xt78kp7tnv9m https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt78kp7tnv9m/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1899 journals kaes_bulletins_080 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.80. text Bulletin n.80. 1899 2014 true xt78kp7tnv9m section xt78kp7tnv9m      
KENTUCKY A AL;
AGRICULTURAL LXPLRINILNL STARUN      
STATE COLLEGE OF KENTUCKY.  
BULLEUN NO. 80.  
I. Some Pests Likely to be Disseminated   _  
from Nurseries. · A E U·
2. The Nursery Inspection Law. U A (
C » L A  
LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY,   · `

   { D f=    
.·  l i i I
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·,  .: ·   . ,
  l A   I KENTUCKY C
` BOARD OF CONTROL.
` 4 HART BOSWELL, Chairman, Lexington, Ky.
. i ]. T. GATHRIGHT, Louisville, Ky.
' THOS. TODD, Shelbyville, Ky.
I ]. K. PATTERSON, President of the College. `
M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary.
` STATION OFFICERS. `
M. A. SCOVELL, Director.
I A. M. PETER,
In ]¥ Chemists.
I H. E. cURT1s,_
H. GARMAN, Entomologist and Botanist.
C. W. MATHEWS, Horticulturist.
J. N. HARPER, Agriculturist.
_ V. E. MUNCY, Weather Observer.
~ EDVVARD RHORER, Secretary to Director. _
Address of the Station—LEXINGTON, KY.
NOTICE.
` i The Bulletins of the Station will be mailed free to any citizen of
— Kentucky who sends his name and address to the Station for that i
purpose.
Correspondents will please notify the Director of changes in their `
post-oiiice address, or of any failure to receive the Bulletins.
ADDRESS :
l KENTUCKY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT S’1‘A·1*1oN,
i LEXINGTON, KY.
` `
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BULLETIN N0. 80. A l T
——; % l K
1. SOME PESTS LIKELY TO BE DISSEMINATED    
FROM NURSERIES. \ .
BY H. GARMAN, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST OF THE
sTAT1oN, AND STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.
In preparing the following accounts of pests likely to be  
disseminated on nursery-grown plants, I have been guided
solely by a desire to help Kentucky nurseryinen and fruit _ ._
growers to recognize the most dangerous diseases and insects ·  
of this sort likely to be encountered in the State. With the ‘a'
exception of the Rosette of peach trees, all of the pests con- . y `,
sidered in these brief sketches have been observed by me in l .,
Kentucky, either in nurseries or orchards, or in both. ; 5
We have other insects and some fungus pests that with   l
great carelessness on the part of dealer and buyer might l
become established in this manner in orchards. The large A · V.
Cecropia moth, familiar to every far1ner’s boy because of its ; T '
extraordinary size and attractive colors, places its big silken  
cocoons on the twigs of young fruit trees in the nursery, but I  
is commonly so widely scattered that but little harm is done l A
by it, and the cocoons are so striking in size and character $
* tl1at no nurseryman of intelligence would offer his customers >  
trees to which they were attached. But while most that do A  
serious mischief are noticed, there are others that are liable i
at any time to put in an appearance and claim attention.   O -
These may be treated in future publications, as occasion  
arises. 1
I might mention here, just to call attention to it, the 1
occasional presence in Kentucky, of what is known as crown
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».  J   gall on peach and raspberry. It is not yet k11own what
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.  j causes the disease. The galls rese111ble somewhat those ·
f .   · caused by the woolly aphis of apple. They appear on the
' ` Z underground part of the stem and on tl1e roots.
Y . A second disease, the nature of which is not yet known
· to nie, causes the bark of young apple trees to become rough,
s corky, and finally to split, having thus in its effect a resem—
` g blance to potato scab. These rough places appear about the
V , origins of lateral branches and about buds. It has been
; noticed as especially prevalent 011 Northern Spy, Rambo and
\Villia1ns’ Favorite. ` '
 
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F10. l.-—A field sprayer, su·itable for spraying young trees or other low-
growing Held crops. The distributing bar bearing the nozzles can be
attached to any ordinary spray pump. Manufactured by the Deming
V CO1llI)?llly.
