xt795x25c56z https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt795x25c56z/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1901 journals kaes_bulletins_092 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.92. text Bulletin n.92. 1901 2014 true xt795x25c56z section xt795x25c56z S KENTUCKY   i
Al}H\EUUUHAL EXPEHIMENT STATIUN  
  ° M
  Shake College 0F Kentucky. i
BULLETIN No. 92. h  
GRAPES  
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I §· _ KENT U CKY
I i
 J Agricultural Expmment Stahcn.
BOARD OF CONTROL.
I THOS. TODD, Shelbyville, Ky. E
I J. B. MARCUM, Jackson, Ky.
- J. B. KENNEDY, Paris, Ky.
D. F. FRAZEE, Lexington, Ky.
J. K. PATTERSON, President of the College.
M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary.
1 STATION OFFICERS.
  . M. A. SCOVELL, Director.
5 A. M. PETER, _ I
~ 1 Chemists.
_   H. E. CURTIS,
  ‘ H. GARMAN, Entomologist and Botanist.
  C. W. MATHEWS, Horticulturist.
I V J. N. HARPER, Agriculturist.
I   W. H. SCHERFFIUS, A UE Ch _ t
*   L. o. BEArrv, Ss mls S‘
Z { i R. M. ALLEN, Clerk.
V _ I J. D. TURNER, Secretary to Director. v`
t H. LUGGER, Ass’t Entomologist and Botanist.
I ' J. O. LA BACH, Ass’t Chemist.
__   Address of the Station——LEXINGTON, KY.
i l _—_
. `_ NOTICE.
_ The bulletins of the Station will be mailed free to any citizen of Ken-
tucky who sends his name and address to the Station for that purpose.
` Correspondents willplease notify the Director of changes in their post-
; - office address, or of any failure to receive the Bulletins, .
Annmzss z
— KENTuc1~;v AoRrcuLrUa.~.1. EXPERILIENT Smrron,
LExu~:oroN, KY. I
TO

 J 1
· i
Bulletin N o. 92.
  f- `*·~.
GRAPES. ,
C. W. Marnaws, Honrrcumnarsr. ‘
` It is probably true in Kentucky as it is in many,-perhaps
most,-—parts of the country that the table of the average
farmer is less abundantly supplied with avariety of fresh fruits -
and vegetables than that of his brother worker of equal in-
telligence and earning capacity in one of the larger cities.
\Vhile it would seem as if the farmer with ample space at .
his door would secure for himself and his family the most ample
  supplies of all the varieties suited to his soil and climate, the
fact remains that very many with soil and situation well i
’ adapted to gardening purposes, content themselves with meager =  
. and intermittent supplies of the most ordinary fruits and veg-
etables. yy
This reluctance on the part of so many to undertake to sup-  V?
ply themselves with abundant fruits and vegetables is doubt-  
less due to several causes. Many fail to realize the high "
importance now being generally placed upon fruits in respect , t
to their food and hygienic value. Others who have been;  
familiar chiefly with the old-fashioned garden and its laborious _
I work with the hand hoe and upon the knees are deterred by-
the great amount of labor necessary, in their opinion, to main-
_ tain it, whereas the modern ideal farmer’s garden is one——in '
shape long and narrow~—in which the work of cultivation., »
whether with asparagus or onions, strawberries or grapes, can.
F

