xt79057csx3p https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt79057csx3p/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1927 journals kaes_circulars_001_2_102_02 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 102 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 102 1927 2014 true xt79057csx3p section xt79057csx3p COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
[ Extension Division
’ THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director
I CIRCULAR NO. 102
I (Revised)
j THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HOG
l
e CHOLERA
1
l
  nie:
Lexington, Ky.
'IW (lll December, 1927.
s, ilu!.
we out
id the
of the
sr and
411 the
fuullltl Published in connection with the agricultural extension work carried
\("l'l`l~ OH by cooperation of the College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky,
with the U. S. Department of Agriculture and distributed in furtherance
of the work provided for in the Act of Congress of May S, 1914.
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If the
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Hog eliolera is the inost destrnetive
disease with which swine owners have to
contend.
l \Yl1€‘l1 hogs sicken, cholera shonltl he
the first disease suspected. An early diag—
nosis is very important.
Hog cholera is very inteetions and
" every sanitary precaution should he taken
to prevent its spread.
The best known preventive is vaccina-
tion with anti-hog-cholera sernin.
For the permanent control and eradi-
cation of hog cholera elleetive szinitation,
carried ont in conjunction with vaccina-
tion, is absolutely essential.
 
 

 ExTEN$|0N CIRCULAR N0. 102
THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HOG
CHOLERA
By w. w. ¤|M0cK
Hog cl1olcra. is more or less prevalent at all times. It is
one of tl1e most serious diseases of hogs with which swine owners
have to contend. lt is an infectious and highly contagious dis-
ease, with a high death rate. llog cholera spreads rapidly
from animal to animal in tl1e licrd. and often from farm to farm
in tl1e connnunity.
CAUSE AND HOW SPREAD
The cause of hog cholera is a tilterable virus, found in
the blood and tissues of infected hogs. lt is present in the
urine, excrement and body excretions of the sick hog, and also
in tl1e discharges from the eyes and nose. Many hogs that
have apparently recovered from cholera n1ay harbor the virus,
and are therefore infection carriers. often spreading the di-
sease.
Outside the body of the hog, the virus of hog cholera may
exist in tl1e soil, in decaying vegetable matter, water, garbage,
and on all objects contaminated by the cholera hog. The virus
is carried from farm to farm by infected hogs: it may be car-
ried by streams, drainage and by any object. person or animal
that has been in an infected pen. Considering the country as
a whole, traffic in hogs is undoubtedly the most frequent way
in which virus is spread from place to place. Some of the hogs
entering into traftic are infected before they leave the farm,
others contract the disease at public stockyards. Many hogs are
slaughtered for food that are already infected and particularly
in setahlishnients not under state and federal supervision. Any

 il
4 Ifeiztur/.·y ]J.l‘[(`)lS[0}l ('1`rcu{.<1r No. Itt.;'
part of the carcass from such a hog llllly carry sullicient virus
to start Elll outhreak of the disease. 'l`hus, fresh pork trimmings
are recognized as a means hy which infection nmy he spread.
CONTROL MEASURES
Vaccination will play an important l>2ll'l in any plan 1`or thc
control and eradication of hog cholera, hut vaccination without
the application of other effective COl1l1`l)l measures will not re-
sult i11 permanent rcliel`. 'l`l1e consistent and systematic use of
anti-hog cholera serum and hog cholera virus for the immuniza-
tion of swine against hog cholera will keep the disease under
measurable control and must he relied upon ztliuosl altogctlicr
_£ for the individual herd until such time as we arc really to put
i into effect a program that is broad enough in scope lo meet
every contingency.
When the swine owners of the country are ready and will
ing to cooperate in tl1c C11i`Ol`CClllt‘llI of the rules and regula-
tions neeessary to make sanitary measures for the prevention
il of the spread of hog chole1·a really elliective and will adjust their
methods of handling hogs accordingly, then, and only then, will
serious outbreaks of the disease he prevented and severe losses.
such as have occurred in the past, he avoided.