, 51pra yz'21_g· /lhlfhli}/(`};l’.*Tll€ subject of spraying machinery
and insecticides and fungicides has 11ot been discussed in our
bulletins for SOIIIC ti111e, and since the directions for treating
diseased trees given below imply a knowledge of such things, {
it lllily be well to give recipes for the preparations 111ost often
2 mentioned. and to say a few words about sprayers. ,
` Spraying machinery has been greatly improved recently,
• ‘ and special forms have been devised suited to different kinds
of crops. If one wishes to spray grapes only, perhaps the
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i Same Pests Li/cel}, fb 6e Dz'ssemimztm’frqm Nursewes. 203   ;`  
best he can do is to buy one of the knaipsack sprayers, made. 1    
— of· copper and brass. But for spraying orchards this form   {
does not throw the spray with sufficient force and does not »   1
furnish itfreely enough. To spray an orchard of a thousand L g i
or more_ trees, one wants astrong pump with a large barrel or   4 I
tank attached, holding at 'least -forty gallons, since this pro-     i
vision saves time in making up fresh lots of the spraying   1
mixture. The pump,. should _i11 all cases be made of brass. @1  
Most pumps intended for orchard work are constructed so that   I _
they can be conveniently connected with ar barrel or specially l .1
` constructed tank, and the whole be hauled about in a cart or
wagon. Some are attached to a barrelmounted on two wheels, ,
with a handlefiiand iron rest so that they can be hauled about l
l by hand. Asi to which one of these methods is preferable I A
will depend somewhat on the number of trees to be sprayed. 4_
The hand-cart arrangement serves very well even for a small i
orchard. For very large orchards or for nurseries, a horse to .
do the hauling is a great help and will save time. \Vithout · . ..
wishing to discriminate in favor of any firm or firms, but  
solely because I happen to have personal knowledge of their 1*
pumps, I mention from among those known to me the two 1 1 Q
following manufacturers of spraying machinery as able to E I 1
furnish good spraying outfits of almost any sort the fruit 1 }
grower or nurseryman is likely to want :   l
The Deming Company,Salem, Ohio. I 1 i
The Goulds Manufacturing Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y.     A,
ll//Wa/e Oz'! S0aj>.—\Vhen a large number of trees are to   ,
be treated with soap solutions it is well to get this soap   (
because it does not vary so much in quality as the various l ‘
brands of laundry soap. Leggett & Brother, of New York I L
City, some time ago gave me the following prices on their .  
"Anchor Brand \Vhale Oil Soap:" 1 lb. boxes, IOC.; 5o lbs.  
$3.25; 1oo lbs. $5.50; 1 barrel of about 4oo lbs. $15.00. 1 `·
A’c¢·0sc2zc Emir/rr1`01z.—To make an emulsion dissolve     ‘
pound of soap in one gallon of hot water; add to this while E
‘ still hot two gallons of coal oil, then churn for IO minutes by  
passing the two through a force pump, returning to the same 1
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j u: ji   l 204 Bulleiin N0. 80.
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  Q'   Q vessel whence sucked up by the pump. People are heard
  ; ·‘   3 sometimes to direct that in the absence of a pump the emul-
.j  l _   sion be made by stirring vigorously with a stick. I very much `
· _» E “ doubt if a genuine emulsion can be made in this way, with-
‘ . i out an unreasonable expenditure of energy and a severe tax
· · on one’s patience. When the soap solution and oil have been
~ churned together long enough they will not separate when
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` Q · FIG. 2.—A new barrel pump with coal-oil tank in the barrel. Cou-
. structed so that the quantity of oil used can be made to vary from
5 to 25 per cent. l\Ianufactured by the Goulds Company.
allowed to stand, and in this shape can be diluted at will with
water. The extent of the dilution will vary with the use to
which the emulsion is to be put. Ou the trunks and branches
  of trees during fall and winter it can be used much stronger
· than on foliage during summer. The three gallons of emul-
, - sion prepared as above directed may be diluted to make from W
I5 to go gallons.