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  72 Bu//elm N0. 92.
1 ··•
{   · nearly all be done by horse power, with a consequently
{   . , greatly lessened amount of necessary manual labor. Added
Q Z to these reasons it is often tl1e case that the objections
l   to horticultural work are greatly magnified by the sup- ‘
I j posed difliculties and obscurities of certain horticultural opera-
f i tions.
To do something to dispel these opinions regarding one of
_ our most valuable fruits, which ought to be found in abund-
’ ance upon every farmer’s table during several months of the  
year is one of the purposes of this bulletin. Upon far too  
many farms the grape when grown at all, is treated more as a  
luxury than as one of the common blessings which should be l
enjoyed in profusion. Two or three rampant vines permitted
to scramble at will on the sides and roofs of the outbuildings, I
i or to climb into some inaccessible tree top, often represent the
  ‘ sole source of supply of this delicious and health·giving fruit, f
t   when the product of half a hundred cultivated vines could ,
  _ readily and profitably be consumed by an average family in
  the various forms of fresh fruit, grape juice, jellies, etc.
  Aside from their value in the farmer’s family, it is believed ,
'   that under favorable conditions the grape may also be profit-  
; t, ably grown for many local markets over the State. Commer- _
  cial grape growing i11 Kentucky has not been undertaken ex- Q
-~ _? tensively except within limited areas, particularly in Oldham '
  and adjacent counties in the vicinity of Louisville, and to a
fl , less extent in the counties near Cincinnati, O. ,
Q The earlier success in securing good returns from this fruit
‘·   led to the over-production of the kind of fruit grown in these
Q   counties, with a consequent lowering of prices. The variety
{ ' grown in Oldham and vicinity was chiefly "Ives," an early
.. grape of rather inferior quality and consequently limited de-
mand, even tl1ougl1 shipped North, where, although early, it
would come into competition with fruits like melons and
I _ other warm weather products. T11e shipping of these grapes -
. has now been greatly lessened, and a large proportion of those
grown in this section of the State is now converted into wine.
si \R`hile tl1e extensive shipment of such a variety as Ives may `
not soon become profitable again, and even much better grapes

 ~ . ’ l
  T 
» Grapes. 73 f 2
would doubtless suffer from the reputation of this variety, if i
shipped to the same markets, it is still probable that there are l
, not a few markets nearer home that would consume consider-
able quantities of grapes of good quality if they were regular-
ly furnished and offered in an attractive form. i
An example of a local market eager for supplies of grapes
} of good quality has been seen in the experience of the Ex- lyk
9 periment Station in the city of Lexington. The varieties from  
our experiment vineyard, many of them of excellent quality,
i have been easily sold in the local markets during the past four v_ `
  years for 3, 4 and 5 cents per pound, and there has sometimes V
Q been a demand greater than could be supplied at these profitable p
prices. At the same time there has been a good supply of the ·
I ordinary grade of Concords poorly ripened and carelessly
grown and marketed, which were selling at 2 cents per pound
`” or less. ·
- This experience leads us to believe that it would fre-
quently be possible for farmers in other parts of the State to r
dispose of their surplus product from a thrifty vineyard at a `
good profit. In many towns of the State a first-class quality
of grapes is rarely seen in the markets unless it be in the lat-
’ ter part of the season when fruit is received from the grape ‘
; districts of Northern Ohio and New York. By proper cultiva-
‘ tion and care it is possible to greatly improve the quality of
even our common varieties over that secured under the ordi- i
V nary conditions of neglect. `°‘· ·
The very ease with which the grape can be grown, and the
capacity of some of our common varieties for enduring neglect  
and indifferent treatment, while still yielding fair products of  
. a quality sufficiently good to be enjoyed, often hinders the  
adoption of improved methods of culture and the introduction i
— of the choicer varieties. Every one can raise Concords and V  
the Ives; but for the careful and intelligent grower, who is  
‘ willing to "take pains," there is a keen interest and pleasure ·
in the cultivation of the choicer varieties, which will not so
well endure neglect. _
( The selection of the particular methods of growing, pruning
and training the grape, which are recommended in the following `
9

 { J .t ' "llfit l
  Y t
 ’   174 Bu!/rtzbz N0. 92.
{   »pages,—the Double Kniffin and the Munson systems,—is the V ,
    I outcome of careful observation and comparison of several well
l   , known methods, which have been in operation in the vineyard
} ? ofthe Station fora number of years. These two methods are
l Qt briefly described, not so much for the experienced grape
'   Q ·grower as for the farmer who desires to cultivate a few vines
  V , in his garden. Other n1ethods may be, and doubtless are, V
. just as satisfactory under many conditions as the two com-
, mended here. Any system intelligently carried out is more _
satisfactory than the complete neglect of the vines so often
·0bserved, and the ones recommended have the merit of sim-  3
plicity and the endorsement of many commercial growers in Z
various parts of the country, who practice them with profit. »
Planting; Pruning; Training.  `
f When received from the nurseryman the young vine has  ,·
  4 usually several canes—the ripened shoots of the past season’s  Q
  growth—upon it, each bearing a number of buds. 'When set- A
i   . I ting the plants in the garden these canes should be cut back A
  closely, leaving only two or three buds upon the strongest A
s ·C3ll€. ,
,   A soil suitable for other general garden purposes will usu-  
¢   ally be favorable for the grape, and the young plants should  
  be set in rows eight to ten feet apart and about the same
- ’·’ .¢ distance in the row, depending upon the varieties grown. In
  our experiment vineyard the rows are eight feet apart andthe ‘ l
  . vines in the row ten feet, a very satisfactory distance for use
E with a collection of mixed varieties.
" g No trellis is necessary during tl1e first season, and the grow-  `
i i} ing shoots may be permitted to ramble at will over the ground,
`.   or can be tied to a small stake driven at each plant, which will
· save them from being broken ofi.
Cultivation should be frequent and persistent until the lat-
t ter part of the season, but need not be given to the vines ex-
, = clusively, as some garden crop can be grown between and in I
the rows of grapes for a year or two without material injury
-_ to the vines, if the whole area is well cared for. ` _
l During the fall and winter at the en·d of the first season’s

