xt79319s240j https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt79319s240j/data/mets.xml DeFriese, Lafayette H. 1877 books b96-12-34887995 English Yeoman Press, : [Frankfort, Ky. : Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Timber Kentucky. Report on the timbers of Grayson, Breckinridge, Ohio, and Hancock counties / by L.H. DeFriese. text Report on the timbers of Grayson, Breckinridge, Ohio, and Hancock counties / by L.H. DeFriese. 1877 2002 true xt79319s240j section xt79319s240j
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY.
N. S. SHALER, DIRECTOR.
REPORT ON THE TIMBERS
oF
GRAYSON, BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK
COUNTIES,
BY L. H. DEFRIESE.
PART IX. VOL. II. SECOND SERES.
331 & 332
This page in the original text is blank.
INTRODUCTORY LETTER.
Professor N. S. SHALER, Director Kentucky Geological Survey.
DEAR SIR: In 1874 the Geological Survey commenced a
study of Kentucky timbers with special reference to the eco-
nomic features of the State. In pursuance of the plan inaugu-
rated then, and followed out by Messrs. Crandall and Hussey
in their outcoming reports on the timbers of Greenup, Carter,
Boyd, Lawrence, Barren, and Edmonson counties, I now sub-
mit a report on the timbers of Grayson, Breckinridge, Ohio,
and Hancock counties.
The report is based upon a careful study made in those
counties during May and June, 1876, and will be found, I
think, tolerably thorough and accurate.
Very respectfully,
L. H. DEFRIESE.
333 & 334
This page in the original text is blank.
REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON, BRECK-
INRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK COUNTIES.
In the following report it will be noticed that I have con-
fined my attention mostly to the trees, descending occasionally
to the shrubs. The reason is obvious. In a report, whose
object is mainly to give what is of economic value to the State,
the timbers must occupy the chief place. While it would have
been a pleasure to me to embrace in my study endogenous
botany, especially the cryptogamia, every moment devoted to
them would have been that much taken from the too short
time that I had to devote to the timbers themselves.
The method of study pursued has been as follows: start-
ing out from Leitchfield I followed the Leitchfield and Clover-
port road northwest to the Ohio river, at Cloverport; thence
down the Ohio to Hawesville; then southwest, across Han-
cock county, and back southeast, across Ohio county, to the
Paducah Railroad, at Rosine Station. In this way I obtained
two sections of timber, from Leitchfield north to the Ohio
river, far enough apart to give any marked changes in the
timber. Along the road, in both cases, I selected stations
varying from four to eight miles apart, according to the
local changes in timbers, and took a plot of representative
ground, usually 50 or ioo yards square, on which I took the
number of trees of different kinds. I carefully separated the
old timber from the younger growth in all cases, in order
to see how the future forest of Kentucky would compare
with the present one in the relative per cents. of different
kinds of timber. I also noted the position of the plot chosen
for such enumeration-whether level, hillside, or hilltop;
whether the exposure, if on a hillside, was north or south;
the geological formation, the relative size, height, etc., of the
33s
REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON,
different kinds of trees. Mr. Crandall originated the idea,
in 1874, of studying hill timber with reference to the points
of the compass, in order to see the difference in timber pro-
duced by a northern, southern, eastern, or western exposure.
In order to do that a rounded hill is selected, and at its base
four plots of ground are chosen, on the north, south, east, and
west sides respectively, and the per centage of different tim-
bers carefully noted; then four other plots, half way up the
hill, are chosen and counted in the same way; and finally the
timber of the hilltop is carefully noted. Observations of this
kind, extending over a considerable area, give sufficient data
to show the effects upon the timber, both of the height above
drainage and of direction of exposure. On page i6 of this
report is a diagram giving the result of such observations
made by me in Western Kentucky. I have also tried to con-
nect any marked changes in the timber with the geological
changes that caused them. Of course this is not always pos-
sible, for the conditions of timber growth are confined largely
to the surface of the ground. It is, therefore, possible that a
local change of the surface stratum will produce a change in
the per centage of different timbers without the geological
change being sufficient to notice. It is a question whether, if
the flora of a country were closely studied with reference to
its condition of growth, it would not form a nicer index to the
surface changes of soils than the geologist now possesses.