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FIG. 3.—An improved knapsack sprayer, with a detachable kerosene l  
tank. Provided wlth a foot—rest, so that it can be used as a bucket I
pump. Manufactured by the Deming Company. I
Bordeaux /%`xfz¢rc.-—Tl1e recipe generally given by me to I .‘ I
those who write to the Station inquiring about this mixture is   ‘
the following: Bluestone, 6% lbs.; fresh lime, 3% lbs.; water,    
I 32 allons. I like strong mixtures where the number of I I
g as I _
lants to be treated is not lar e. They increase the cost, of ·
P g I ,
course, and on this account for extensive s rayin , a dilute I _ i_
P g I
form of the mixture is referable. The lime is slaked, and, I ~
P I
a little water being added from time to time, is worked HI
with a wooden paddle until it is about as thick as cream. I ·
Kentucky limes slake so completely that it is not absolutely j I Q
` necessary to strain them through a sieve, as is sometimes    
recommended. The bluestone being dissolved in four or live ,  
gallons of hot water, the lime is stirred slowly into it, and   I
then water is added to make 22, 32, or 42 gallons, as may be   I
desired. The bluestone should cost about S cents per pound.  
Arsmafe q" Lcarz’.—The work done by the State of Mas-  
sachusetts in destroying the gypsy moth, which has proved  
I

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    d l E 206 Bu/Zeiin N0. 80. `
  l-   ; des‘tructive‘in orchards and forests in the eastern part of that
  i ,3   _ State, demonstrated that Paris green, in strengths not injurious
 _‘   to foliage, can not be depended on to destroy some cater- ` I
,~· T,   pillars. Several sprayings with this arsenite did not in all
· _‘   cases prevent the gypsy gmothjfrom defoliating trees. The
{ _ burning properties of Paris green were known to be due to
,_ , the small percentage of arsenic that becomes dissolved in
water, and it was reasoned by those having the gypsy moth
- . ‘ work in charge that if something could be found that did not
i' dissolve in water, a larger quantity could be used and the
?   worms thus be killed without any accompanying injury to the _
g leaves. Arsenate of lead was finally adopted as having these
advantages over Paris green : It is insoluble in water and can
be used even in the proportion of go pounds in 15o gallons of .
· water, without injury to the leaves. It adheres to the foliage
more tenaciously, and with tl1e addition of glucose a single
application can be made to last throughout a season. It is
{ visible on the leaves, because of the whitish coating left when
  the spray dries, ‘ , 5
It has its disadvantages, too, one of which is the danger
to stock from strong mixtures when these drip upo11 grasses
beneath trees. However, as suggested by Messrs. Forbush
` and Fernald in their report upon the gypsy moth, the strong
mixtures necessary for the gypsy moth are not required for
. many other insects, and arsenate of lead can be used for these n
latter in about the same proportions as the more soluble Paris
green.
The arsenate of lead is prepared by dissolving arsenate of
soda in water, in which it is completely soluble,—then adding
- ‘ to the solution sufhcient lead acetate to form a precipitate, the
. arsenate of lead, which remains suspended in the water. In
their Held work tl1e Massachusetts workers used 29.93 per
cent. of arsenate of soda to 7o.oy per cent. of lead acetate.
Prof. Fernald himself advises tl1e use of 4 ounces of arsenate
of soda to II ounces of lead acetate. Two quarts of glucose
i was used in 150 gallons of water.
· ./JLY}'l·.S`_Q“/'(’(.’/I.—TlllS useful insecticide should contain about —
, · 5o per cent. of arsenic. Iinitations are on the market, and
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· Fm, 4.—A three-discharge nozzle of the Vermorel type, Manufactured
by the Goulds Company. · _ `
account for some failures to get the results which Paris green _
gives when it is properly 111ade. The price varies from season
to season, but in small quantities it should cost from 2O to go  
cents per pound. It is important to keep it stirred up while
using. _ _
Bz`sz¢{;§hz'a’c rf Czzrb02z.—Tl1is may be bought in‘pound  
bottles from druggists, or i11 larger quantities from Edward 1
R. Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio. In a circular issued by Mr. , , `Q
Taylor I find the following prices quoted : I ‘ I
go lb. cans, io cents per lb. , ,
go lb. cans, II cents per lb. Q I
‘ IO lb. cans, I2 cents per lb. { .