 ·i
 ‘ F
j Grapes. 75  
  , growth, the vine should again be cut back. as in the first in- {
T stance, leaving only two or three buds near the ground, and _
 ‘ from these, if the vine is strong, two shoots and two only
should be permitted to grow during the second season for the
permanent trunks, if the Double Kniffin system is adopted. _
If the growth of the second season is not strong, the same
T cutting process should again be repeated.
» At this stage the permanent trellis may well be erected.  
At each end of ajrow a stout post is set and firmly braced. At T
intervals of twenty feet, or twice the distance of the vines in
the row, the intermediate posts are set, thus allowing two vines , `
. in the space between any two successive posts. For this V
L method of training, the posts should be long enough to stand _
 _ five and one half to six feet above the ground, and two `
 ° No. ro wires are stretched along the row, the lower thirty-
 L six to forty inches and the upper sixty-six to seventy
 ,_ inches above the ground. These wires are stapled to the
  posts, but except at the ends, not uso tightly as to pre-
  vent the slack from being taken up from time to time. If
  the growth of the second year is strong and vigorous, one of `
  the two shoots referred to above, may be permitted to grow
  until it reaches the lower wire and the other to the top wire
  and each have its tip pinched off when it reaches its respective `
T wire. This will usually cause the development of two or more
lateral branches, one of which may be trained in each direc-
V T tion upon its own wire and tied loosely, all others being
pinched out. If this pinching of the tip should not be done  
¤ at the proper time, each cane at the annual pruning time
A should be sharply bent at its respective wire and tied to it.  4
This will commonly cause the pushing out of a strong shoot,  
when spring growth begins, at the point where the bend oc-  
curs, and this shoot can be trained out upon the wire in the
opposite direction and loosely tied to it. i  
The object in either case is to produce two main upright V`?
· stems, one stopping at each wire, each with a T-shaped head ·
whose branches run out horizontally upon the wires. If the
T-head is complete at each wire at the end of the second sea- I
` son, the horizontal canes, after the wood is well matured,
l