Up to this time, however, botany and geology have not been
sufficiently connected to render them mutual aids in difficult
cases.
While speaking of the connection between geology and
botany, I wish to call attention to a rather marked example of
it in Grayson county. The coal-measure series crosses the
Leitchfield and Hartford road, in a very irregular northwest
and southeast direction, about I2 miles from Leitchfield. The
line of juncture between it and the Sub-carboniferous can be
easily traced towards the Paducah Railroad. After crossing
this juncture, on through the coal measures north to the Ohio,
the liriodendron tulipfera (tulip tree, erroneously called yellow
336
BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK COUNTIES.
poplar all through the country), forms a conspicuous part of
the forest. Its massive, cylindrical trunk, from two to five feet
in diameter, is seen everywhere, on lowland and highland
alike. But after crossing over into the Chester shale, near
Leitchfield, scarcely a liriodendron is to be seen. So marked
and conspicuous is its absence that the eye can trace the giv-
ing out of the Chester shale toward the coal measures by that
alone. A very few scrubby liriodendrons are found in choice
locations (heads of branches, streams, etc.) near the juncture
on the Chester shale side; but these soon give out, and within
three or four miles of the juncture not one is to be seen. This
marked disappearance in that region is doubtless due to sur-
face changes caused by the change of formation, the coal
measures supplying more of that loose, sandy, moist surface
so suitable to the liriodendron. This absence of the lirio-
dendron is confined to the Chester shale, however, and does
not extend through the whole of the Sub-carboniferous; for
further on, in the "sinking region," the surface exposure is
the St. Louis limestone, on which the tulip tree grows in great
numbers, and to great size.
Another instance of change in.timber, due to a modification
of the surface soil, is found in a remarkable belt of woods
crossing the Hartford and Cloverport road about twelve miles
from Cloverport. The belt is about five miles wide, on a soil
of thin, shaly sandstone, which forms a nearly level tract of
land. Although the ground is at least one hundred and fifty
feet above the drainage of the country, the loose sandy soil
is always moist. The consequence is a forest of liriodendron,
chestnut, white oak, and three varieties of hickory, whose
noble size and height I have not seen surpassed in Kentucky.
In addition to these, but in less numbers, are also found laurel
oak, black sugar maple, water beech, white elm, etc. The
change is very marked on passing from this wood-belt into the
ordinary timbers that bound it on each side.
In addition to the methods of choosing plots and numbering
trees, mentioned before, between these plots I walked along,
noting down every variety of tree that occurred, so as to
VOL. IL-22 337
7
8 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON,
correct any error that might be made in choosing a piece of
ground which did not fully represent the timber of the imme-
diate locality. I then walked off the road on each side, mak-
ing my observations extend over a belt about five miles wide,
so as to still farther insure a correct representation of the
timber.
The chief timbers of value in that part of Western Ken-
tucky studied by me are: black walnut (Juglans nigra), white
walnut (J. cinerea), white hickory ( Carya microcarpa), shagbark
hickory (C al/a), white oak (Quercus a/ba), swamp white oak
(Q. bico/or), post oak (Q. ob/usi/oba), chestnut oak (Q. casta-
nca), mountain chestnut oak (Q. mon/ica), swamp chestnut oak
(Q. prinus), tulip tree (Liriodendron fulipfera), hop hornbeam
(ironwood [Ostrya virginica] ), white ash (Fraxinus americana),
blue ash (F. quadrangulata), black ash (F. sambrucifolia), black
cherry ( Cerasus sero/ina), sugar maple (Acer saccharinum), black
sugar maple (Acer nigrum), black birch (Be/u/a len/a), beech
(both B. sylvatica and B. ferruginea), and chestnut (Castanea
vesca). Of these the black walnut is of course the most valuable.