This insecticide is sold in the form of a fluid. '\\”'hen I ’ 1
exposed to the air its fumes escape and at the sa111e time the i ` I
fluid evaporates very quickly. No animal CZ`ll1 breathe the E
fumes for any length of time, hence its destructive effect upon I  
weevils when poured upo11 infested grain, and upon woolly i , _
aphis a11d grape Phylloxera in the ground. The fumes are  
` infiammable, and must 11ot be allowed to escape in the vicinity l  
of fire.  
SAN jose SCALE. g i
( /1 A/J/·(I’Z·0I(Il5 ]$v1vz1'r1`0szrs.)  
Bulletin 67, published in May, 1897, by this Station, con- ,
I tains a full account of this insect, and gives the best methods ¤
of treating infested trees. It will not be necessary to give `
1

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      §  
I,        l 208 Bulletzbz N0. 80. i
  4 T   ` here more than a brief sketch of it for the convenience of the
  `A   ‘ reader, who is referred to the bulletin for more detailed infor-
  »   _ mation. _ I
  i   Whe11 the bark of fruit trees loses its clean, healthy,
, ' glossy appearance, a thin detachable layer being present that
V ` can be removed by rubbing.; when this layer is found over
T i much of the tree, out near the tips of the branches as well as
, . down near their attachment to the trunk; when the tree ceases
i t to grow and bear, and slowly declines to its death, the prob-
h ‘ ability is that San Jose scale is present, and that the thin
‘ scurfy layer on the bark consists of the scale-like coverings _
i and flat bodies of this singular insect. The insects become
fastened to the bark shortly after being born and do not after-
e wards move about. To the unaided eye the insect nature of .
the layer is not apparent. It is only with the compound
microscope that it can be studied properly.
{ The pest is present in Kentucky, in Fayette, jefferson,
  Grayson and Muhlenberg counties to my certain knowledge,
and probably in isolated orchards elsewhere. fi is M0! in 020*
m¢rse¢·zks.
We are endeavoring to locate all infested orchards in the
· State. Will not our friends notify us of any suspected trees
in their neighborhoods, sending us by mail a few twigs for
examination when possible? Bulletin 67, giving directions
i for treatment, can be obtained by application to the Station. n
THE w00LLY APHIS OF APPLE.
( St`/iZ·Z07Z£’?l7'!l Iayzjgvrn. )
` i C`hzzrac/cr 0f [¢y'zu;,v.—-Tlie effect of attack by this insect is
` often visible chiefly as a general enfeeblement and gradual
decline, resulting, when very severe, ii: the death of the tree.
When the roots of such trees are exposed they are found to be ..
extensively deformed by the growth of knot-like or wart-like
masses of irregular shape and size. The main roots (now
i before me) of a young apple tree obtained at 'Winchester, are
` completely covered with such knobs and must have been of ,
‘ ` very little use to the tree. The aphides with their white
1 . .

 1*
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` `
V ‘ Same Pesfs Likely I0 be Dzksemimztedfrom Nurserzks. 209     i
E E.
cottony covering may often be seen in crevices of the bark,      
especially where this has been injured, and often appear   E
I I on the sprouts that grow up at the bases of trees. Their   i
attacks cause the bark to become rough and warty, and some-     Q
times fissures appear that admit water and thus induce decay.  
