xt79w08wbw3w https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt79w08wbw3w/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1933 journals kaes_circulars_271 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 271 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 271 1933 2014 true xt79w08wbw3w section xt79w08wbw3w ..t1\0 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
lally _ _ _ _
mm Ext€I1Sl0n DlVlSl011
1sin THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director
t, in
'2ll'lll _—"
and- CIRCULAR NO. 271
take,
wire
amd THE CORNER STONE OF PROSPERITY
>s of M - ._L.
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;\vwr>11il01·f11l 1·<»mlii11;1ti·»11 of lic·nu1y amd utility. Scenes like this give
h“l*•· 1·.>1‘ :1 ]Jl'l,Q`llt 1`ll{lli`L· 1`<11· l(u11t11vlnm·t·1iim \vi1l1 the Hgl‘l(‘lllllll1l] t·xtt·11:11 wrirk (`D.l`l`lt‘t1 011
mi "*><>11¤·1‘:1.ti<,>n of tho (*41111-gt· 0[ ;\g`l'l(‘l\]t.I]l'(’, `[ll`|l\'l“l`Sli§' of TC&11t11<‘ky,
will Ihr U. S, ])c;]);11·tmt·11t U1` Ag1·i(·ull,111‘t3, illld dl$tl`l])llL(`·(] ill flll‘U1€1`l1llC€‘
mtl1i:11‘m1·l< pwvizlocl for in the Art 0f Cniigrc-ss of May R, lfll~I.

 "Ayrieullure ts today, it always has been and lt always will
be, the chief eoruerstoue of prosperity of every [nation. Every
uatlou lu the world, history tells us, that has neglected its agricul-
ture aud the preserratiou of its soil has absolutely been, wiped all
the map." —JAMES J. Hum.

 CIRCULAR NO. 271
The Corner Stone of Prosperity
By
T. R. BRYANT
A farm signifies much more than a mere business enterprise.
A farm is a place where people live and mingle the home activi-
wm ties with the business, thereby creating a distinct mode of life.
Many of the products of the farm are processed on the premises
my and contribute generously to the subsistence of the farm family
CHL ivithout reference to the usual channels of commerce. On the
lof other hand a thoro understanding of business methods is neces-
sary for successful farming. Farm families differ widely in
their ability to make the farm provide the necessities, comforts
and pleasures that should be legitimately desired.
The Farm, as a Business Eazterprise
As a business enterprise a farm may have handicaps vvliich
the operator finds difficult to remedy, such as poor soil, poor
roads or distance from markets. Vilhat the energetic farmer can
do to overcome such handicaps and make the most of his oppor-
tunities is a matter of interest.
The condition of the land is the iirst consideration of the
farmer. He knows there can be little if any protit in the culti-
vation of land that yields barely enough to pay the cost of pro-
duction. Such land is put to pasture or even to forest gi·ortt.h..
Care is taken, however, to see that the pasture is iiupi·~ove-ol log:
proper seeding and fertilization so that it will maintain nnome
livestock per acre. On the better land attention is   im.
proper fertilization and the use of lime and legumes., wh.il·e all

   l
l
4 Kentzicln; Extension C~ircuZ¢m· N0. 271
manure is carefully saved and spread. The use of tested seeds
4 insures more perfect stands and hence larger yields per acre.
Savings are ettected in labor because fewer acres are cultivated
and because the labor load is more evenly distributed. In the
busy season livestock use the improved pastures when the farmer
is busiest and in the winter the care of these animals provides
profitable winter employment during what would otherwise be
 Yl;‘s¥E*‘       ‘ T  ‘‘‘i * ""' *7   Ft   W  
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li ~$!»¤¢’* F   ·.   -`  `.   , e ·i Bil.- V   ir' '   i   "·J<;?‘i·"·2`i‘
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Loading niarl with home-inade tl`{J.])-(lOO1` incline. Mari spread at little
or no cash outlay rcdutes production costs and the land improves each year,
, a dull season. This system saves the farmer much of his labor
costs. The better land can be improved to such extent that the
reduced number of acres will soon give as large total yield as
the owner formerly harvested from a much larger acreage. All
products are of excellent quality and command the best prices.
This farmer has something to sell every week in the year. His
tobacco acreage is small but the crop is well cared for. His
purebred livestock are profitable in the use of crops because they
bring better prices than connnon stock when they are marketed.
T High-producing cows and hens produce milk and eggs cheaper
1
A
.1

