xt7b8g8fjf1p https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7b8g8fjf1p/data/mets.xml Kentucky. Department of Education. Kentucky Kentucky. Department of Education. 1936-04 volumes: illustrations 23-28 cm. call numbers 17-ED83 2 and L152 .B35. bulletins English Frankford, Ky. : Dept. of Education This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.) Education -- Kentucky Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Manual on Pupil Transportation", vol. IV, no. 2, April 1936 text Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Manual on Pupil Transportation", vol. IV, no. 2, April 1936 1936 1936-04 2021 true xt7b8g8fjf1p section xt7b8g8fjf1p O Commaﬁweeiﬁi a?” Kentucky e

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MANUAL ON
_ PUP”.
TRANSPORTATION

1 Published by Order of the

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

H. W. PETERS
Superintendent of Public Instruction

ISSUED MONTHLY

Entered as second-class matter March 21, 1933, at the post office at V
Frankfort, Kentucky, under the Act of August 24, 1912.

Vol. IV 9 April, 1936 0 No.2

MANUAL

PUPIL

TRANSPORTATION

Published by Order of the

State Board of Education
H. W. PETERS

Superintendent of Public Instruction

F orewora’

By authority imposed upon me by Section 4384—25, Kentucky
Statutes, I have caused to be prepared the materials contained in this
Manual on Pupil Transportation. They have been adopted by the
State Board of Education for use of boards of education in preparing
rules and regulations governing the transportation of school children
in their districts. The mandatory standards which all boards shall
observe and include in their regulations may be found on pages
9-11, inclusive. They are starred on the diﬁerent pages of the hand-
book Where they appear under appropriate headings. It will be
observed that these requirements pertain to speciﬁcations of buses and
qualiﬁcations of bus drivers.

This material has been prepared and arranged by D. Y. Dunn,
Superintendent of Fayette County Schools, N. O. Kimbler, Superin-
tendent of Henderson County Schools, Everett Hilton, Superintendent
of Mason County Schools, L. N. Taylor and Gordie Young of the
Department of Education.

It is hoped that the information contained in this manual Will

help boards of education in safeguarding the lives and health of the
school children as they attempt to provide economical and efﬁcient
educational facilities for their districts.

H. W. PETERS,
Superintendent Public Instruction.

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REGULATIONS OF STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION GOVERN-
IN G PUPIL TRANSPORTATION

Purpose— Safety Comfort Convenience
Page
Chapter 1,—Lega1 Provisions Relating to Pupil Transportation ............ 5
a. Statutory Provisions 5
b. State Board Regulations ........... _. ........ 9
Chapter 2.—Transportation Equipment ____________________________________________________________ ’12
3.. Determining Need ._ 12
b. Speciﬁcations for Buses .......................................................... 13
1. Factors to be Considered for Safety .............................. 13
2. Factors to be Considered for Comfort ................ 16
3. Cost .......... . 17
4. Six Questions in the Purchase of School Buses __________ 17
0. Homemade Bodies v 17
d. Owenrship of 'Buses ...... 18
e. Publicly Owned Body and Privately Owned Chassis ________ 19
f. Courses in Transportation .............................................. . 19
g. Liability of School Districts ................................ . 19
h. The Reporting and Investigating of Accidents ................ 20
i. Accident Prevention .......... 20
Chapter 3.——P1anning Bus Routes __ 30
a. Map of the Transportation Area .......................................... 30
b. Time on the Road .. ...... 31
c. Safety .. 31
d. Shelters and Waiting Stations .............................................. 31
e. Bad Road Problems 31
f. Routing the Transportation so that It is Satisfactory to
All .............................. 31
g. Determining Who is Eligible to Ride .................... __ ............ 32
Chapter 4.—Auxi1iary Uses of School Buses ...................... '. ........................... 33
a. Transportation of Athletic T‘eams 33
b. Other Uses of School Buses .................................................... 33
Chapter 5.——Se1ection of Drivers 34
a. Health of Driver _. .......... . 35
b. Morals 35
0. Standard First Aid Course ................................................. 35
d. Duties of the Driver 35
e. Minimum Qualiﬁcations in the Selection of School Bus
Drivers __ 36
f. Contracts 37