  _ _ .. - -i·i-init ;
.   ii I
  _ 76 Bu!/e!z`¢z N0. 92. _
  should be cut back in most cases to not more than three or
L   · four buds each. In later years, as the vine grows larger and
    B " stronger, the horizontal canes can be left longer at each annual _
  pruning. Upon the opening of spring a strong shoot will
E 1I commonly grow out from each bud of these horizontal canes,
g . and it is upon the first three or four joints of these Spring shoots
i that the flowers and fruit are produced. In this system these A
P shoots should not be permitted to grow out horizontally along
‘g the wires, but if they become attached by their tendrils they
should be pulled loose again and allowed to hang free directly `
downward. This will tend to equalize the growth of the
several shoots, which, under natural conditions, tend to
develop most vigorously from the terminal bud.
The subsequent pruning and training of the vine can best
be explained by reference to tl1e figures. Fig. 1 represents
Q . an average six year old vine as it appeared upon january 1,
Q 1901, just before pruning. The two year cane or arm A grew
A   in the year 1899, and was considerably longer than now when
  ‘ the vine was pruned in january, 19oo, one year ago. Tl1is
  cane was then shortened to the length now shown, all its ,
i· . neighboring canes were removed and it was tied to the wire. i
{   During the summer of IQOO the seven strong shoots, a, b, c,
`   d, e, f, g, grew from it, together with one or two weaker
  shoots and bore fruit in that season. \Vhen recently pruned the .
`     entire arm, down to one—l1alf inch from the base of a, together i
E with the canes b. c. d. e. f. and g., was removed by one cut at
  ` X, and the cane a was shortened to about ten buds and tied i
_ { to the wire in the same position formerly occupied by A, as Q
_.   will be seen in Fig. 2. j
  i The arm B also grew in 1899 and was shorte11ed to about
‘   seven buds in january, 19oo, and from these seven buds there j
i grew in IQOO, as will be seen in the Hgure, six strong shoots,  
each of which, like the shoots from arm A, bore from two to
_ four clusters of fruit. This arm B was also, like A, cut off at ‘
I i X with all its canes except the one nearest the base, which is
if reserved to take the place of B upon the wire, after being
  shortened to eight or 11ine buds. The same process was i
A repeated upon the left hand side of the vine, leaving it, after
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Grapes. 77 `,
the pruning was completed, as seen in Fig. 2. It will thus —
be seen that the entire pruning for a vine trained upon this
method can be done with from eight to twelve cuts. As the
vine grows older the canes in the annual pruning can be left a ·
little longer, the number of buds to be left varying with the
age, vigor and variety of each individual vine to be treated. ,
It will be noticed that two other canes growing out upon the  
old wood at the head have been shortened to two buds, thus ¢
making the so-called spurs as seen at s. s. in Fig. 2. This ,
is done more or less frequently when suitable strong growing ‘r
canes are developed close to the top of the main trunk, to n
provide a new cane to place upon the wire in the following L
year from a point as close to the original T head as possible ;
otherwise the horizontal arms will become longer each year,
and it is desirable to keep the old wood as short as practicable.
To one unaccustomed to this work it would appear that the
vine as seen in Fig. 2 was ruined from such close pruning,
but experience demonstrates beyond question that it is only .
by such apparently severe treatment that the best and most
profitable crops of fruit can be grown.
During the coming season a strong shoot may be expected ,
from most of the thirty to thirty—five buds which are left upon
the horizontal canes, and each of the shoots may reasonably
be expected to bear from two to four good clusters of grapes.
It will be seen therefore that it does not require a large num-  
ber of buds to be left upon a vine after pruning to meet the
requirements of a good crop of fruit, and the fruit will ,,_
moreover be of a much better quality than that produced  2
by an unpruned and neglected vine.  
A second method of management which seems in our exper- is
ience to possess much merit is the Munson system of training, . E
so called from its originator, Mr. T. V. Munson, the grape  
specialist,of Denison, Texas. In this system as practiced by the if
. . originator, the trellis is made by placing two light posts or stakes '
in each hole along the row, their tops separated about 18 to 24
inches, like the two sides of the letter Y, and standing six feet ·
high. A wire is stretched lengthwise along the tops of these _
I

 I V { `I     £ ·
  ”78 Bu/[edu N0. 92. .
  , posts and a third wire about a foot lower upon cross-wires V
l   ‘ midway between them.  
    In our own practice essentially the same arrangement of wires 1
l   is secured by the use of a single post in each hole with a two C
‘ g . foot piece of joist 2 in. by 4 in., spiked nrmly against tl1e top Y
L like the letter T, as shown in Fig. 3,. The wires in this I V
V way are stretched along the ends of this horizontal piece of 3
‘ scantling, with the third midway between them and ten or g
twelve inches lower. In this system a single main trunk is
grown to the middle or lower wire, and one or two canes (de- l
pending upon age and vigor) are left after pruning to run each E
way upon this middle wire and securely tied. The remaining 1
or outer wires are used only to support the growing shoots
, which with but little attention grow out over them as seen in
l p the illustration. As their length and weight increase they
9 gradually droop toward the ground, having in the mean-
A   time secured by their tendrils a firm hold upon the wire. The
Q · appearance of the vine at the end of the season’s growth will `
  be easily understood by a second reference to Fig. 3 from
{ a photograph of a vine in our experiment vineyard. The
{   pruning of a vine in this system is done in a manner similar
i   to that already described in the Kniffin system, except that
V   only one main trunk is used and the canes are attached only
  i to the middle or lowest wire, so that a strong and vigorous
  mature vine should have two or more canes left in each direc-
A`! , tion after pruning, in order to furnish a sufficient number of
_   buds for fruiting, and the vine is renewed back to the head as
.   completely as possible each year. See Figs. 4 and 5.
    This system requires slightly more 1naterial and trouble in
` ,-~ erecting the trellis, but the results secured in our own ex-
` perience have been unexcelled by those of any other system, _
especially in tl1e case of strong growing vines, while even ·
p. with weak growers like Delaware the results have been quite  A
I j satisfactory. I 
E Among the advantages of this method of training are the  
A- favorable position of the fruit, which can not be soiled by  
  spattering of mud in heavy rains. The grapes are overhung  (·,
by a canopy of leaves which protects them from the hot sun, A