It is found scattered all through Western Kentucky, in open
places and about fields, where other timbers have been cut
away or deadened. It is nearly all second growth, however,
the old forest growth having been ruthlessly destroyed. The
largest amount of primal walnut timber I found was on Beech
Fork of Clover Creek, up near the head waters. Occasion-
ally a forest tree of it is left standing in other localities, but it
is very rare. Even the second growth, which would be very
valuable in time, is meeting with the same fate as the first;
and reckless hands are cutting it away for such rude purposes
as rail-making as fast as it springs up. From the study I
made of the walnut, I find the second growth comes up only
in open spots of ground, where it is not overshadowed and
choked out by other more rapidly growing and less valuable
timbers. That causes it to spring up mostly about dwelling-
houses and cleared pieces of ground-the very localities where
it soonest meets with destruction. If farmers could only con-
sider that a single tree of good walnut timber is worth more
338
BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK COUNTIES.
than their best acre of land, they would take more pains to
encourage the growth of a timber which is becoming so scarce
in our country, and for which there is such great demand. I
believe, with a little extra care, such as trimming out and
killing other fast-growing timbers of little or no value, taking
moderate pains to secure, in such localities as best suited the
walnut, a good undergrowth of it, etc., that a considerable
forest of this valuable timber might be secured and kept in
Kentucky.
Next to the walnut in value, and fully as scarce, is the black
cherry. The wood is so valuable in cabinet work, for the
reason that it is very compact, close-grained, and receives a
high polish. In a few years, at the present rate of destruc-
tion, it will have disappeared from our Kentucky forests.
The great forest timber of Western Kentucky is the white
oak, which probably forms forty or fifty per cent. of the entire
forest trees, or nearly as much as all other species together.
Its timber is so valuable in the making of wagons, agricul-
tural implements, and all other articles where a tough, dura-
ble, nicely-grained wood is required, and one which warps but
little in seasoning, that no special mention of its claims is
necessary. But the very abundance of white oak in the Ken-
tucky forests to-day obscures the extermination to which it is
liable, and which is fast approaching. I took particular pains
to notice the conditions of growth of the white oak, and I
find that, while at present it forms the large per cent. of
the forest timbers given above, in the undergrowth, which
is to be the future forest of Kentucky, it falls from 40 or 50
per cent. to about 8 per cent., while its place is taken by such
valueless timbers as the pin oak, black oak, Spanish oak, and
black hickory. This proves that the latter timbers are of
more rapid and hardy growth than the white oak, and that, in
a contest for supremacy, the white oak will finally be exter-
minated. The extinction of our white oak would be nothing
less than a calamity-one which should be avoided if possible.
The white walnut is found in considerable quantities, as sec-
ond growth, all through Western Kentucky near the Ohio
339
9
REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON,
river. Its reddish-colored, light wood is very valuable in pan-
eling and all ornamental works. Its bark is cathartic. The
white hickory is likewise a valuable timber, found in consider-
able quantities, scattered all through these counties, and very
extensively used in making ax-handles, hammer-handles, axle-
trees, and other such work. The wood is much smoother and
finer-grained than that of the shagbark hickory, though the
timber of the latter is likewise valuable. The larger part of
the chestnut oak in Western Kentucky is of the swamp vari-
ety, though the monticola, a mountain variety of the same, is
met with on the mountain tops. The former is valuable for
its timber, and has a straight, unbranching trunk 40 to 6o feet
high. The latter (monticola) is valuable only for its bark,
which contains a large amount of tannic acid that renders it
useful to the tanner. Along the line of the Paducah Rail-
road, where transportation facilities can be had, quite an im-
portant traffic is going on in this bark, car-loads of which are
constantly shipped.
Every lumberman knows the value of the liriodendron or
tulip tree. It is one of the noblest forest trees of Kentucky,
with its massive, cylindrical trunk, two to five feet in diameter
and forty to sixty feet long. It is found everywhere between
Leitchfield and the Ohio river, after crossing the Chester
shale near Leitchfield. While not quite so large a per cent.
of it is found in the undergrowth as in the old forest timber,
still its growth is rapid, and I see no reason to apprehend its
early extinction.
The white and blue ash are also common timbers in West-
ern Kentucky, which are exceedingly valuable. They grow
best in moist, loose, sandy forests and along streams, and
their wood is tough, elastic, light, and strong. They are the
woods used in the best buggies and carriages, where lightness
and durability are both required. The black ash is found
mostly near water, in swamps and moist woods, and is largely
used by the cooper in barrel-making and other such work.
The hop hombeam (iron wood) is a very hard, tough, strong
wood, and is mostly used in making levers. The sugar maples
34
IO
BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK COUNTIES.
are too well known to need mention. There are fine forests
of them along the streams and in the damp woods toward the
Ohio river, but little use is made of them except for local pur-
poses. They are very rich in sap, however, and with the same
industry the region might be made as historic as the sugar
forests of New England.
