward L. Clemons Pledge of $1,000,000 5. R. C. Durr Gift of $300,000 6. Jack M. and Linda C. Gill Gift and Pledge 7. Good Samaritan Foundation, Inc., Gift and Pledge 8. Henderson Community Methodist Hospital Pledge 9. KFC Corporation Gift of $250,000 Ad Hoc Committee on Transition of Community Colleges 1. Report of Ad Hoc Committee Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the University of Kentucky, Tuesday, January 20, 1998. The Board of Trustees of the University of Kentucky met at 1:00 p.m. (Lexington time) on Tuesday, January 20, 1998 in the Board Room on the 18th floor of Patterson Office Tower. A. Meeting Opened Governor Edward T. Breathitt, Chairperson, called the meeting to order at 1:06 p.m., and the invocation was pronounced by Mr. Steven Reed. B. Roll Call The following members of the Board of Trustees answered the call of the roll: Mr. Ted Bates, Governor Edward T. Breathitt (Chairperson), Mr. Paul W. Chellgren, Ms. Melanie Cruz, Mr. Merwin Grayson, Mr. John "Jack" Guthrie, Mr. James F. Hardymon, Professor Loys L. Mather, Dr. Robert P. Meriwether, Mr. Billy Joe Miles, Dr. Elissa Plattner, Mr. Steven S. Reed, Professor Daniel R. Reedy, Mr. C. Frank Shoop, Dr. W. Grady Stumbo, Mr. Martin Welenken, and Ms. JoEtta Y. Wickliffe. Absent from the meeting were Mrs. Kay Shropshire Bell and Mr. Billy B. Wilcoxson. The University administration was represented by President Charles T. Wethington, Jr.; Chancellors James W. Holsinger and Elisabeth Zinser; Vice Presidents Joseph T. Burch, Fitzgerald Bramwell, George DeBin and Eugene Williams; Ben W. Carr, Assistant to the President for Administrative Affairs; Dr. Juanita Fleming, Special Assistant for Academic Affairs; Mr. C. M. Newton, Director of Athletics, and Mr. Richard E. Plymale, General Counsel. Members of the various news media were also in attendance. A quorum being present, the Chairperson declared the meeting officially open for the conduct of business at 1:09 p.m. C. Approval of Minutes Governor Breathitt said that the Minutes of the Board meeting on December 9, 1997 had been distributed and asked for any additions or corrections. Mr. Welenken moved that the Minutes be approved as distributed. Mr. Chellgren seconded the motion, and it carried. - 2 - D. President's Report to the Board of Trustees (PR 1) President Wethington called attention to the following items in PR 1: 1. The grand opening of the William T. Young Library is scheduled for April 3. The featured speaker will be the Reverend Theodore M. Hesburgh, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. President Wethington announced that he planned to have a tour of the new facility for the Board on March 3rd. 2. The UK cheerleaders won their fourth straight Universal Cheerleaders Association national title in Orlando, Florida. This is UK's eighth UCA national title. 3. UK researchers have identified an enzyme that protects nerve cells from strokes and Alzheimer's disease. President Wethington said that this is an indication of the continuing strong work being done by the Center on Aging at the University of Kentucky, one of the university's "targets of opportunity" in the research program. 4. UK engineering program classes began this semester at Paducah Community College after five years of effort and more than $8 million in private fund- raising. This is an engineering program that is being delivered by the College of Engineering at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. 5. The UK Institute on Education Reform and the Kentucky Collaboration for Teaching and Learning will share a $275,000 grant from the Knight Foundation to help education reform efforts. President Wethington invited the members to read the other items in the report at their leisure. E. Personnel Actions (PR 2) President Wethington recommended that approval be given to the appointments, actions and/or other staff changes which require Board action; and that the report relative to appointments and/or changes already approved by the administration be accepted. Mr. Shoop moved approval. The motion, seconded by Mr. Welenken, carried. (See PR 2 at the end of the Minutes.) - 3 - F. Acceptance of Report of the Task Force on Research and Graduate Education (PR 3A) President Wethington said that PR 3A is the report from the Task Force on Research and Graduate Education chaired by Professor Dan Reedy, who is a member of the Board. He reminded the Board that they had heard about the work of the Task Force during the Board's informal discussion recently and said that the Board knows the magnitude of the task that confronted Professor Reedy and his committee. He asked Professor Reedy to comment on the Report of the Task Force which the Board is being asked to accept at this meeting. Professor Reedy expressed appreciation for the opportunity to be able to carry out the assignment which began approximately six months ago. He congratulated President Wethington for requiring that this be a grassroots process because there was