Page
Chapter 6.——Operating Rules and Regulations ............................ _. .................. 38

a. Regulations Pertaining to Driver ............. 38
b. Regulations for the Conduct of Pupils ..... 42
Chapter 7.—Keeping Up With Transportation ............................................. 45
a. Necessity for Records 45
b. Information Heads of Schools Must Have on File ............ 45
c. The Driver’s Contract ...... _ 46
(1. Bond Form ............................................................... 46
e. Bus Diiver’s Daily and Monthly Repel 46
f. Superintendent’s Monthly Report to the Board of
Education 46
g. Superintendent’s Annual Tianspmtation Repoit to the
Board of Education . 46
11. Record of Transportation Equipment Owned by the
District ...... _ .................. .. ________ 47
i. Explanation of Forms 47
Chapter 8.——Cost of Transportation .................................................................. 60
a. Suggestions for Increasing the Efficiency of
Transportation __ 60
b. Garages ........ 60
c. Unsafe Vehicles Must be Discontinued from Use____ 60
(1. Should Size of Load Effect Costs? ................ _ 60
e. Equipment Wearing Out ................... 60
f. Computing the Cost .................... 61
g. Factors Determining the Cost .. 61
h. A Regular Program of Maintenance 62
1. One Man Maintenance Program ....................... 62
2. Driver—Boss Plan of Maintenance 62
3. Putting the Repair \Vork Up for Bid .................. 62
4. Recomended Plan ......... 62
5. Repairs .................... . __ 63
i. Costs in Other States ...........................

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STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION REGULATIONS GOVERNING
PUPIL TRANSPORTATION

Chapter 1—Lega1 Provisions Relating to Pupil Transportation.

“Section 4384—25, Ky. Statutes. Transportation of Children.—
The Superintendent of Public Instruction shall prepare, or cause to
be prepared, and submit for approval and adoption by the State
Board of Education rules and regulations concerning the transporta-
tion of children to and from school.”

“Section 1376r—10, Ky. Statutes. Act Regulating School Buses.
—All drivers of motor vehicles transporting school children are here-
by required to stop each and every such motor vehicle before crossing
over any steam or electric interurban railroad main tracks at a grade,
stop to be made at not less than ten (10) feet nor more than thirty
(30) feet from the nearest railroad over which the highway crosses,
except where such crossing is guarded, crossing protected by gates or
a ﬂag controlled or operated by employees of such railroad. After
making the stop herein required, the driver or operator of a motor
vehicle shall carefully look in each direction for approaching cars or
trains, and shall not start his vehicle until it is ascertained that no
cars or trains are approaching in either direction. Any person vio-
lating the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misde-
meanor and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a ﬁne of
not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each
offense.” (Chap. 83, Acts 1930.)

“Section 4399—20, Ky. Statutes. Powers and Duties.— . . .
Schools shall be maintained for pupils of elementary grade within a
reasonable walking distance of their homes or the board of education
shall furnish transportation from its general funds or otherwise for
any elementary pupil or pupils who do not reside within such dis-
tance, and any board of education may provide transportation from
Its general funds or otherwise for any pupil or pupils of any grade
or grades who do not live within a reasonable walking distance from
the school; provided that such board shall adopt such rules and regu-
lations as will insure the comfort, health, and safety of the children
who are transported; and provided further that such rules and regula-
tions shall be consistent with the rules and regulations of the State
Board of Education dealing with the transportation of pupils.”
(Chap. 65, Acts 1934.)

. “Section 2739g-7, Ky. Statutes. Govcrnmcnt Automobiles. Ap-
pllcation for registration of automobiles owned exclusively by any
COUDtY, city, town or board of education in the State or Federal
Governments, shall be accompanied by a statement from the head

of the department of the State, Federal Government, county, city,
town or board of education owning said automobiles, certifying that

said automoblie is exclusively owned and operated by the county, ‘

city, town or board of education or by the State or Federal Govern-
ment. Said application and statement shall be forwarded by the
county court clerk to the commission and special authority may be
given to the clerk to register same, and upon receiving said authority
the clerk shall issue a registration receipt and deliver a number plate
as hereinafter provided except that no charge shall be made for same
by the commission or the clerk. ’ Any person using any plate or license
in the operation of any automobile not owned exclusively by a county,
city, town or board of education, State or’Federal Government, shall
be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof ﬁned in any
sum not less than ten (10) nor more than one hundred (100) dollars
for each offense.” (C. 109, Acts 1926.)