There is a very small amount of black birch in Western
Kentucky, so far as I could discover. In my entire study I
only saw one or two trees, on Panther Creek. It may be
common in secluded and limited localities. Its timber is very
valuable and is used in the manufacture of mahogany furni-
ture. The beeches, which exist in almost endless quantities
on all the streams of Western Kentucky, are coming largely
into favor in the manufacture of benches, desks, etc. The
wood is the hardest found in our forests. Beside the tim-
bers mentioned here, which are the most valuable ones, many
others, varying in usefulness, were noted, a complete list of
which will be found at the end of the report.
I give below, in table form, the observations made upon a
belt of timber about five miles wide, stretching across all four
of the counties-Grayson, Breckinridge, Hancock, and Ohio.
The belt is as nearly representative as I could get it, so that
the table of locations, given in the order of observation, with
the per cents. of different timbers, etc., will well represent the
timbers of all the counties. In location No. I, at both stations,
the timber was mostly second growth, the old forest timber
having been cut away. The small proportion of white oak
among the second growth is conspicuous.
LOCATION I-STATION (A). REMARKS.
White oak (o. f.)... .. .... . .4 0. f., old forest.V. f., young forest.X to
White oak (y. f.)......... . . 134 miles from Leitchfield. Hill slope 7'
Black oak (o. f.).I W. Plot of ground, 2,500 square yards.
Black oak (y. f.) . . . 41 Formation, Sub-carboniferous Limestone
Pin oak (o. f.)..... . o -Chester.
Pin oak(y. f.)..... . . . 57
Post oak (y. f.) ....... . .. .
Chestnut (o. f.) .
Black gum (y. f.). 6
341
I I
12 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON,
Small undergrowth of flowering dogwood, hickory, several
varieties, sourwood, etc.
STATION (B). REMARKS.
White oak (o. f.) ........... 2 Location, z34 miles from Leitchfield. Ches-
White oak (y. f.). o ter formation.Hill slope 80 E. The
Black oak (y. f.).22 two stations face each other like the two
Pin oak (y- f.) . . . . . . . . . . . 4 faces of a synclinal. Average diameter
laurel oak (y. f.) . ...... . .. . 3 (o. f.), i feet. Average diameter (y. f.),
Jlickory (pig and shag.) . .... . . . 6 ioinches. Some sycamore in the region,
Mulberry (y. f.). ..... 2 though not found in the plot of ground
Ironwood... ... 3 chosen.
Black haw. .... . 2
Willow.... .. 3
Dogwood (flowering).. . 2
LOCATION II-STATION (A). REMARKS.
White oak (o. f.) . 13 av. diam. . 23 in. Location, 8 miles from Leitchfield, on near-
Black gum... 5 " . 7 " ing the edge of the Chester shale. Note
Dogwood ... .. 6 the introduction of Liriodendron, which
Liriodendron. 3 " 24 otakes place on nearing coal measures and
Hickory (pig).. 2 " o leaving Chester. Area of plot observed,
2,500 square yards.
Small undergrowth of pin oak, black oak, Spanish oak, mul-
berry, dogwood, hickory, chestnut, and some maple.
STATION (B.) REMARKS.
White oak . . . . 8 av. diam . . 20 in. Area 2,500 square yards. Tulip tree and
Black oak. .. 2. 28 " pin oak occur, though not in plot of
Spanish oak.. . 26 " ground chosen. Location, hill-top, 145
Pig hickory. . 23 feet above drainage.
Sassafras....z " . . 7
Black gum. x
Persimmon. .. .
Undergrowth: pin oak, sweet gum, sassafras, dogwood
(flowering), sumach (black), hickory, persimmon, and small
per cent. of white oak.
Between Location II and Location III is introduced the
"sinking region," a cavernous St. Louis limestone, in which
all the streams run below ground. The timber here is lirio-
342
BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK COUNTIES.
dendron, redbud, mulberry,
ory, etc.
black walnut, beech, black hick-
LOCATION III-STATION (A). REMARKS.