 . ¤ tz .
i  
The Corner Stone of Prosperity 5 ~
Seed than do scrubs. His cheap but satisfactory poultry house was
s . . .
were built by home labor, Where hens produce eggs 1Il winter when
lgmd prices are high. The use of home-produced feed for all classes
. ° th of livestock reduces feed bills to a minimum,
.n e
armer .
wide The Farm as a Means of Subsistence
s
isa bg A succcessful farmer makes the farm feed the family. The
garden is well-planned and produces a wide variety of fruits and
  vegetables. The surplus is canned or preserved. When hogs
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d A M Properly trimmed and properly cured pork helps the "Live-at-I-I0me"
it little program. Pork cut and cured properly is superior to much of that pro-
zi vcar, duced in the usual way.
. labor are killed the bacon is cured carefully in the most approved man-
at the Her and is real breakfast bacon, not the "salt chunks" too often
eld as found in farm smokehouses; and the hams are fit for the most
All discriminating palate. The specter of starvation does not ap-
.· Dwaeh a farmstead of this kind, even in times of de ression. It
prices. _
His goes without saying that this farmer is thrifty, He keeps ac-
, His 00unt of the farm business and determines which enterprises
6 they make m0H€y end Why. He makes a summary of his business at
·keted. the end of each year and takes an inventory as do other business
. 111 .
ieapci en

 6 Ifentuc/yy Extension Coeular N0. 271
The ]¢'a.rm as a Mode 0f Life
The children of such a farmer as thelone we have been dis-
cussing are almost invariably found enrolled in 4-H Clubs. The
4-H club projects are not only of economic importance to farm
boys and girls but also prove that country life is interesting and
worth while. Not all of the projects they undertake are for
  I cnnmsms MADE mon rtourmcxs     jrs,    
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  :_;*»_j gi _ ...- K ‘” /~ ‘. 23;     ‘ ··} gl . ig  V. · V;
 ‘*"¢¢*§  i!    ” i. . »       F ii. `»l’ .    
 $ @3   ~ {    { 4 ‘        ._= ·; 2;   ~ VL V t _ g
  » ·»;.   *4     is `T'` * Y if
 <’  ie,  ’’’’ l ‘    » %£  ,t., ;.   .  wv
»_     [y ew j?_,3‘,»;y;‘°‘j '__.’»”P;,"~“’;,l€§;;?i   i.:j;?T’{*’   ff; L_ii r ei, i,f__,. .   1;; P.»·;r¤,..»4_V_~>·4- rg
           
A demonstration poultry flock in the mountains. This looks like an
excellent antidote for poverty. Such PI flock on every mountain farm would
add greatly to the earnings of the people.
Nine farmers who cooperated with the county agent last
year in demonstrating the value of the clean-chick program
' raised 92 percent of their chicks to the age of 12 weeks, at a cost
of 16 cents per chick. The added income from poultry alone
would pay, many times over, the salary of the county eXtc1iSl01l
agent.
O. B. Shain in the Pine Knob community Grayson CountY,
7 V 7 •
traded 20 bushels of seed oats to a neighbor for 100 pounds of
Korean lespedeza seed. The 100 pounds of seed were sown on
nine acres of land that was reclaimed from waste area during
the spring of 1931. The area had previously been seeded to

 The Corner Stone of Prosperity 9 .
1. t d wheat a11d had yielded only 15 bushels on the nine acres. Eleven
1 e . . .
. loads of hay estimated to we1¤th e1r· ~~ .   ·    *2 . 1
1   ‘-,_  ;.¤=.g¤g:  :;;:i5‘.-:1-.¢   _.~·  wl  ¢-;~2=>=;¥;g.2 gz
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      is   iiiler · 
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if i  r ifi?   a t  ’  °’`· ;   }·.' r ?£`ég,=;§,. .’;  .  .‘}"·‘  
      __J        .1
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hehe
l·¤ H A iield of Lucretia, dewberries. Among the new sources of cash income
`; il Susswstcnl by the Extension service are dewberries, 1`£1S]')lJ€1‘1‘lCS and straw-
“ Ou ( berries.
t last From an investment of 20 bushels of seed oats worth at the
grain time about $6.00, Mr. Shain has sufficient legume hay to winter
1 cost his 20 ewes a11d several calves. Also he l1as sufficient seed to sow
alone his entire farm, except the part used for cultivated crops. The
nsion nine acres of Korean stubble were drilled in wheat for winteir
Pasture. This farm improvement was accomplished without the
use of money. A neigl1bo1~ threshed the seed for one-fifth of the
uniy, yield
ds of l
on 4-H Club work has been profitable for hundreds of farm
1111 . .
` mu, boys and girls- IH 10 years 4-H club members 1n Gerrard
u1- . , . .
1 tim County fattened 754 calves which sold for $94,300, and 111 addi-
ec