considerable need to have broad input from faculty, research staff and administrators in completing the assignment. He said that the report identifies some of the major research and graduate education strengths within the University, those that now have national stature or with proper investment capable of achieving national stature. He stated that the report certainly does not preclude other groups from being included in the future. The committee was mindful of the responsibility of the University to the Commonwealth and to its constituencies, and certainly mindful of the university's identity as a land-grant institution and as a Carnegie Foundation Research I University. Professor Reedy said that the committee hopes that these recommendations will be helpful to the administration in carrying out some of the initiatives that not only will meet the five-year Strategic Plan goals but will also provide a process that with refinement can be a model for the next twenty years to carry out the university's mandate to move into top twenty status as a public research university. He said that he believed the faculty made the right decisions in the report. He thanked President Wethington and Governor Breathitt for the opportunity to be involved in the report. President Wethington commended Professor Reedy for his leadership in carrying out the charge to the committee. Reviewing all of the research and graduate programs in the institution and making recommendations singling out a certain number of programs was an extremely difficult task. He said Professor Reedy carried out the assignment exceedingly well. He commended Professor Reedy, the faculty, and the staff who gave input into the process. The task involved virtually every department and faculty member in the institution that chose to be involved. The process identified "targets of opportunity" programs that have national stature today and others which are emerging and can have national stature in the future. He reiterated that this list does not imply that there will not, should not, or could not be additions to it. 4- He emphasized that the work that has been done is important. The Task Force Report will now go to the university's strategic planning committee for consideration as the next version of the Strategic Plan is completed, and the Board will see a draft of the Strategic Plan in the next few months. This report is setting the stage for the next five years which is the first part of the next twenty-two years that are to take the University of Kentucky to top twenty public research university status. President Wethington asked the Board to accept the report and authorize the administration to proceed with a proposal to the Council on Postsecondary Education (CPE) for access to the $4 million in funds which are currently being held by CPE and the Research Incentive Fund. This report will be a working document which will be used as the Strategic Plan is prepared for the next five years and as proposals are submitted to the CPE for funding. President Wethington said he was pleased to recommend approval of PR 3A. Governor Breathitt expressed his appreciation to Professor Reedy and to the members of the faculty for their hard work in preparing the report. He said the Board members have an obligation to read the report and understand it. Governor Breathitt entertained questions from the Board members and a discussion about the report followed. On motion made by Professor Reedy, seconded by Professor Mather and passed, PR 3A was accepted. (See PR 3A at the end of the Minutes.) G. New Master of Education Degree Program in School Administration (PR 5A) President Wethington recommended that the Board approve the Master of Education degree program in School Administration. He reported that the program has been approved by the College of Education and the Senate Council and has been circulated to the University Senate. He explained the 10 day period for program proposals to be circulated to the University Senate and indicated that he did not anticipate any difficulties with the proposal. With the University Senate and the Board's approval, the program will be forwarded to the Council on Postsecondary Education. He noted that the new program needs to go into effect the Fall semester 1998. Professor Mather moved approval of PR 5A subject to approval by the University Senate. His motion, seconded by Mr. Shoop, carried. (See PR 5A at the end of the Minutes.) H. College of Education Report President Wethington said that he had asked Dean Shirley Raines of the College of Education to make a report to the Board. He asked Chancellor Zinser to introduce Dean Raines. - 5 - Chancellor Zinser said she was very pleased to have the Board invite the various deans to make presentations at the Board meetings. She said it was her pleasure to introduce Dean Shirley C. Raines. She briefly reviewed Dean Raines credentials and said Dean Raines is highly regarded within her profession. Dean Shirley C. Raines presented an overview of the history of the College of Education, current status, and future possibilities. 