To control and eradicate hog cholera o11 a l`arm and ln pre-
vent its spread i11 a community, the following precautions are
necessary:
Any pig showing evidence of ill health should he separated
from the rest ofthe herd and closely oltserved l'or developments.
Depression, loss of appetite and a high temperature are always
suggestive of hog chole1·a. lt, is, however, not always possililc
to make a positive diagnosis of hog cholera. l`rom simply ol»st-i·v-
ing the sick pig. Tlierefore. if a hog dies, a post-mortem should
be held and the organs carefully examined for the lesions ol`
cholera. In a la1·gc herd where no dead hogs are availahle l`or
post—mortcmy it is often advisahle to kill a sick hog l'or exam-
ination. It often happens that when cholera infection occurs in
a.healthy herd, one individual will sicken and die some days
before the herd as a whole shows evidence ol` sickness. 'l`here-
i

 The l)}'(‘I'C7l[l·0}lt am! Control of Hog Cholera 5
jms fore, it is important to know the cause of death of the first pig
mlgg that dies. lf the premises are badly infected, a number of pigs
(_ may sickcn at about the same time.
Burn o1· bury deeply all pigs that die, regardless of the
cause of death.
l` llw All pigs purchased and brought to the farm should be kept
lmm under close observation, in separate quarters, for at least three
l W1 weeks.
se ol
HMP lf sick pigs recover following good care or a change of feed
MIM or the administration of a medicinal agent or a so-called hog
,,10, cholera. remedy, it is unwise to assume that such treatment is
) Pm specific for hog cholera, but rather that the disease from which
mw, the hogs suffered was not cholera. Many infections and para-
sitic diseases of swine, and also yarious forms of malnutrition
“m> and untliriftiness clinically resemble hog cholera in some re-
wh, spects.
ntion
their THE COMMON DISEASES OF HOGS
— will The following infectious conditions may be mentioned as
*****`*- occurring among swine; hog cholera. infectious necrotic en-
teritis (intestinal neerobacillosis, infectious colitis, infectious
> l*l`¤‘· diarrhea), dysentery of sucking pigs. infectious stomatitis, in-
# MVP fectious rhinitis (snuftles), thumps, measles (infectious papu-
lar dermatitis)_ pneumonia, influenza of swine (flu, infectious
rate·l bronchial pneumonia), paraplcgia. (paralysis), aetinomycosis,
tents. tuberculosis, abortion, tetanus. rabies, arthritis. malignant
lway> oedema, anthrax, botulism, and non-specific septicemia.
  ' The parasitic conditions are, csternally, lousiness and scab-
lmuhl Es; there are two forms ot sealues or nrangc,·sarcopt1c and
Us of emodectic; internally, stomach. worms, 1]llt‘Sll11£ll·H11(l lung
lv for Worms, kidney worms, muscle trichina, or triehmosis, and the
cystic stage of ccrtam tapcworms. In addition to the infec-
l`X‘"ll` tious and parasitic diseases, there a1·e many organic diseases
  gflgirgafigggl to the individual, and also poisoning from various
llll(‘l't‘·

 l
6 ]\’(‘}l{I(('L'_l/ 12'.l`[t')l-Sl·())l ('liI`t‘?(LtII` .\'o. lo.!