In this country the injury above ground is generally not seri- f   i'
ous, but ·in England and on the Continent the trees often l  
become covered with the insects and even the twigs are so Y i
badly stung as to be killed. The injury to the roots is rela- lf l
tively slight there, but here the chief mischief is done by the l `
, insects working on the roots. The latter are not only dis- i i
torted so that they do not perform their functions properly,
but are often so injured that they die and rot away. i
. The Aph2's.—The woolly aphis is a small brown or black,
stout, soft-bodied louse, which secretes from its surface the
white cottony material by which its presence 011 the bark is  
most often detected. The young are somewhat paler in color, i
but otherwise are not especially different from the adult. i
Fully grown wingless examples measure about .07 inch in 4  
length and about .05 inch in diameter. Late i11 tl1e fall dark ii,
colored examples with relatively large thi11 and fragile wings, , ,  
and with little trace of the cottony substance 011 their backs, l * il
are found among the wingless lice; but ordinarily 011 both , ,
_ roots and branches the most of tl1e lice are without wings,    
and have to depend solely on six rather feeble legs for getting  
about. Their motions are rather clumsy as aconsequence, t 1 _
and once established they do not move about 1nucl1. ‘ , · ·
The you11g are born alive during much of the year, and  
no ma/as a_/Jpmr, but toward winter a sexual generation of , Q
wingless egg-producing individuals is developed, a11d each   i
\ female leaves its single egg, so1neti111es enwrapped in its skin, ¥
on tl1e trunk of tl1e tree attached to the bark close to the n  
ground. These egg—laying individuals are very s111all, and .  
when adult have no beak, their sole f1111ctio11 being to produce   1
eggs; this accomplished, they disappear. Y
Dz`.v/rz`lmfz`0n.—For n1any years this aphis has been dis- `
` tributed throughout most the globe, wherever tl1e apple is l
grown. The British are disposed to regard it as of American ,
1
`1“ ‘ ·  I-  .»   . .   .

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;  Y   i 210 Bullctivz N0. 80. ‘ i · _
  ,J     origin., call it, in fact, American blight, and suggest that it
iz  _   i may have lived before the advent of the white man in Amer- .
{ ,   - ica, 0n our 11ative crab-apple. It does attack this tree,` it is
‘ `   true,_ but is known not to be partial to sour apples, and on
F _ other grounds its American origin has been questioned. The
_ . discussion of tl1e subject is profltless at this late date, and
indeed the only fact of economic value thus far brought out
· I by the discussion is that the unrestricted sale of infested
' nursery stock is chiefly responsible for its present wide distri-
_   bution.
, The woolly aphis is often said to be particularly trouble- ·
some in countries where the mean temperature is low, this
view seemingly having been adopted because of its prevalence
r in New England. I do not see how the root-infesting form `
could be more abundant than it is on neglected trees in Ken-
tucky. It is abundant also in Missouri, as attested long ago
f by Dr. Riley, and more recently by Prof. Stedman. The twig
dj and trunk-infesting form is abundant, too, in England, wl1ere
the winters are probably even milder than our own. \Vhen
all the- facts are known it will probably be found to thrive
wherever any considerable 11u1nber of apple trees are grown.
As to the kind of soil and situation in which it is most at
home, opinions of practical 111611 vary. Some assert that it
~ cannot do much injury i11 a stiff clay soil, still others that it -
is most injurious in such soil. A free use of stable manure,
by loosening the soil, encourages it according to one man, and
discourages it according to another. One lllflll is very sure
that low damp ground is just the place it prefers to all otl1ers,
` ` while his neighbor is just as positive that it is much more
~ destructive 011 slopes where the natural drainage is good. The
explanation of this conflict of opinion and experience is to i
be found in the fact that the woolly aphis thrives i11 a variety V
of situations, low and high. I believe that here in Kentucky
, it has oftenest bee11 observed destructive on level land, but
l one of the worst infested lots of trees that has come under 1ny
‘ observation in the State grew on rather high and sloping \
• ‘ ground. i

 l 2 
l 2 ~
‘ l if
Some Pcsfs Lz'ke@/ ia be DZ`SS€7}ZZ'7ld[€d_]9’07}Z N2¢rserz`es. 211 j    
One of the most thorough-going of the early accounts*      
was published in 1830 by Mons. Blot, a Frenchman. He i l  
advises growers of trees to avoid for nurseries, low and humid _ ; .