1998 is the 75th anniversary of the College of Education, which was organized in 1923 when William Septimus Taylor was named Dean of the College. While 1923 marks the date for the organization of the College, the University of Kentucky has been preparing teachers for the schools of the Commonwealth since 1880 when the "Normal School" was established. In 1908, the University organized a Department of Education and in 1909, the College was called a "Teachers' College." Dean Raines indicated that there are five living deans of the College of Education residing in Lexington. They are: Frank Dickey, who is also a past President of the University of Kentucky; Lyman Ginger, who is also a past Superintendent of Public Instruction; Dean Edward Sagan, who is presently serving as the Interim Dean of Social Work; Dean J. John Harris, III, the first African-American dean appointed at the University of Kentucky and who continues on the faculty in the Department of Educational Administration and Supervision and in African-American studies; and Shirley Raines, the seventh dean and the first woman dean of the College of Education. The three major buildings which house the College of Education faculty and classrooms are: Dickey Hall, built in 1965; Taylor Education Building, built in 1930; and Seaton Center, completed in 1964. Additional space is used in Barker Hall, Wenner-Gren Laboratory, and Maxwelton Court. The College was reorganized in 1994 from eight departments into six. Educational Administration and Supervision offers graduate degrees and certification programs which prepare principals, superintendents, and instructional leaders. The Department of Curriculum and Instruction offers undergraduate and graduates degrees and prepares teachers and instructional technology leaders in elementary, middle school, and secondary education. Educational and Counseling Psychology has three graduate degree programs in the areas of counseling, school, and educational psychology. The Department of Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation Studies offers doctoral degrees in the areas of Educational Policy Studies and Higher Education. Kinesiology and Health Promotion offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in physical education, exercise science, and health promotion. The Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation Counseling provides degrees and certification programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and post- doctoral levels in the two major areas of Special Education and Rehabilitation Counseling, which focus on services to children and adults with disabilities. 6- The Department of Special Education and Rehabilitation Counseling was selected as a "target of opportunity," based on their present national ranking in the top twenty and the amount of extramural funding. The department is a leader in distance learning and continuing education for teachers and administrators. They are known for innovative course development, including the first Web-based course taught in the College. The College of Education also offers joint programs with the College of Human Environmental Sciences in the area of early childhood education. Certification programs are also offered with agriculture, art, home economics, and music education. National accreditations include the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education, the American Psychological Association, the Council for Rehabilitation Education, North American Society for Sports Management, the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, and the University Council for Education Admini strators. The College operates a number of clinics and laboratories through which we provide services to citizens and hand-on experiences for students enrolled in programs. Some of the clinics and laboratories are: the Reading Clinic, Counseling Psychology Clinic, School Psychological Assessment Clinic, Assistive Devices Laboratory, Educational Assessment Service, Human Performance Laboratory and Biodynamics Laboratory. There are 96 faculty members in the College of Education, 27 full professors, 40 associate professors, 26 assistant professors, one visiting, one research title, and one educator-in-residence. The educator-in-residence is a teacher who joins the faculty for two years to teach and assist with program revisions in a special area. The present educator-in-residence is Alyce Emerson, a middle school teacher from Tates Creek. There are 51 men, 45 women, and 14 African-Americans. The College of Education has the greatest number of minority faculty of any college on campus. The College of Education faculty have won some of the most distinguished honor awards in education. They include two Fulbright Scholars, one NASA Fellowship, one American Educational Research Association Fellowships, the Culbertson Award for Educational