 1
. Grapes. 79 t
while at the same time a free circulation of air is secured, and T
they are conveniently placed for spraying and gathering later
in the season. A minor advantage, which is especially appre- L
ciated in a private garden, is the facility which it affords for
passing from one row to another by slightly stooping and
walking under the wires. The elevated position of the wires `
and vines also greatly adds to the ease of cultivating the entire
ground beneath.  
Several other systems of pruning and training, including ` p`
the Fuller and the High Renewal have been used upon our  
grounds, but none have given better results, and in most cases _ ·
not as good as the two mentioned. i - »
` Cultivation. '
The grape, like other fruit crops, ought to have good culti- »
vation. It should begin in the spring as soon as the ground _
is in fit condition to work, and it should continue at frequent
intervals until the fruit approaches maturity. This cultiva-
tion serves two important purposes; iirst, the destruction of
weeds; second, an object the value of which is not sufficiently `
appreciated, tl1e saving of the soil moisture through the for-
mation of a loose blanket of top soil. Toward the latter part ’
of summer, however, grape growers usually find it best to `
stop cultivation in order to check the growth of the canes and
to promote the ripening of both the shoots and the fruit.
The growth of crab grass and other annual weeds is not so p p
serious a fault at this time, and is even desired by many good  
growers, as by drawing upon the scanty supplies of moisture `
prevalent in the soil in late summer, these plants tend to  ,
stop further growth of the vines. Such a growth of weeds  
or a sown crop is also beneficial in serving as a partial mulch  
-: through the winter and as a protection against the washing of _ S
5 the soil during winter storms. If, upon the other hand, cul-  
` tivation is too long continued, it induces a late growth of i i*
}· green shoots which cannot become sufficiently ripened to en- ‘
 [ dure the winter’s cold, and are consequently killed back as
 E) far as well matured wood. .
l

 I   `    
 V 1 -
 i it
    80 Bu/[din N0 92.
; to t.
l   I g Fertilizers.
l   In manuring the grape the most generally needed elements
I E it are potash and phosphoric acid. In our own locality, how-
i · ever, the latter constituent,—phosphoric acid,—is so abun-
i , dant in the soil, that there is commonly no profit in its
application, so that upon the Experiment grounds the most
valuable fertilizer is potash in some form.
It is often true, however, that a soil may lack sufficient ni-
trogenous plant food, and whenever the vines generally show
a small weak growth there is probably need for this element
which can be supplied in the form of nitrate of soda, barn
and stable manure, or other nitrogenous fertilizers}; ·
Insects and Diseases.
5 I Briefly it may be said that the most annoying insect enemy
  of the grape during the last three years in this locality has
  · been the large green ]une bug, A//arhzbm m'tz`d¢z, L, which at-
l tacks the ripe fruit, disiiguring or destroying the handsomest
  clusters.
Q   Its attacks have been most destructive upon the early varieties
`   with thin tender skin, a fact which accounts for the frequent
V   mention of this character in the discussion of varieties in the
` I   following pages.
j The most effective method of combatting this pest in our
  vineyard has been the simple expedient of hand picking into
._ { a dish of water with a thin layer of kerosene (coal oil) over
.   its surface. The insect will often drop at once when touched,
    and if the kerosene and water is held under them when
  they are molested, many will promptly fall into the fatal
`V Huid.
All fungous attacks such as mildew, black rot of the berry,
p, etc., are best prevented by the well known Bordeaux mixture
I ii applied with some form of spraying pump.
° i The mixture is prepared by the following formula: ·
  **’Fruit growers desiring to use commercial fertilizers should send to V
the Director of this station for the latest bulletins upon this subject,
which publish the analyses of the various brands offered in the markets
of the State.