 < 5
E
10 Kentucky Eacz‘e¢tsz`0n Circular N0. 271
Q tion won $7,998 in prizes. The Garrard County Club has won
the carload grand championship eight times and the single ani-
l mal grand championship five times, in the 11 years of the annual
fat stock show in Louisville. This was done in competition with
adult feeders. Garrard County 4-H club boys have won four
trips to the International Livestock Exposition in Chicago, eight
loving cups and three gold watches, in addition to cash prizes.
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Clover seed, magnified. This seed sold at a prive oue—thir peiwent pure
seed.
. Dairy herd iinprovenicnt associations constitute one of tl1G
principal ways in which the Extension Service is helping to i1n—
p1‘0V0 tl£1i1‘}'i11g‘. Twenty—six dairy farmers form an assoclfltlfm
in order to have their cows tested for production. Testing tells
them when a cow is not worth her keep. She is sold for beef,
and the feed she would have consumed is given to good, produc-
ing cows. Despite a drop in inilk prices from $2.37 per 100
pounds in 1920 to $1.23 in 1932, D. U. X\'ilford, a Graves County
farmer, obtained $59,20 per cow, above the cost of feed, in 1932,
1
A
A

 The Corner Stone of Prosperity 11
won compared with $52.80 in 1930. This result was obtained by
am- increased production per cow. During the four years he has
inual been a 1'I1€II1l)€1‘ of a dairy herd improvement association he has
with increased production by 3,270 pounds of milk and 143 pounds
four of butterfat, per cow. Testing enabled him to know the exact
eight production of each cow, to eliminate the unprotitable cows, and
es. to feed the others acco1·ding to production.
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pure Clover seed, magnified. This seed was offered at a price on•·—t`otu·th
less than that illustrated on the opposite page but, upon examination the
bushel was found to t·onta,in 12 pounds rat` weed seeds and T pounds nit dirt.
E the
J im- Taking advantage of improved practices suggested, Charles
€ll110ll Chestnut, a Laurel County farmer, has paid oit his mortgage,
tells built a. modern house and now has money in the bank. Tn 1924
beef, he bought Sl acres. At the suggestion of the county agent, he
iduc- began liming the land in the spring of 1025. Corn yields have
100 increased from 10 bushels to 50 bushels per acre, as the result of
unty the application of lime and superphosphate and the growing of
W32, lGgumes. Wlieii he moved to the farm clover would not grow 011

 I ‘
12 Kentucky E;z:teus1Yzm Circular N0. 271
I it. Last year he cut two tons of good clover hay to the acre.
, Tobacco yields approximately 1,100 pounds to the acre. In
Y 1930 he grew 2,250 pounds on 1% acres, which he sold for 23
cents a pound. In 1931 he grew 2,510 pounds on two acres, and
received 12 cents a pound and in 1932 he produced 1,845 pounds
on 1% acres, which he sold for 15% cents a pound.
Mr. Chestnut has acted as leader in the lime and dairy cattle
projects. He owns 11 cattle, including a purebred bull. He
also has two hogs, two mules and 75 chickens. Last year his
A nine acres of corn made #1-50 bushels, and his 13 acres of clover
yielded two tons to the acre. A half—acre of garden produces an
abundance of vegetables for the family. A half—acrc of cane is
grown for sorghum and there is an abundance of home-cured
pork on hand at all times.
Farm accounts enable a farmer to discover the weak points
in his operations. Accounts kept by an Owen County man in
1929 showed that he had produced surplus feed: that his flock of
sheep was not producing enough lambs and wool; that his tobacco
yields were under normal, and that his dairy cows and poultry
could be improved. The poor cows were culled out and produc- _
tion per cow increased from 200 pounds to 320 pounds of butter-
fat a year. The number of   per hen was increased troni 75
to 160 a year. He culled and improved his sheep. He had 57
head producing an average of three-fourths of a lamb and four
pounds of wool each. He now has 32 head, producing an aver-
age of 1% lambs and six pounds of wool each. Tobacco yields
were increased from 800 to 1,360 pounds to the acre.
In home improvement work, members of 20 homcmakers’
. clubs in Graves County cooperated in making ready the home
of Mrs. Pryor Overby to enter in the National Better Homes
Contest. The women did the necessary painting, made curtains,
rugs and awnings, reworked furniture and furnishings, re-
decorated the house inside and out, beautiiicd the yard, added
pitcher pump and sink, and made other changes, in order that
the house might be a demonstration of a well—equipped farm
home. Eight hundred persons visited the house during the
Better Homes Week, and many more inspected it during the