Administration Research, two national book awards and national editorships of two major journals. Excellent students chose education as a major in the selective admissions process. Students have an average ACT of 23 and the grade point average of students entering their programs at the junior year from their general studies programs is 3.12. The undergraduate enrollment is approximately 1300 students, with the greatest enrollment in Elementary, followed by Secondary, and Kinesiology and Health Promotion. The areas in which we need more majors to meet the demands of the field are in Special Education and Middle School Education. There is a desperate need for more minority teachers in the - 7 Commonwealth. The college's undergraduate minority enrollment is 7.2%, the highest of any college on campus. The graduate enrollment in the College of Education is approximately 1200 students, with the greatest enrollment in Curriculum and Instruction, which prepares teachers, followed by Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation, which has a large enrollment from the community colleges, and the third area is Educational Administration and Supervision with principals and superintendents enrolling in courses. The graduate minority enrollment is 8. 1%, the highest of any college on campus. The College operates a number of innovative programs including the Teacher Opportunity Program, which selects minority classroom aides and prepares them for teaching positions. The College of Education awards approximately 220 bachelors, 200 masters, 10 educational specialists, and 30 doctoral degrees per year. The College has a number of innovative programs offered through distance learning, devised to offer courses and degrees throughout the Commonwealth. The College is the first nationally accredited College in the nation to graduate a person with a doctoral degree earned through distance learning in the area of Educational Administration. It also offers doctoral degree courses in Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation and masters degrees in Special Education and Rehabilitation Counseling. A map of the State of Kentucky was provided with seventeen locations where students can come to receive courses through the KTLN network, primarily at community college sites. A graph of the distance learning enrollment was provided comparing enrollments in 1996 and 1997. The greatest enrollment in courses offered through distance learning is in Educational Administration, followed by Special Education, and Educational Policy Studies and Evaluation. Technology is changing the way we prepare teachers, develop continuing education for a variety of professions, and support the instruction of students on campus. The College operates five teaching laboratories, requires e-mail communications with students, and provides training in technology uses to faculty, staff, and students. The College has a home page on the World Wide Web, which grows exponentially in the number of contacts throughout the world. Since the College of Education has major responsibilities to prepare teachers, principals, counselors, instructional leaders, and superintendents for the schools of the Commonwealth, it is the leader in KERA, the Kentucky Education Reform Act. The College operates the Institute on Educational Reform, which conducts research on the preschool, the primary program, and reading interventions. In addition, the Institute prepares annual review of KERA research conducted from researchers throughout the nation and distributes these reports to the Kentucky Department of Education, the Education Committee of the Legislature, and policy groups. The Joint UK/UL center - 8 - provides small grants for educational research with faculty members from both universities. President Wethington thanked Dean Raines for her presentation and invited the Board to ask questions of Dean Raines. 1. Acceptance of Interim Financial Report for the University of Kentucky for the Six Months ended December 31, 1997 (FCR 1) Mr. Hardymon, Chairperson of the Finance Committee, reported that the Committee met at 11:30 a.m. and reviewed nine items for action. He said FCR 1 is the Interim Financial Report. The percentage of income, expenditures and commitments are very similar to the past. He noted that 51% of the revenues were in and 49% of the expenditures and commitments have been made. This is a solid report, and the financial operation for the first six months is going as planned. He moved approval of FCR 1. Mr. Shoop seconded the motion, and it passed. (See FCR 1 at the end of the Minutes.) J. Report of Leases (FCR 2) Mr. Hardymon said that FCR 2 is a report of leases not exceeding $30,000 in annual value. He reviewed the leases in the report and moved approval of FCR 2. His motion, seconded by Mr. Chellgren, carried. (See FCR 2 at the end of the Minutes.) K. Patent Assignment Report (FCR 3) Mr. Hardymon said that FCR 3 is the quarterly report of the patent assignments for