 1
Grapes. 81 .  
a. 40 gallons of water. l
6. 6 pounds of bluestone.
c. 4 pounds of fresh lime.
Dissolve Z2 in three or four gallons of hot water taken from
the supply a. Slack the lime and make of it a paste about —
as thick as cream. Now stir the latter into the bluestone
solution, and finally turn the whole into the remaining water. ‘
The preparation should be applied first before the buds break `\"¢-».
in Spring, coating the entire vine very thoroughly with the {
mixture, again just before the blossoms open, and twice _
more at intervals of about two weeks. ‘-
If any biting insects are observed eating the leaves or l
young shoots, they may be effectively treated by the addition ~
of one—fourtl1 pound of Paris Green to the 40 gals. of Bor-
deaux mixture referred to above, and applied with it, taking
care to keep the preparation thoroughly agitated when ap- -
plying, to prevent the settling of the poison.
In the family garden, a large part of the injury done to
grapes by the black rot, and by birds and various insects ,
which attack the clusters can be prevented by sacking the
clusters. For this purpose the ordinary grocers’ 1 or 2 pound
Manila sacks can be used. They are put on just after the ,
blossoming period is past while the young grapes are still not
much larger than a pin head. Selecting a sack of the proper
size for the kind of bunch to be enclosed, it is drawn over the
little cluster and pinned snugly above the fruit, thus keeping  
out the spores of fungi as well as insect enemies. l
This operation, while not practicable for an extensive vine- ,_
yard, is very satisfactory in the home garden, as in addition to  .
the protection afforded, it greatly improves the appearance my
and often the quality of the fruit so protected. fi
K
Varieties. * 
» The varieties of grapes grown in our vineyard, as else- _
where in the Eastern United States, are of various and diverse
origin. Many are descended directly from the wild American
i species found growing in our woods and thickets. Others are ‘
hybrids between these species or between one or more of .
l

 I V   i A {Eff  
 'Y Q, _
;  T
E   , 82 Bz¢ZZez‘z'n N0. 92.
s   r ,
    A these and the European species of grape.
l ’ 2 The following are the principal parent species:
.   l Vz`z'z`s Labrusm, L. The Northern Fox Grape found grow-
  V ing wild throughout the Northeastern States is the ancestor
- of many of our best hardy and productive varieties such as
. Concord, Catawba, Moore’s Early, Worden and Niagara,
some of the oldest of these varieties being immediate seed-
lings of the wild vines. As a class they are self- fertile, that
is, the pollen of their flowers is capable of fecundating or
" making fruitful their own pistils or forming grapes, and may
therefore in most cases by safely planted alone.
Wiis wzbzwnz, L., the wine grape of Europe, is wholly
1 unadapted to general out door culture in this part of the
, ‘ United States, although largely grown in California. Hy-
  brids between this species and Vitis Labrusca are often, how-
  , ever, with good care, successfully grown, and afford us some
  of our most beautiful and high flavored varieties such as
  Lindley, Brighton, Barry, Herbert, Aminia and others in-
,   V dicated in the discussion following. As a rule the pollen of
4 ·g one of these hybrids is infertile upon the flowers of its own
  variety and often upon other varieties of similar parentage.
‘   i They should, therefore, be planted i11 the vicinity of some
  strong pollen producers such as those of the /.abrz¢sca class,
  which includes Concord, Worderr and other standard varieties.
Q Such hybrids are also somewhat more susceptible than other
”   varieties to various fungous attacks. and should not be grown
E   generally by those who are not able and willing to give their
i. _ vines the best of care, including timely spraying.
L Wfis aeslzdwz/z's, Mz`ch.r·. and V2'z‘z`s rzybaria, Mz`ch,r. are also two
native species of grapes from which a number of excellent cul-
V tivated varieties have been derived, either as pure seedlings or
I ._ as hybrids between these and other species. VE`l2`s /z`¢zccc2mzz'z',
. ` Buck/cy, (Post Oak Grape) Wfis 7'7¢€5L7'Z.S, Schcclc, and other ,
native species of the Southwest have played an important part
. in the parentage of certain varieties produced through the
labors of Mr. T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas, many of which *
varieties are of value in Kentucky, and of even greater impor-
tance to the states south and west of us.

 Grapes. 83,; ‘
The varieties listed below have been obtained from the fol-
lowing sources as indicated by abbreviations after the name ofj
the variety : .
B. S.—Bush & Sons, Bushb