 The Corner Stone of Prosperity 13
cre. year. In competition with 30,000 other homes in the United
In States this home received third award and a prize of $50.00. It
r 23 is a permanent demonstration of possibilities in improving farm
and homes at little or no outlay of money.
mds ,
ittle l · .
He -
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it is =%  rt.~       e     
mld ax;    " "‘—£2;~_;s i?;~°i§ ·sie ig ; .·  ·~
  iii. ;,Q*·"··~"··—~`—:`·—  .  W/ ·-—  _ **1  
dnts ·- F:.  o "  ··r··r·r:z  /:1   M
H -11 We  {    'rri/*i}*’  
‘   .-e·       ?
k of  *iZ a ·~  i’”iY>—;:¢*;L?e;` i
-` - •c;::1f11i$¤i . I *“ ' °   ¥ 0 .
acco   3     s ...4
nltry  &§€€=z3i222EY·;i2 <;   Y fj  `
due- 1.   ‘*= » r l r ` e i
mer-    XL-   3 5    
 7;.*] W ;  Y  H A I
n 75  ?i‘=¤   ~ >i;»;·;  ig;  .. _. ~.-— —,.· » zi;
.+1 J. ·.   ._ ·=%`   R3;. > t I
I 57 ‘’~. 1  =*- — » ti  .  .»:.·   - . ..
~ " 'K A _,.._. ..  r=»=   ,   3
ml   a ·—  F   e . . —
wer- Y       . U 3 _
ields §Zi_,,.f. g ' j,   "r _ _§·¤i*"‘  e I
  ~i:i'   »\    
I      ~.`"* l··“ it 
[Omg      YF: . I »  
)ll1€S Home crafts furnish useful and profitable employment. Members of a.
_ Home-Makers Club re-finish and re-bottom chairs.
anis,
T€· A. L. McGregor of Marshall County became interested in
l€l€d lérraeing and procured the help of the agricultural engineer of
that the College of Agriculture. In a letter to the Extension Di-
1¤1`m V1S10n, Mr. McGregor says; "I have 60 acres terraced now on
the all of my hill land. I estimate the cost not to exceed $2.00 per
the *101%%. It was all done with home labor with no cash outlay. I

 14 Kentucky Extension Circular N0. 271
I would rather sell the farm than remove the terraces. Before
terracing I used trash in the drains without any improvement
l and found it impossible to build up the fertility of certain spots
by using manure and clover. Now that my farm is terraced I
no longer have a dread of heavy rains and it takes less than half
the time to care for the terraces that it took to do the patchwork
in the gullies."
G. M. Caudill of Laurel County became interested in Exten-
, sion \Vork thru his children, while they were 4-H club members.
Three of his sons produced 75 bushels of corn to the acre.
Wlieii Mr. Caudill purchased a farm of 114 acres 13 years
ago the land would not produce tive bushels of corn to the acre,
but the use of lime, phosphate and clover in a rotation of corn,
wheat and clover, has brought the corn yield to 50 or 60 bushels.
Clover yields 1% tons of hay to the acre. Seventeen acres of
corn grown by Mr. Caudill last year made 600 bushels.
Six acres of tobacco produced 4,300 pounds, that brought 13%
cents a pound. Eleven acres of clover made 18 tons ot hay,
while 19 acres are growing Korean lcspedeza.
Mr. (`audill follows the practice of using lime and phos-
phate, growing legumes, keeping a few cows and about 100 hens,
grows tobacco for a cash crop, uses a rotation ot crops, cover
crops, and puts grass on the hillsides. Mr. Caudill is an excellent
example of a farmer who is willing to learn and to apply the
knowledge ol? others.
A good illustration of a small, simple cooperative enterprise
that shows tl1e possibilities of properly directed cooperation was
found last year in Meade County. This was a turkey-marketing
· project. Farmers who participated received 15 cents a pound
for 1,264 turkeys marketed for the Tlianksgiving day trade. A
pool was formed with the assistance of the county agent and a
representative of the department of markets ot the University.
The best p1·ice oltered previous to the formation of the pool was
13 cents a pound, which means that cooperation added $316 to
the amount received for the turkeys. The turkeys were sold to
a Philadelphia concern, thru its Indiana agent. They were de-
livered at live loading stations in the county, where they were