the period October 1, 1997 through December 31, 1997. He said there was one assignment during this period, and the Finance Committee approved the report. He moved approval of FCR 3. Mr. Miles seconded the motion, and it passed. (See FCR 3 at the end of the Minutes.) L. Edward L. Clemons Pledge of $1,000,000 (FCR 4) Mr. Hardymon reported that there were six items involving gifts and pledges. He complimented the staff who work with the gifts and pledges program. He said FCR 4 is the Edward L. Clemons pledge of $1,000,000 to the Hazard Community College in Hazard, Kentucky. Mr. Clemons is a Hazard businessman with interests in banking and coal mining. His pledge was made in November, 1997 and is payable in annual $100,000 installments through 2006. Of the total gift, $300,000 is designated for the Student Classroom and Economic Development Center, which is now under construction; $500,000 is to be endowed and the income used to benefit college programs yet to be determined; and $200,000 is for programs and initiatives to be decided by the college president in consultation with the citizens of Hazard. Mr. Hardymon stated that this is a -9- fine gift and is intended to help young people in the area served by the community college. He moved approval of FCR 4. Mr. Shoop seconded the motion, and it passed. (See FCR 4 at the end of the Minutes.) M . R. C. Durr Gift of $300,000 (FCR 5) Mr. Hardymon reported that FCR 5 is the R. C. Durr Gift of $300,000. Mr. Durr is a recipient of the UK Department of Civil Engineering's Career Achievement Award. The gift is to create fellowships in the Department of Civil Engineering. Mr. Durr is the owner of R. C. Durr Company, a highway construction firm in Kentucky. The fund established by this gift will provide fellowships for seniors or graduate students in civil engineering. He moved approval of FCR 5. His motion, seconded by Mr. Reed, carried. (See FCR 5 at the end of the Minutes.) N. Jack M. and Linda C. Gill Gift and Pledge (FCR 6) Mr. Hardymon reported that the total for the Jack M. and Linda C. Gill gift is $5,000,000. Jack Gill is founder and general partner of Vanguard Venture Partners, a venture company specializing in high-technology businesses, and investing in medical, computer and telecommunications companies. Linda Gill grew up in Louisville and Fort Thomas and graduated from UK in 1962. Mr. Hardymon stated that a gift has been received for $516, 250 and a pledge of $4,483,750. This gift is for the construction of a heart institute and to establish an endowed chair and five professorships. The heart institute's projected construction cost is $14,000,000, and $2,000,000 of the Gill gift will be applied toward this project. A Gill Chair will be funded by $1,000,000 and Gill professorships will be funded by $1,000,000. The use of the final $1,000,000 is yet to be determined. Mr. Hardymon moved approval of FCR 6. Mr. Shoop seconded the motion, and it passed. (See FCR 6 at the end of the Minutes.) Governor Breathitt said that this is a major gift to the University and will be very important to the Medical Center. Everyone owes a great debt of gratitude to Chancellor Holsinger and most importantly to President Wethington. President Wethington has worked on this gift and pledge for a period of time, and this is the kind of leadership the Board appreciates. 0. Good Samaritan Foundation, Inc. Gift and Pledge (FCR 7) Mr. Hardymon said that FCR 7 is a gift and pledge totaling $473,400 from the Good Samaritan Foundation that will benefit the College of Nursing and the College of Medicine. Good Samaritan Foundation is seeking to improve healthcare for the medically underserved in central and eastern Kentucky. Good Samaritan Foundation has given - 10- $209,682 and pledged an additional $263,718 to be paid before June 30, 1998. The College of Nursing will receive $392,800 for internships, fellowships, scholarships and health education. The College of Medicine will receive $80,600 for the summer intern and rural medical residency programs in the Department of Family Practice. He moved approval of FCR 7. The motion, seconded by Mr. Chellgren, carried. (See FCR 7 at the end of the Minutes.) P. Henderson Community Methodist Hospital Pledge (FCR 8) Mr. Hardymon said that FCR 8 is a pledge from the Henderson Community Methodist Hospital. It is a pledge to Henderson Community College's Partners in Progress Campaign. The pledge is $100,000 and is to be fulfilled over a six-year period. The pledge was made on October 17, 1997. Mr. Hardymon reported that the hospital has been a strong supporter of Henderson Community College's Nursing Program since it was established in 1963. The hospital has provided funding for many students to attend the program. He noted that many of the nursing students are employees of the hospital and many arc employed upon completion of their degree. He moved approval of FCR 8. Mr. Bates seconded the motion, and it passed. (See FCR 8 at the end of the Minutes.) Q. KFC Corporation