xt7bk35mbw3v https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7bk35mbw3v/data/mets.xml Alabama Alabama Museum of Natural History 1948 Other titles include: Alabama Museum of Natural History museum paper, Geological Survey of Alabama, Museum of the Geological Survey of Alabama. Other creators include: United States. Work Projects Administration, Geological Survey of Alabama, Tennessee Valley Authority. Issues for 1, 3 carry no series numbering. No. 2 also as Education papers no. 1. UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program libraries. Call number  AS36 .A2. journals  English University, Ala. : Alabama Museum of Natural History, 1910-1960 This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Alabama Works Progress Administration Publications Museum Paper, no. 24, 1948 - including "The Whitesburg Bridge Site Ma 10" by Wm. S. Webb and David L. DeJarnette text Museum Paper, no. 24, 1948 - including "The Whitesburg Bridge Site Ma 10" by Wm. S. Webb and David L. DeJarnette 1948 1948 2015 true xt7bk35mbw3v section xt7bk35mbw3v      
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GEDLDGICAL SURVEY DF ALABAMA
_ WALTER B. JONES, STATE GE¤I.¤IsIs·r
 
  Muséum PAPER 24
z · ALABAMA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
   HE WHITESBURG BRIDGE SITE MAV1 III
  BY
_<;V_i¤¤ WM. S. WEBB
.`  and
ji I DAVID L. DQJARNETTE
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  Pfépared with the Assistance of the Work Projects Administration
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_ A A 1948 1

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 A GEDLDGIBAL SURVEY DF ALABAMA
WALTER B. TJDNES, STATE GE¤L¤G1ET V ,
Z Museum PAPER 24
2 ALABAMA Museum up- NATURAL HIETEIRY
g— TH? `HITESBURI3 BRIDGE SITE NIAVTD
i By T
Q WM. s. WEBB
  and
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5
 
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I TABLE OF CONTENTS I
  I2  
I Introduction . N ip 
~ t Bit
J A Site Selection ....,r,r,,rr,,r, . ,.O,rr..rr....r,,,..».,,i,...»i,,r... 7 ri.rr,,i.,vr,irr~V»..r..V . ,. _ Q
‘ Acknowledgments _lA.vY..Arl.,.........rr....rrrr.....~.r."..rrrrr~..rrArrr~.rrr.»...r V r~.r. .. , Qi   Figuwt
_ 1 \\`¤f‘.
Q Whitesburg Bridge Site A
I Location ,..,r,.r.,ir.i.Aii.,.. . ..r..i.,,i..i,ii....,i - ,.... . V~v...»..,..»...~..r,i » ..·,V......,r , ,,,. Li 2 (ai
Trench System ,.,r,.r,.,r,.,..,..r....,i...........................iii....,ir,.r,~........,,.,V , ,rV., H 1; (U J
l . 3 Gu
` Natural Zones .....rrr....ri.r...»........_....s,r....r,A.....,,,,rr,rrrr.Y.r.,r~r........rrr . . ,.,. i4 ‘
I 4 (11*
Features ..sr _ ,,.......,..........>,,.......,..» , ...r.,r.....................A................i......i...»i,r ,... ,15 (iw
I 5 fw
Burials ,_,,....,,,,...r,,,,,,,,,..,,,,,........scs_.i,s.....,,,,...........r,_.....,,....i.,,..s,,,>,,,,.,,,s,, , r,,,..rt ZZ   (g, ,
  Burial Associations Tabulated ,,,..._,,,_,,,,_,.r, , ,,,,,,_,,,,....,_......,r,, , EE
~ Artifacts from Burial Association ,__,___________,,,,__r,,,,,,,,,_____,,_ __ ,   6 M
k T Stone Bowls, Steatite, Sandstone Tabulated ,,,,,,r....,s,,....     <°
· (1
' ` Depth Distribution of Artifacts from General Excavation r,,,.... C . rrr. HZ (KN
` 7 fg;
Artifacts not in Burial Association
`   Stone H ,A,, U, ,,,,___,,,t___,____,_,_,,,,________,,,,,,__,,,,__________,____A____,_,r____,,s_,,t,   V it _`
· .. ‘l’ i
A E Bone .,,,,_,,,_,,____.,,_,,,___________,,_s,,____,____________,,,,_,_______________,,,,s,,,_,,,,,,,,,.,   ?` { J
_A x Antler ,_..,,____,__,,,,,,,,, , ,,___A,_______________________________AA_______,______,,,_____________s.    
j Q Q Shell ,rete___,_____e _ ,_t__re,ree____,_____rr__,,________________eeeeeeeeeee________,_e__A_eee____,_eete   V
i   Pottery Study—Marion L. Dunlevy ·
Q ` I Biacks 1, 2 __ee_,r,__ _ ___e__eeee_tee________ __ eee__eee__,s________eese_e____ee____ses_, _ ___e___ee_e    
2   Block 3 _,,,,,_,.,,,_,,,__,,_,,,,___,______,___,__________,,_____,_______________,,_,,,__,,,,_______,t   A
. 1 .
  r   Bwcks 4, 5 eeeee A eeeeeee A EAAaaAA..ew»q.».r....4aaaa¢ga..»»~e~~4aAa.»..aaaa   eee.-~Y»-We»-ee     8 4, ,
{ {   Site Summary   ,,_,,,,______,_____,_ , ,,_V____A__________A,,,,___,,,,____________,s_..,,,, A Q L V
T i » (E; r ,
i ~ { Flint Study   _____,,,,,,,,_, _ ,,,,,_________,__,_______________V _ ______,______________,_____ _ __,_,,_.,,   "  
V l
` ’ l Flint Summary by Zones—J. R. Foster ,,,__,_,_,,,,,___,,____,,,,________,,.,.t, "  
j l I i ~ ·>*
r l Conclusions ,,,,,,,,_____,,_,,,_,,,,_,,,,,,,______________Vr_________r__s,,,____r___i_ii_, _, _,__,,,A___,, , -~ ‘
Z 9 fi; ,6;;
J 2 Literature Cited _.,_A,,,___t_Att,__ , _t__,,r,______,___A____________A_,__Yr,_____________r__,r,,_,,., H i` I   i “`
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§
3