 The Corner Stone of Prosperity 15
gfoye graded and weighed and settlement was made with the farmers
nent who raised them.
pots Three years ago, Blanche Parker, of Hopkins County, took
edI the 4-H Club pledge, "I pledge my Head to clearer thinking,
half my Heart to greater loyalty, my Hands to larger service and my
vork Health to better living for my Club, my Community and my
C0untry." In her clothing work she learned to be well dressed
1ten— I . ._..   .    
bers,   . V ` `   l_   ff H. V H ··*{:I~tl
ears _ _ i ` , _ ’ I, 'Vli?
acre, ·     ‘ » , ·  
·l   ’ .   , , .   me »q,»¢.,:Z@$*`¢·¤»·¤¢,~·;#e;·· nc   ~ ;,...   S ·
corn,  ,_         gszree  it
· ’.··‘   ze*»&f:2»~¤é‘*‘&~;a?»*a=·‘   ‘ rr   ~‘$“`&"`*·...=·.:i=‘%*¤’Q€}"··*  · ‘
hen   “' 
.   ¢2·e¢wt~·~·..;eir.:.,=i -·»:·.·r¤:%¢»     ev ,  
_ ga}, .·;y,g!r;,g,v‘·::é · . .¢;*§;,.7,qi,i;»iP_;s,q£:g.»?,··#j»,._’ig2;;ee       _ _,, _ ea;  » _, 
.S   _ .    _:_3·_%i?5f.$f;,§wg ~,v;;?_¢fg...;§»·'; ’ ··   _ q, -· 
hols       "  
T    ‘*i      ` 'V §~  
13%     ‘       *   · 
i.. `/K ,v,1|.¢}g,.§ 4 ,   fr, A . 5y . '$)¢ .» % *$  aug)
Z " *· ·•`»i=.‘·u._',~;,_ ···"£;·;__g»;  _· · _ `\ ,. ._ \g.~··**5i{·___ ,, .· "W'. N . ". #""'.`. rt :.4
           
>hos- E.’g:i¥i="Zé*·‘   Wk =.  .£",,.;Li~  r·».  
 ll.,—Y$fP'       Y2?. ·,v· 5,%% `:,, " at     " Y* °"¤  fl 1
me              N   
B}? A ;. f -..  nf ,. ,5 iw »~ *1 A--**.5   ·J?:~·`*‘· ·· • ·_ . *-3-. ,—-mx % ·,_
over u se     ·~-f       _?  a‘=’‘  ’Q"§;F
Jt£’·’»2‘“; *»<-7“.·   ·:·    ?C.‘·, » A
Hem  ret?                   
.q`?“_ ·  ’r ’1»,,v· [..,,-.0 *.4    4 ‘, *~\.$‘. *· ~;[‘Q  Q" —  
the       z  · i’’‘        
r  H p ;6'{,%‘ it   l  °· ‘·   *  ° . »< *7??:*é‘$.S§·.til“
 . ,.  .  *°  ..i4- ’ ·’        ·    ‘»  
msg l :?.e ~.Ye t aF¢?z~;‘<     ¢? = ?€??¤  sr i  . 4    »" ‘~»· »
U S Xew sources of cash income have often been suggested by the Ex-
Wa t€llSlOl1 Service. A field of green beans, grown for :1, canning: l`&l*£‘tUl`Y·
rting
iund at a nominal cost and to construct and care for her clothing and
_ A that of other members of the family. She scored among the
hirrh ·t l ‘ · * e * *
ud a g es at t ie county style show
sity. She gained great proficiency in work with foods. Despite
was l1€1‘ many home duties and club activities she neglected neither
_6 to h€1` personal appearance nor her health. At Junior XVeek she
d to $@0FGd 99 plus in the health contest and was sent to the National
e de- Club Congress at Chica¤·o to re resent Kentuckv in the Health
C V
were Contest. 9

 I `
16 Kcmfucky Extension Circular N0. 271
B The Parker family is not bothered by the fear of hunger for
j Blanche made a "canning budget" for her family and when her
t project was completed she had provided a sufficient quantity and
variety of high-quality products raised at home, to furnish well-
balanced meals for the winter.
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    ?     iir  
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- .4 1.:. *2%,. ‘».,—;=~..g;y¤’tg* »l     as    V·s  jiwf   --  ly   
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