“Section 2789m—6, Ky. Statutes. Age limits for drivers of school
buses and public passenger-carrying motor vehicles. It shall be un-
lawful for any person, whether licensed under this act or not, who
is under the age of eighteen years, to drive a_ motor vehicle while in
use of a school bus or . e transportation of pupils to or from school,
or for any person, whether licensed under this act or not, who is
under the age of twenty—one years to drive a- motor vehicle while in
use as a public passenger-carrying vehicle.” (C. 18, s. 6, Acts 1984
Extra Session.) '

“Section 2739m—2. Operators shall be licensed. Every person
except those expressly exempted under Sections 3, 4, 7, and 13* of
this act, before operating any motor vehicle upon any highway in this
Commonwealth, shall procure a driver’s license. The ﬁrst license
under this act shall be obtained not later than September 1, 1934:.
License shall cost ﬁfty cents (50c), ﬁfteen cents (150) to be retained
by the examiner to defray expenses for administering the provisions
of this act, and ten cents (10c) shall be forwarded to the department
by the examiner for the use of the department for printing of neces-
sary forms, inspections, and expenses for administering the provi-
sions of this act, and the additional twenty—ﬁve cents (250) derived
from the provisions of this act shall be forwarded to the auditor of
public accounts into the state treasury and credited to a revolving
fund maintained for the purposes of paying salaries and expenses for
the enforcement of the motor vehicle laws of the Commonwealth, said
fund to be expended in the manner determined by the governor of the
Commonwealth, and warrants to be issued by the auditor of public
accounts against said funds for the aforesaid purposes upon the order
of the governor of the Commonwealt .” (C. 18, s. 2, Acts 1934
Extra Session.)

“Section 2739j—7 3, Ky. Statutes. Certiﬁcate for Chanﬂears;
Fees; Badge. No operator of a motor vehicle for hire shall permit
such vehicle to be operateduupon the highways of this State unless the
driver or chauﬂeur thereof has obtained, and from time to time has
renewed, in accordance with the requirements of the Commission, a
statement from said Commission certifying that said driver or chauf-

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ieur has met its requirements with respect to his health, vision,
sobriety, intelligence, care, ability and experience as the driver or
chauﬁeur of such motor vehicles. For the original issue, and for each
renewal, of each such statement, there shall be paid a fee of $2.00
(two dollars). The holder of each such statement shall at all times
when operating a motor vehicle for hire have in his possessmn said
statement, and shall wear a badge, to be issued by said Comm1ss1on,
indicating that the holder thereof is a certified driver or chauffeur.”
(1932, c. 104, Art. 4 and 5.)

Section 2739j—94, Ky. Statutes. Exemptions. There shall be
exempted from the provisions of Section 27 39j—78, Ky. Statutes, per-
taining to excise tax, and Section 2739j—91, pertaining to certain
violations, the following section:

“Section 2739j—94, Ky. Statutes. Exemptions. 1. Motor vehicles
for hire while being used exclusively for the transportation of school
children and school teachers to and from school, provided such vehicle
is operated by, or the compensation for such transportation is paid
by, a school district.” (0. 103, p. 494, Acts 1934 Regular Session.)

Below is quoted a letter of instructions from the Automobile
Department concerning Operators, Chauffeurs and Drivers Licenses.

This letter explains the preceding sections of law dealing with the
licenses above named:

STATE OF KENTUCKY
AUTOMOBILE DEPARTMENT

Frankfort, Ky.

October 15, 1934.
Dear Sir:

This letter is for the purpose of clearing up some points that have come

up since writing you sometime ago, in regard to the operator’s, chauffeur’s
and driver’s license.

In my letter of August 31, I explained that three different kinds of
licenses would be issued. First, the operator’s license that will be issued by
the Circuit Court Clerks; second, the chauﬁeur’s license that will be issued
by the County Court Clerks; and third, the driver’s license that will be issued
by the Department of Motor Transportation, Frankfort, Ky.

The license known as the operator‘s license will be issued by the Circuit

Court Clerks and covers the operators of all motor vehicles that are not

being operated for hire, and where the drivers of same are not employed as
hired chauffeurs.