Post oak. . . ... . 8 Area, 2,500 square yards.Location, it
Black oak....... . . ...... 6 miles from Leitchfield, on Falls of Rough
Spanish oak..... ......... . 2 road. Formation Chester. Nute the ab-
Pin oak.. ... sence of liriodendron onthe Chester
White ash. .............. again. Average diameter of trees, 19
inches. Some dogwood and hickory not
shown in the plot. Situation, hill-top,
with a long western slope.
STATION (B). REMARKS.
White oak (o. f.) . 14 av. diam. . 21 in. Station B is a bench of the hill slope, 2,500
White oak (y. f.). square yards in area. It shows well the
Pi. oak (y. f.).. . decrease of white oak in the young tim-
Pin oak (o. f.).. ber, as well as the timber taking its place.
Black oak (o. f.)
Black oak (y. f.).13 . 8
P.st oak fy. f.).5 . 8
P-t oak (o. f.).
Pig hickory o. f.), 2" . 6
Pig hickory (y. f.), 8 . 7
Ironwood.. . . i
The small bushes are about the same.
LOCATION IV-STATION (A). REMARKS.
Black sugar maple. 81 d Location, lowlands on Pleasant Run, one
White sugar maple. 7 v. iam.. . 22 In. mile from Falls of Rough. Area, 2,500
Blchk walnut (y. f.).4 square yards.The timber here is dis-
Sycamore (y- f.).2 " . 13 " tinctly swamp.
Shag. hickory.. x diam . 24 "
(hinquapin oak . 2
R,,l elm (small) . 2
1awthorn.. 3
Buckeye.... . x -
Willow..... . 2
In the Rough Creek region hackberry and box elder, prick-
ly ash, liriodendron, white and red elm, spicewood, hickory,
three varieties, white oak, beech, and the other common for-
est timber, is noted. Owing to the making of two long sec-
tions off the regular belt of timber, during which I made only
running notes, the next plot of ground on which I numbered
and averaged the timber was about ten miles from Cloverport.
343
13
REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON,
LOCATION V-STATION (A). REMARKS.
White oak . . . . 6 av. diam.. . 19 in. Location, hill top lo miles from Cloverport.
Black oak.. .3 .24 " Area, 2,500 square yards. Pin oak, etc.,
Chestnut.. 3. 18 " are also found in the locality, though not
Liriodendron. .28 "I in the plot. Undergrowth largely pin
Pig hickory. . i diam. 13 oak.
STATION (B). REMARKS.
White oak. . . 21 av. diam. 19 in. Station (B) is a water shed nearly level.
Pig hickory...5 . 1834 " Area, 2,500 square yards. Pin oak, Span-
Black gum.. 12 to " ish oak, and black oak are represented in
Liriodendron.. 2 . 17 " the timber there, though not in the plot.
Sugar maple i diam. . . 8
LOCATION VI-STATION (A). REMARKS.
Dogwood (flowering).261 Location, near Hawesville. Area, 2,500
White oak. . 12 square yards. Formation, coal meas-
Liriodendron.. 13.. ures. Situation, level.
Pig hickory. 2 av. diam. of
Black oak. .. . 2 old timber, 25 in.
Red oak. . i. .
Sassafras... I.l
Black sugar maple. xJ
A little generalization from the tables, which were carefully
prepared with that object in view, will give an instructive idea
of the present and future conditions of the timber in Western
Kentucky. For instance, restricting ourselves to the old for-
est growth, a little calculation shows that it is composed as
follows:
White oak.
Post oak.
Red oak.
Black oak. . .
Hickory.
Chestnut.
Spanish oak
Liriodendron.
Black gum. . .
Pin oak .
Dogwood
Sugar tree. . .
Sycamore
White ash.. .
Maple. . .. .
344
..... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . 4.0per cent.
.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 7
.. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . ..
................. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 7"
......... . . . . .. . .......,8
..
.10
............... .... ........... . . . 2. 9
........ . ....... ,,. ,,. 1 0 I
.g"
. . . . .. . . . .. . . ...... .. . . . .. .
........................................ . .. . ... .. . . . .. . . .. ,7
BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, AND HANCOCK COUNTIES.