W places, because of the greater danger there from aphis. lt is V1    
possible that the rank and succulent growth of both root and    
branch in places where there is abundant moisture may be     l'
inviting to the woolly aphis, not only as affording it tenderer Z
food, but because of the concealment which a rank growth    
offers it. It is a common belief, at any rate, that tl1e trees that { I
are permitted to sprout at the base are most commonly the j  
· ones upon which the egg—laying females are produced. It is
with this idea in mind, apparently, that Blot advises that in
botl1 orchard and nursery the heads of the trees be kept open , i
` to favor circulation of the air and drying of the soil. Rub-
bish and twigs should, he says, be removed from under the
trees, and the plow be employed frequently. _  
Treatment. - V
The form which appears on the trunks and branches i  
may be destroyed by spraying with a diluted coal-oil l,
emulsion, or in some cases simply by rubbing the infested j , si
places with a cloth saturated with the emulsion. Mons. Blot l · p
advises using a torch made of straw, but suggests that it must , I
_ be employed with some caution to avoid injury to the tree. 5  
As being more completely under control for this purpose, the   j i
gasoline blast-lamp used by mechanics for burning off old , 1 V
paint, melting metals, etc., may be mentioned. Such lamps E - ~
are now made for insect work, selling for from $3.50 to $4.00,   ‘
and are useful about a farm for other purposes. The air pump   [
with which they are provided produces a large jet of intensely j l
\ hot flame thatcan be passed quickly over infested trees, kill- i J
ing insects on the bark, but not penetrating the latter. i  
In this region the root—infesting lice are so much 111ore l  
prevalent that treatment must, in the majority of cases, be   (
directed towards tl1e1n. For the greater part of a century  
  l
` *I have not seen the original publication, but have before me Amyot  
et Serville‘s Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, 1843, in-which l\Ions. Blot’s 1
work is quoted (p. 612). {
, 1

 i    Q   f
2  5 S‘   l
{ i  i  
{ Q   Y 212 Bu!/efivz N0. 80. i `
Q  i .   j tobacco dust has been employed by fruit growers about the
    roots of infested trees. Blot, in 1830, recommended putting `
  '   · about the bases of trees a mixture of tobacco a11d Hne sand.
’ A Z Some experiments recently made at the Missouri Station by
7 Prof. ]. M. Stedman, suggest that ground tobacco stems is
1 more effective for woolly aphis than has been supposed. His
method of using it was to dig away the earth for several feet
l - i about a tree, to a depth of from four to six inches, and in the
V I depression spread from 2% to 5 pounds of tobacco dust, this
~ being covered with the earth taken out. Fifteen trees treated
  in this way on the 29th of june were treated again in the
same_ way August 15. When they were inspected on the last
of October only two of the trees had any trace of aphides on
‘ the roots, and these but one colony each, where possibly the
tobacco had not been as thickly spread as elsewhere. Fifteen
p badly infested trees in another orchard were treated in the
i same way and were found in October to be entirely free from
  woolly aphis.
It is practicable to treat nursery trees in the rows with
the same material, by plowing or hoeing furrows alongside.
Prof. Stedman advises dusting tobacco in the earth in which
young trees are being set.
Gas Lz`me.—In 1886 Mr. VV. G. Klee published the
— results of his experience with this substance in a bulletin n
p from the California Station, claiming that it is a very satisfac-
tory remedy for use on orchard trees. In his first experiment
with it he placed it close about the trunk and removed the
earth, to bring it near the roots, with the result that the trees
· i were in some cases injured by it, although it cleared the roots
— of aphides. He next put ashes about the trunk of the tree to »
keep the gas lime away and simply spread the latter on the `
ground. This was done in October. He says :
"On the trees examined thus far, tl1e result has been very satisfac-
. tory. Tl1ey show by the knots and swellings on the roots that they were
l once badly infested; still, there is no aphis on them now, while on a
‘ few otl1er trees left without treatment the insects are crowded." ~
° i The quantity to be used varies with the size of the tree
and the character of the soil. A porous soil which allows the
1- . .