Chanﬁeurs’ licenses will apply to all drivers employed to drive motor
vehicles that are not being operated for hire. This will include drivers of
school buses, where the school buses are owned by the county or school dis-
trict, and where the drivers are employed to operate them. These licenses
will be issued by the County Court Clerks. ,

Drivers’ licenses will apply to drivers of motor vehicles being operated
for hire, whether they be the owners or employed drivers. This license
Will apply to all drivers of buses being operated over regular routes, city
busesand school buses, where the school buses are not owned by the
counties, and drivers of taxi-cabs. Drivers’ licenses will also apply to drivers
of trucks that are being operated for hire, whether they be the owners or
employed drivers, and will also apply to trucks being operated Wholly
Within a city or within ten miles of its limits, or to trucks that are operated

for hire, not hauling the type of freight that brings the truck under the
provisions of the law regulating trucks for hire. The applicant must state
whether he proposes to operate a passenger hauling vehicle or a truck.
Where chauffeurs’ licenses apply to drivers of school buses, they can be
issued to drivers eighteen years of age, or above. Where drivers’ licenses
apply to the drivers of school buses or any other passenger hauling vehicle,
the drivers must be twenty-one years old, or above. Drivers of trucks oper-

ated for hire must be eighteen years old or over, before they can be issued ~

drivers’ licenses.

Very truly yours,

(Signed) HENRY H. DENHARDT, Adjutant General.

0. W. WILLIAMS,
Assistant State Tax Commissioner.

CLIFF CLAYPOOL,
Supervisor of Motor Transportation.

Approved by Attorney General.

Department of Education,
Frankfort, Kentucky.

Dear Sir:

At your suggestion I am writing a statement that covers the require
ments of school busses operating over the highways of Kentucky.

The law provides that an ofﬁcial tag be issued to all school busses owned
by the County or a School District. These busses will be permitted to haul
school children backwards and forwards from school and the use of any
such bus will be permitted for the purpose of making special trips to dif-
ferent athletic meets or any other place that it is necessary to transport
pupils and teachers to educational meetings.

In case the busses are owned by an individual, license must be pur‘
chased from the County Court Clerk, and any such bus will be permitted to
operate in the same way as the bus carrying ofﬁcial tag, but in no case
Will a school bus carrying only regular license plates or ofﬁcial license plates
be permitted to haul passengers for hire except school children and school
teachers in the way mentioned above.

. Driver’s License will be required of every driver of a school bus which
license can be purchased from the Motor Transportation Department at
Frankfort, Kentucky.

Yours very truly.
CLIFF CLAYPOOL,

Supervisor of Motor Transportation.
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STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION RULES AND REGULATIONS
GOVERNING TRANSPORTATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

At a meeting of the State Board of Education, held in the ofﬁce
of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, March 25, 1936, it was
ordered that the following rules and regulations governing transpor-
tation of school children be and are hereby adopted.

Transportation Equipment

Brakes. Use only chassis equipped with four-wheel brakes.
Chassis should also be equipped with a hand-operated brake system
which is entirely independent of the four—wheel service brake.

.Color. The body of the bus should be painted golden orange
color. The inside of bus should be painted gray. (This is the stand-
ard color scheme used for school buses.)

Doors. The service door should be under the control of the
operator, and should be so constructed as not to open if children
lean against it. This door should give a minimum clear opening of
24 inches and should be located opposite the driver, on the right side
of the bus. The sedan type of door should not be used. The lower
panels of service door should be of shatter-proof glass. Door jambs
should be equipped with a channel of rubber hose to protect children’s
ﬁngers. There should be no door on the left side of driver. The
lever that closes the door should not have holes or notches that might
injure the children ’s ﬁngers and parts of the lever separated at least
two inches to prevent shearing action. There should be no outside
handle on the service door.

Emergency Door. Every school bus should be equipped with
an emergency door, located in the rear end of bus. The following
spec1ﬁcations should be observed:

(a) It must give a minimum horizontal clearance of 18 inches;

(b) It must give a minimum vertical clearance of 48 inches;

(d) It must be provided with a fastening device which may be
quickly released in case of emergency from without as well
as within, but which shall be protected against accidental
release. This release should not be under the control of
operator, as it would involve a complicated linkage between
the fastener and the driver’s seat, which might easily become
jammed if the bus were involved in an accident.

(e) There should be no steps to the emergency door.

(f) An unobstructed aisle at least 12 inches wide should lead to
emergency door.
(g) Upper panel of emergency door should be of glass.

Gasoline Tanh. Should be located, ﬁlled, drained, and vented
outside of the bus body.

Glass. All the glass used in the windshield, windows, and doors
of buses bought after July 1, 1936, shall be shatter-proof.

Horn. Each bus must be equipped with a good horn of distinc-
tive sound.

Lighting. In addition to the regular two headlights at the front,
and the dashlights, there shall be provided two dome lights, a stop
light operated by the foot brake, and such other lights as are required
by the state law.

Mirrors. An inside, non-glare mirror at least 12 inches long
must be provided that Will give the driver a full view of the interior
of the bus and of the road immediately to the rear. A mirror must
also be extended on the left to give the driver a view of approaching
vehicles.