This table is not absolutely perfect, for no such tables could
be. For instance, black walnut should appear in it, as a small
amount of old forest walnut is found on the waters of Beech
Fork of Clover Creek. But if I had introduced a section from
that locality, walnut would have had a prominence which it
cannot claim in Western Kentucky. For the same reason I
did not introduce a section from any prominent creek bottom,
where there would probably be ioo beech trees per acre, and
no other timber at all. However, the table is as accurate as
it is possible to get it, and fairly represents the timber of all
the counties under consideration.
Now let us go over the tables and take the young forest
timber only. In the same way we shall find its composition to
be:
White oak........ . 9.4 per cent.
P-t oak.3 nearly.
Black oak........ 36
Hlickory........ 6.6
lIiriodendron............... 2.36
Black gum.. .. . . 5.2
Pin oak.. . 36
Sycamore... .. .
Black walnut....... . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 19
The difference between the two tables, showing the differ-
ence between the present and the coming forests, is remarka-
ble. White oak has fallen from 40 per cent. of the old growth
to a little over 9 per cent. of the young; while black oak and
pin oak have risen from almost nothing in the old to 36 per
cent. in the new forest. In other words, these worthless tim-
bers are fast supplanting the white oak in Kentucky.
To these tables I shall now add a diagram showing the
result of my observations in regard to the effect that height
above drainage has upon the growth of timbers. While there
are, of course, exceptions to this arrangement, still it is the
most general expression of the distribution of timber, with
reference to drainage, that can be given. The hills are so
low in Western Kentucky that the points of the compass pro-
duce no appreciable effect on the timber:
34S
15
REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON,
If the hill, D, be divided into three belts, as in the diagram.
each belt will be seen to have a growth somewhat peculiar to
itself, wholly dependent upon its height above drainage. The
timbers peculiar to each are indicated in the diagram. It will
be noticed that the belt at the base of the hill is the narrow-
est, showing that, as a rule, swamp timbers do not extend very
high above drainage. The middle belt of timber is the widest.
The reason is, that timbers on a hillside change but little after
leaving local drainage, until the rocky outcrops or the poor.
thin shales near the top of the hill are reached. These shales
or rocky cliffs, again, have their own timbers, the whole making
three tolerably distinct belts, which can be easily traced on
any considerable hill.
I also give below, condensed into table form, a complete
list of the trees met with in my study:
346
i6
BRECKINRIDGE, OHIO, ANI) HANCOCK COUNTIES.
ORDER CUPULIFERAE-MASTWORTS.
1. Genus Quercus.
White oak, Quercus alba (L.)
Red oak, Q. rubra (L.)
Pin oak, Q. palustris (Mx.)
Spanish oak, Q. fulcata (L.)
Black oak, Q. tinctoria (Bart.)
Post oak, Q. obtusiloba (Mx.)
Black jack, Q. nigra (L.)
Swamp laurel oak, Q. laurifolia (Mx.)
Swamp white oak, Q. bicolor (Willd.)
Chestnut oak, Q. castanea (Muhl.)
Swamp chestnut oak, Q. prinus (Willd.)
Var. monticola (Michx.)
Dwarf chestnut oak, Q. prinoides (Willd.)
2. Genus Caslaneat.
Chestnut, Castanea vesca (L.)
3. Genus Fagus.
Common beech, Fagus sylvatica (L.)
Red beech, F. ferruginea (Ait.)
4. Genus Ostrya.
Hop hornbeam or ironwood, Ostrya virginica (Willd.)
ORDER SALICACEA-WILLOWWORTS.
x. Genus Salix.
Basket osier, Salix riminalis (L.)
Green osier, S. petiolaris (Smith.)
Purple willow, S. purpurea (L.)
2. Genus Populus.
Western cotton tree, Populus angulata (Ait.)
American aspen, P. Tremuloides (Mx.)
Balm of gilead, P. candicans (Ait.)
Silver leaf poplar, P. alba (L.)
ORDER BETULACEE-BIRCHWORTS&
I. Genus Betula.
Black birch, Betula lenta (L.)
Red birch, B. nigra (Ait.)
347
I 7
15 REPORT ON THE TIMBERS OF GRAYSON,
2. Genus Alnus.
Smooth alder, Alnus serrulata (Willd.)
ORDER JUGLANDACEF-WALNUT.
i. Genus Jucg/ans.
White walnut, Juglans cinerea (L.)
Black walnut, J. nigra (L.)