INFECTION MAY REMAIN MANY MONTHS
The virus of hog cholera may retain its vitality outside
tl1e pig`s body for many months. lixperimental work on pen
infection, and records of infected farms show that the lit`e ot`
the hog cholera virus varies greatly, depemling upon eomli-
tions. Destruction of the virus may he hust··m·tl hy doing
away with conditions that proteet it. 'l`horo eleaning uml dis-
infection of hog houses uml lots is essential. livery eorner aml
covered plaee must he eleaned, it` sueeess in destroying the
Vi1‘l1S is QXp9CiCd. 'l`he 2ll‘('llllllllilllt)]1 ot' eolis. lt‘2l\'&‘S_ Sll`ll\\',
bO3.I‘dS, litter, 1I12lI1lll`t’, waste l`eel'(‘\'f‘llll\`t‘ for hog t·l1<»lt·ru is
md illlll-ll<>Q-i‘lIi>lt’l`il Sl‘l'lllll. This svriim is111ull (ll'l{J'lllIill_\` oiitlimwl hy Dorset,
Emu Niles uml )lt·l·iri¤l<-. S<‘l’lllll protlm-tion hus iwritliutl u higxh tlc-
.(.l.S \’<‘l(>1>lllt'lll in hoth tpiuutity uml tpiulity. Nvruin ]ll'(>llll.‘\’ll hy
wu biologgivul luhorutori<·s uml usctl for iiitcrstutc ship1m·11t is Illiltli?
my uml tcstctl for pott·m·y umlvr Q`lt·hlootl svriiui or clvur
scruiii. uml muy ho usvtl uh»m· or with virus.
S\\'ll1t· <1\\llt‘l`S ll§l\'Q lll) (‘lltlll‘\‘ lllll ll) ll$(‘ St‘l'l1]1l Ellltl virus
for tho ]Pl`t>l(‘l‘ll{>ll of thvir lll_‘1'llS uguiiist t·holt·ru 1111lil thu priu-
liS_ cipul SOlll'('t'S of tliss<·mi11utioi1 of ·lm· l]llit‘t'Il<>ll uri; hroiight umlcr
(WC control. l`po11 tht· [>l`l‘\`t‘llll¤>]1 ot` (‘lllllt‘l'2l tlvpvmls the Nll<‘Ct‘$$
the of thosv <‘IlQ’2l§`l*tl in tho swim* imlitstry. vllllUlIN&llltlS of hogs i1‘1
Cm tht- lvuittnl Ntutvs l'lt‘ll rims into millions of tlollurs.
llog t·holt~ru is zi hvrtl tlisvznsc. lossvs in 11011-lllllllllllé herds
, iS h<*i11;;‘us hiuh us nimqty to ]llllt‘I}'-lllllt‘ ]1<'l'<‘t‘lll.
Immunity ohtuimwl hy tho Sl‘l`l1ll1·ill<`l1lO lllt*lllt>tl is tcm-
tlm ])Ol`Hl‘}', vuryiiig from liw to oight wt~t·l(I, tor geiieral adoption. \\e have ohserved outbreaks ot
l*’$ . . . .. ·
"t cholera lll shoats weighing 100-12.1 ]>t)ll]llIt1\\`lllQ` lill'ZlL’fl'2l 1hs are taken from the 1*e wrt of the
Illia . · l
—j [ eo111111ittee ot` the lvIlllt‘tl States liiive Steel: Sill1ll2ll'\' Assoeiatioii.
1 .
1eh 011 the (lIIl'(‘l't*llll21l diagnosis of the lIll\t‘i'lll')llS diseases of swine.
um "'l`l1e ('(>llllillllCC wishes to (‘lllI)ll{lSlZC the 1`aet that hog
uw cholera still is_ illltl lltl doultt will l"t>llllllIlt‘ to Ine. the Illflit 1111-
SIX portaut illl`t}l'Il()llS disease of S\\`lllC \\'llll whieh we l1ave to cou-
om tend. More etleetive eoiitrol of hog eholera will eo111e from an
][— . . . .
Q early (IlilyZ`llt>SlS Zllltl a more general Ellltl eousisteut use of a11t1—
Y  
lm hog-eholera St‘1'lllll.
VW V. . , .
"lllSIHl'\', S\`lIl 1to111s illlil lt‘SlflllS of this disease are so well
. . l
H lil10\\'1l tl1at there is 110 exeuse for \`0It}l'lll2ll'lilllS beiiig unfamil-
ie . .