Speedometer. Each bus should be equipped with a working
speedometer.

Traﬁio Guard Rails. All bus bodies should be equipped with a
one-piece trafﬁc guard rail on each side of the body, at the height of
the seat line. In case of a collision or accident, this would help to
resist the impact and to prevent the body side from being crushed
in; also a great protection against side swipes.

View. All seats and body parts must be so designed and propor-
tioned as to permit unobstructed vision from driver’s seat.

Windshield Wiper. Each bus should be equipped with adequate
power-driven windshield wiper, capable of manual operation in emer-
gencies, and defroster during winter season.

Qualiﬁcations of Bus Drivers

Health Certiﬁcate. No one should be employed to drive a bus
who is not able—bodied or who has a communicable disease. He must
be strong enough physically to handle the bus with ease. He must
have normal use ofhis body, and use of both hands, both feet, both
eyes, and both ears. He must present a certiﬁcate from a reputable
physician, after a careful examination, annually.

Vision. He must present a certiﬁcate from a reputable oculist
as to his vision.

Morals. No person shall be employed or kept in service as 8
driver of a school bus who uses intoxicating liquors; he must not use
tobacco while in the bus or on the school grounds; and he must refrain
from the use of profane and indecent language.

Character. He must be thoroughly reliable, and of good repute;
a person whom the children will respect, and Whose actions should

ead to

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result in constructive inﬂuence over the pupils. He must be capable
of maintaining order.

Experience. He shall satisfy the employing authority of his
ability to drive a school bus by citing driving experience and by
giving reliable references.

License. He must hold a drvier’s license. No one should be
employed as a school bus driver who has had a driver’s license
revoked.

Contract. He must sign the driver’s contract furnished by the
school board, which contract covers “Regulations for Driver” fur-
nished by school authorities. '

Personal Appearance. Drivers should be required to keep clean
and neat while operating a school bus.

First Aid. Bus drivers should be expected to attain a reasonable
degree of efﬁciency in the use of ﬁrst aid treatment. They should be
regularly instructed concerning the best way to render ﬁrst aid by
some one thoroughly qualified to give instruction.

Chapter 2

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT p1

a. Determining Need 0

. . . 1'

The question of need for transportation in any given Situation or

will be determined in a. large measure by conditions peculiar to that a):

situation. No set of sp ciﬁc rules can be constructed that will serve B

as a deﬁnite guide in all situations. The distance from school is the In
most commonly employed measure. This usually ranges from one

to three miles. Transportation need is most frequently created when It

schools are abandoned. This is usually a part of a consolidation sh

program. su

1. Factors to be taken into consideration are:
(a) The effort the child must put forth due to distance, pt
weather, and road conditions;

(b) The physical ability of the child to walk to school as ro
determined by age, health, and physical condition;

(0) The traffic, weather, and other hazards required in Cl
Walking. w:

With the increased number and the increased speed of cars and
trucks on our highways today, it is much more dangerous for children th
to walk down the highways than it is to ride in a bus. If proper care 1.96
is taken in the selection of a driver and a bus that is built with the 1“
safety of the pupils in mind, there is practically no danger to pupils Ch

riding in it. '

Subject to state laws and rules and regulations of the State Board U“
of Education, the local school board has control of all transportation T]
in the local district. The board should exercise this control only g1
through the formulation of policies and general rules. The transpor- n(
tation of school children must be placed in the hands of persons ac
trained for the work. Railroad companies do not place untrained men re
in charge of their transportation. School transportation is just as St

important. The ﬁrst requisite to successful transportation is cen-
tralized control and centralized responsibility. cc
The detailed administration of the transportation should be dele- a1

gated to the head of the school system (the superintendent or princi-
_ pal of a single school district, or the county superintendent under a 01
county system). It is properly a part of his business. le
This chapter presents suggestions for selecting or building bus 24
bodies and selecting chassis, which, it followed, will assist local school of
officials and administrators in obtaining desirable transportation p:

equipment at a reasonable price. —
12

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b. Speciﬁcations for Buses (Mandatory regulations of the State
Board of Education starred)

1. Factors to be considered for safety:

The ﬁrst major factor to be considered in the purchase or lease
of equipment for the transportation of pupils is the safety Of the
pupils.

Provisions for safety to be considered when buying buses for the
transportation of pupils include: .