 I I M
M  
Same Pesfs Lzketjl 1*0 be Dz`ssemz`¢zaiedfr0m Nurserzkw. 213      
.matter washed out of the gas lime to pass through readily l    
requires more, while a clayey soil keeps it about the roots 1   i
longer, and if much is used they are liable to be corroded.   E I
One shovelful for a small tree and four for a large one is, he   I
says, about what is needed. ` i j F
Hai I/I/2zter.——Boili1ig water, used on the roots after remove i  
ing the soil so that it can reach them, is strongly advocated   j
by some of our best horticulturists. { f
Bzkuébhzkie q' Carb07z.—This fluid can be introduced into j `_
soil either with a specially made injector (like a large syringe) A
or by driving a round stake into the ground and pouring the
bisulphide into the hole thus made, t·hen filling with earth. , j
Prof. Stedman, who has experimented with this substance, `
also, advises using two or three ounces to a tree and injecting
it a couple of feet from the trunk on two or more sides. A ‘f
too free use of this fluid is liable to injure the trees, especially
if injected too near the trunks.
Treainzeizi gf Nzutscijy Sian/z.—Nurserymen are not likely  
to send out very badly infested trees. The conspicuous knots i‘•
on the roots attract the attention of the purchaser at once and . j `;
lead to complaint. But some of the less careful ones still { ` .,
neglect to treat trees that have some of the aphides on the ; i
stems. I had one complaint from a buyer this year concern-    
ing trees he had bought of a Virginia nurseryman and had  
not yet planted. N0 zbyksird frees, no matter how slightly 1 i ,
they are affected, should be allowed to go from the nurersy. ; ‘ ‘
It is such a simple matter to dip trees, where suspected, in a  
dilute coal oil emulsion kept in a vat for the purpose, that ‘ l
there would seem to be no excuse for neglecting this precau— j A _
tion. Buyers should examine trees before planting to see if E
\ they are infested with the insect. As I have said in other I »
connections, they will never after planting the trees have so  
good a chance to get rid of the insects.  
The nurseryman is urged to burn promptly all refuse trees. i
It is not enough simply to take them up and throw them
aside. Neglected, overgrown stuff attracts such pests, and  
thus keeps a nursery infested. \Vhen trees are past the j
1
"”*-  I  V . . .    

   Z . ·. j j
F 2 ~f I
 ` `   ‘ 214 B1://clzbz N0. 80. .
.  i 5   r ` j
  Qi   l salable age the sooner they go to make up a good bonfire the
;·  ·` Q . better. Thesame 1nay be said of all useless apple trees, old
`    ` or young, growing about a place; they often serve as breeding
ii _ E places for pests of this sort.
Z . ‘ · Resistant Varieties. V
‘ It is very commonly held that there are resistant
varieties, among which Rawles janet is often mentioned.
A Z The subject is worthy of closer attention than it has
A r yet received in this country. It is not improbable that
T varieties exist that might beused as stocks that would
‘ be but little injured by woolly aphis, just as American
grapes are largely immune to the attacks of Phylloxera.
Mons. Blot, the French writer referred to, among other "pre- `
` cepts" adopted as a result of hisobservation along this line,
says: "Use for planting only the seed of sour varieties."
, Sweet apples are believed to be especially subject to attack.
,l Ill Australia this subject of resistant varieties has been given
  a good deal of attention, `and fruit growers there sometimes
claim that they have mastered the subject so far as injury to
the roots is concerned.   one writer expresses it, by the
intelligent use of resistant stocks they can snap their fingers
at the American blight.
r In his work on the destructive insects of Victoria, pub- .
` lished at Melbourne in 189r, Mr. C. French, the Government .
Entomologist, writes in explanation of the discovery of resist-
ant varieties:
" According to the late Mr. '1`reen, the first systematic experiments
_ with the non-blighting stock, the ‘Majetin,’ were carried out by Messrs.
` T. Lang & Co., the well—kuown nurserymen of Melbourne and Ballarat,
· ill 1868-70, their attention having been drawn to this apple in l862, and
tothe descriptions thereof given by Geo. Lindley in his ‘Guide to the \
Orchard} Lindley says that, at the time of the publication of his book,
40 years ago, it was noticed t