_ 1Zl1‘ with lllOlll.
111-
ml; "lll llléllly herds where eholera l1ll`QCl]0Il exists, Other 111-
]gK_ feetioiis, either speeitie or lltlll-Sl)t‘(‘lIlt'. illltl parasites may he
.· )1`(%SC1lIC to the dearee of lll0Llll`\`lll$.Z` the eliuieal 1ieture aud
nllll _ - · - _ _
1 to lesions ol cholera. aud, theretore, the one l1l2ll{ll1Q` tl1e exa111111a-
_ tion may be misled as to tl1e 1l'lll1ill'\’ eause of the existiual
Iu1— ~ l - ~
mrc ll0lll1l(‘.
ride hlll diseases l'(‘S(‘lllllIlllQ` hog eholera, the ]1rese1u·e of hog
ow- Cholera l]lfCl’Il(lll must. he tositivelv exeluded hefore other
l .
·OOd agents eau l1e aeeepted as priuiary or l11lpOl‘lll1ll eauses.°`
0“" Ill ease of sweepiitg illi.O£’l'lOll, followed hy severe losses.
UCC either I)L‘l.()l'(‘ or suhsequeiit to se1*u111-vi1*11s ll`C£lllllt‘llI`. the possi-
IYUS bility of tl1e preseiiee oi` the tilterahle \`ll'llS always should be
WSC taken lllltl t‘OllSltlt‘l`2lIlUll.

 1 /`
4
10 I1'111/111·k_1/ Ill`/(`)I.])
a Iastittg resistatiee to hog eltt11e1·a 1111-t‘('11Ul1, 2l1'1t‘1‘ \'21(‘t‘1Il2l11|\ll
with S(‘1`11Ill 211111 virus. '1`hese S0~l‘2111(‘(1 hreaks are itI)l)Z11`t‘l111y
due to t11ff1‘1`Ol11 causes, some of whieh are little 111111e1·stoot1.
and present <1it`tie1t1t. ]>1‘(}1l1(‘l1lS 111 ]l11}'S1()1t){.{`)'_ ])11_\`$111 ot' one ttiseasett (‘(>l1·
ditiott to 2l1lO111l‘l' when eoexistettt 111 the saute i111111·i111t:11.
The s111·ee>s1’111 i1111111111izati1111 ot` swine agaittst hog ('1l(11t‘l`2l
is first of 1111 (1l‘[)(‘ll(1(‘llT 11111111 t11e 1111te111·y of the Sl‘l'llll1 :11111
virus used 211111 its I)l'()[)t*1` El<1lll11l1S1l`2111(t]l. A S1llt1}' ot` a 1:11*:0
I1l1IIl1)(‘I` of 11(’1'(1S 111 \\`111(‘11 p0S1—\'2!<‘L'1I]2l11Ull 1I't>ll1l1t‘ l1t‘\`t‘1<1]1•‘11
has brottght 0111 the i`a1·t tltat 111 111:111}* 11l¥1211ll‘(‘S lossex 1.011t1\\`-
t ing vaeeiiiatioii are 1111e to causes :11111 (‘()11<1111e1;y;11·11s 11t1'e1·s 1'2l11l<‘I`
limited op11o1·t1111ity to the O]N‘1'211OI` to 1111 lI10l‘<‘ 1112111 ]tl`(1]1l‘l`1}'
, administer the se1·11111 and virus. III t11e \'ill't'1l12l11t1l1 of swine
raised or mai11t:11ne<1 on t11e ftlflll, with :1 few exeeptiotis. every
existing condition that might tend to 1111111ify lll11i&l\’O1`2l1\1}' the
I`€SU11S of VHCC1I`1El11011 Hltly 1)C 1{11()\\'ll tlIl(1 12l1{(‘ll 11110 <'t>l1S1l1<‘l`i1·
tion.
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