Gift of $250,000 (FCR 9) Mr. Hardymon said that FCR 9 is a gift of $250,000 from the KFC Corporation. The gift is for the Center for Academic and Tutorial Services which supports tutoring services for athletes. He noted that this is the model academic center for the nation's colleges and universities. He said he was proud of this organization and was pleased to move approval of FCR 9. Mr. Welenken seconded the motion, and it passed. (See FCR 9 at the end of the Minutes.) R. Report of Ad Hoc Committee on Transition of Community Colleges Mr. Chellgren, Chairperson of the Committee, reported that the committee met at 10:30 a.m. and an update was provided to the Board on the transition. He informed the Board that when the KCTCS Board met in Ashland on January 14 he personally met with Jim Ramsey, the Interim President of KCTCS, and Martha Johnson, Chairperson of the KCTCS Board. Mr. Ramsey and Ms. Johnson assured him that the University was being positive, cooperative, supportive, and constructive in making the transition seamless, effective, and efficient. Mr. Chellgren said that Mr. Ramsey and Ms. Johnson did indicate there is an issue of "shared responsibility" relating to some of the early findings by the Southern -1 1- Association of Colleges and Schools, Commission on Colleges. The Commission is seeking clarification of the roles of the UK Board and the KCTCS Board in granting degrees. He indicated that the Boards probably have more than a year to work out a protocol on that issue. Discussions are continuing regarding services to be provided by UK to KCTCS. The KCTCS Board has requested a number of services including student financial aid, capital construction management, purchasing services including stores, communication network services, library services, payroll and benefit services, accounting services, computing support, and grant administration. The University responded on January 6, 1998 with a proposed agreement between the two organizations which is expected to be executed within the next couple of weeks. Mr. Chellgren reported that a lot of time has been spent discussing some of the subtleties of these services, i.e., how long they are going to continue, what sort of reimbursement procedures will be in effect, how budgeting will be handled, and how financial statements will be structured in the future for the Community College System. Discussions continue regarding endowments and financial accounting. The bond agreement between the two organizations to establish responsibilities for the bonds for community college buildings is ready for execution. He mentioned that effective January 14th any new employees in the community college system will be employees of KCTCS rather than employees of the University of Kentucky. Mr. Chellgren said that he or the administration would be happy to answer any questions that the Board might have. Governor Breathitt thanked Mr. Chellgren, the members of the Conimmittee, and the staff of the University for the effective work they are doing in making this a smooth transition. S. Meeting Adjourned There being no further business to come before the Board, the Chairperson adjourned the meeting at 2:20 p.m. Respectfully submitted, Merwin Grayson, Jr. Secretary Board of Trustees (PR 2, 3A, and 5A, and FCR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 which follow are official parts of the Minutes of the meeting.) PRi1 Office of the President January 20, 1998 1. Grand Opening of William T. Young Library Set for April 3 The grand opening of the William T. Young Library has been scheduled for April 3. The featured speaker will be the Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh, president emeritus of the University of Notre Dame. Computers, microform readers, copiers and other equipment will be moved into the new library after it is turned over to UK. Books and journals will be moved from the Margaret I. King Library after the spring semester. About 700,000 volumes must be re-labeled from the Dewey classification system to the Library of Congress system before the move so that all books are cataloged under the same system. 2. Cheerleaders Win Eighth National Title The UK cheerleaders won their fourth straight Universal Cheerleaders Association national title this month in Orlando, Fla. Southeastern Conference schools swept the top three with UK first, the University of Alabama second and the University of Tennessee third. Brook Davis and Doug Stithem of UK won the partner stunt competition and Wildcat mascot Gavin Duerson finished third in the mascot competition. This is UK's eighth UCA national title. 3. Chemist Pioneering Work on New Material With Industrial Potential Robert Haddon, chemistry, has carried out the first electronic structure calculations on the properties of carbon toroids, a type of carbon nanotube. Carbon nanotubes are long pieces of carbon that exhibit metallic properties and are extremely strong. They have potential use in the electronics industry. Had