2. Genus Caa.
Shagbark hickory, Carya alba (Nutt.)
Shellbark hickory, C. sulcata (Nutt.)
Mockernut, C. tomentosa (Nutt.)
Pignut hickory, C. glabra (Sorr.)
White hickory, C. microcarpa (Nutt.)
ORDER PLATANACEA-SYCAMORE.
i. Genus P/a/anus.
Sycamore, plane tree, Platanus occidentalis (L.)
ORDER OLEACEA-OLIVES.
I. Genus Fraxinus.
White ash, Fraxinus americana (L.)
Blue ash, F. quadrangulata (Mx.)
Black ash, F. sambucifolia (Lam.)
ORDER ULNIACE4-ELMWORTS.
I. Genus Unius.
Slippery elm (Red elm), Ulmus fulva (L).
White elm, U. americana (L).
Cork elm, U. racemosa (L.)
Winged elm (Whahoo), U. alata (Mx.)
2. Genus Ce//is.
Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis (L.)
ORDER CORNACEA-CORNELS.
I. Genus Cornus.
Flowering dogwood, CQrnus florida (L.)
Low cornel, C. canadensis (L.)
2. Genus Nyssa.
Black gum, Nyssa multiflora (Wang.)
Swamp black gum, N. uniflora (Walt.)
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ORDER LAURACEAE-LAURELS.
. Genus Sassafras.
Common sassafras, Sassafras officinale (Nees.)
2. Genus Benzoin.
Spicewood, Benzoin odoriferum (Nees.)
ORDER ROSACEE-ROSEWORTS.
. Genus Cerasus.
Black cherry, Cerasus serotina (D. C.)
2. Genus Prunus.
Red and yellow plum, Prunus americana (Misch.)
3. Genus Cra/agus.
Hawthorn (not a native) Cratagus oxycantha (L.)
ORDER ARTOCARPACER-ARTOCARPS.
I. Genus Morus.
Red Mulberry, Morus rubra (L.)
ORDER LEGUMINOSEf.
I. Genus Gleditschja.
Honey locust, Gleditschia triacanthus (L.)
2. Genus Robinia.
Black locust, Robinia pseudacacia (L.)
3. Genus Cercis.
Redbud (Judas tree), Cercis canadensis (L).
ORDER ACERACEE--MAPLES.
I. Genus Acer.
Red maple (trident), Acer rubrum tridens (L).
White maple, A. dasycarpum (Ehrh.)
Sugar maple, A. saccharinum (L).
Black sugar maple, A. nigrum (Mx.)
2. Genus Negundo.
Box elder, Negundo aceroides (Moench).
ORDER SAPINDACEAESOAPWORTS.
I. Genus zEsculus.
Ohio buckeye, tIFisculus glabra (Willd.)
ORDER ANACARDIACEE-SUMACHS.
I. Genus Rhus.
Smooth sumach, Rhus glabra (L.)
Large sumach, R. typhina (L.)
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ORDER RUTACER-RUEWORTS.
i. Genus Xanlhoxylum.
Prickley ash, Xanthoxylum americanum (L.)
ORDER BIGNONACEE-TRUNfPET FLOWERS.
I. Genus Catalpa.
Catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides (Walt.)
ORDER MIAGNOLIACE-E.
I. Genus Liriodendron.
Tulip tree (erroneously called yellow poplar), Lirio-
dendron tulipfera (L.)
ORDER BERBERIDACEIE.
I. Genus Berberis.
Berberry, Berberis vulgaris (L).
ORDER ANONACEIE.
i. Genus Asimina.
Common papau, Asimina triloba (Dunal).
ORDER IIAMAMELACEE-WITCH HAZELWORTS.
I. Genus Liquidambar.
Sweet gum, Liquidambar styraciflua (L.)
ORDER EBENACEE.
i. Genus Dyospyros.
Persimmon, Dyospyros virginiana (L.)
ORDER ERICACEiE.
I. Genus Oxydendrunz.
Sorrel tree, Oxydendrum arboreum (D. C.)
ORDER CAPRIFOLIACEiE.
i. Genus Sambucus.
Pith elder, Sambucus canadensis (L.)
2. Genus Vibzrurnim.
Black haw, Viburnum prunifolium (L.)
ORDER