Body of Bus. Bus bodies should be built as low as possible with-
out sacriﬁcing strength, in order to avoid swaying and undue strain
011 the body frame and chassis. Body overhang should be well bal-
anced and the body should not be mounted on longitudinal sills.
Body should conform to the size and strength of the chassis, and
must be well braced.

Body Covering. Body covering should be of strong material.
If of steel, it should be not less than 20 U. 8. gauge in thickness and
should be insulated to prevent excessive heat under direct rays of the
sun during the summer.

Body Height. For younger pupils, 60 inches; for high school
pupils, 66 inches, inside measurements.

Body Width. Minimum for two rows of seats 68 inches; for three
rows of seats, 76 inches; the maximum not to exceed the legal limit.

*Brakes. Use only chassis equipped with four-wheel brakes.
Chassis should also be equipped with a hand—operated brake system
which is entirely independent of the four-wheel service brake.

Bumpers. Bumpers should be anchored on the chassis at both
the front and rear of the bus. The bumper on the rear end should
be so constructed and guarded that hitching will be difﬁcult, if not
impossible. There should be no grab rods on the outside of bus for
children to hang or ride on. .

Chassis. The chassis of bus should be especially built for the
transportation of people; that is, it should be a motor coach chassis.
This will give the chassis sufﬁcient strength. It will provide for
greater comfort than a truck, and will prove equally, or more eco-
nomical in the long ‘run. All bodies should be mounted on chasses
according to speciﬁcations of chassis manufacturer. Purchaser should
require from manufacturer a guarantee that chassis is of sufﬁcient
strength to carry body loaded to capacity.

*Color. The body of the bus should be painted golden orange
color. The inside of bus should be painted gray. (This is the stand-
ard color scheme used for school buses.)

*Doors. The service door should be under the control of the
operator, and should be so constructed as not to open if children
lean against it. This door should give a minimum clear openingof
24 inches and should be located opposite the driver, on the right side
of the bus. The sedan type of door should not be used. The lower
panels of service door should be of shatter—proof glass. Door jambs

* State Board Requirements.

should be equipped with ‘a channel of rubber hose to protect chil-
dren’s ﬁngers. There should be no door on the left side of driver.
The lever that closes the door should not have holes or notches that
might injure the children’s ﬁngers, and parts of the lever separated at
least two inches to prevent shearing action. There should be no
outside handle on the service door.

*Emergency Door. Every school bus should be equipped with
an emergency door, located in the rear end of bus. The following
speciﬁcations should be observed:

(a) It must give a minimum horizontal clearance of 18
inches;

(b) It must give a minimum vertical clearance of 48 inches;

(d) It must be provided with a fastening device which may '

be quickly released in case of emergency from without
as well as within, but which shall be protected against
accidental release. This release should not be under
the control of operator, as it would involve a compli-

cated linkage between.the fastener and the driver’s

seat, which might easily become jammed if the bus were
involved in an accident.

(f) An unobstructed aisle at least 12 inches 'wide should
lead to emergency door.

(g) Upper panel of emergency door should be of glass.

, Engine. The size and power of the engine to be selected should
be determined by the demands to be made upon it. The condition of
the roads and load to be carried will be important factors to be con-
sidered. Economy of operation is very important. Remember proper
types of engines lead to economy in Operation. Purchase should be
made from a reputable manufacturer and from a local dealer able to
furnish service and parts.

Fire Protection. An uninsulated exhaust pipe must not run near
the gas tank; must be securely protected against leakage; and n0
heater operated therefrom. Each bus must be provided with a Fire
Extinguisher, one quart or one and one—half quart in size, of the non-
freezing type, located on a bracket within convenient reach of the
driver. Fire extinguishers should be inspected as often as indicated
by the manufacturer, in order that they may be kept in good working
condition.

First Aid. Every school body should be equipped with a stand-
ard ﬁrst aid kit, which should be inspected each month.

Floor of Bus. Floor of bus should be covered with a good grade .

of corrugated rubber, linoleum, or mastipave, so that it may be easily
swept and mopped each day.

Fuses. Two or three extra fuses should be carried with each
bus.

" State Board Requirements.

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*Gasoline Tank. Should be located, ﬁlled, drained, and vented
outside of the bus body.

*Glass. All the glass used in the windshield, windows, and doors
of buses bought after July 1, 1936, shall be shatter-proof.

*Horii. Each bus must be equipped with a good horn of dis—
tinctive sound.

Identiﬁcation. “SCHOOL BUS” and its number must be
printed in large black letters at least four inches high on both fro