 I LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS r
` » ·i; - tion of Tennessee River showing location of the Whitesburg n 4
. Nlap t `
· Bri., Gite MaVlO—Frontispiece .,,,,.<,,..r.,,.r,,,.. . A,,rr,,.,.....,r,,,.,,.r,,r,r, . ,,_,,, . 2 i
G
, Figure? Pagi?
I 1 \l,`i;~, . crew composed of both men and women, excavating
I Q; technique, November 8, 1939 ,...,r,,,,,,r . ,,,,r, . ..,,,       11
; I 2 mi iicrgil view of 1VlaV10 from Whitesburg Bridge r,r,,r . r,r,,r .   13
(Ei 1— ~ ;l:s 1 and 2, Zone D, exposed.
t V 3 Gr. Plan Whitesburg Bridge Site lVlaV10 ,....r,,,_,,,, . ,,,,,, . ,.,r,   .. 15
I ` 4 (;i· ck; 1 and 2, showing five foot profile ,,._ . ,r,,,,,.s,,s,,r,, . ,,,,.r,   17
{ (lm t-ks 1 and 2, showing twenty-five foot profile, North face.
` 5 to he covered burials, Block 1 ......................................,.. . i............ .. 19
Y , (iw is 1, with stone and second foot level removed, burials .
1 in situ.
_ 6 fzr r cxl No. 9, only seven inches deep, sandstone vessel in-
crted over head, bottom cut away by plough. ............. . ...... 21 ~
<* ~ til No. 62 (child), head covered with sandstone vessel.
z; al No. 20, in sitting position.
(ci 1;zl No. 72, covered with small stones.
7 in wiped sitting Burial No. 92, with small steatite bowl which ,
  probably inverted over head, but in its fall became '
‘ wright .___... _ _,__._,____, _ __________,___,__,__________,____,___,,______.__,,..___._____ . ___..... 22
iff two of the four cut out dog mandibles with Burial No. 8.
. shale gorget and antler drift from Burial N0. 47.
·,r- er ulna spatula from Burial No. 49.
il, 16, sheet copper arm band, copper spatula and copper
‘spangle," broken, from Burial No. 51.
one awl with Burial No. 58.
' wne pin with Burial N0. 84.
0. two flint points with Burial No. 95.
rcdstone cylindrical bead with Burial No. 101.
E2, flint points with Burial No. 102.
  8 (2* ~!i`90\'€d hoe with Burial No, 62 _._____.__,...__.____..___...____..___._....i...... 26 .
p V> 10 inclusive, with Burial No. 93.
i 1* ` *816 gorget, terrapin carapace replica. .
  G, 10. stone bars. ~
jrooved hematite.
  8, 11, bar gorgets. ’
, . steatite bowl fragment, flange handle. `
I 9 (1** `fillité bowl with Burial N0_ Q2 _____ _ _V__________,____,___,_g____,_g,,_,,,,,_, U gg ·
:— `A Kldstone bowl with Burial N0. 31.  
—   _‘*—‘?¢i1i€ bowl with Burial N0. 96. _ I
  andstone bowl with Burial No. 62. i
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.   Figure N0. pag
_   10 (a) Steatite bowl with Burial N0. 96 ....,..r.......,........,_,,.. - ,__,___,_ ,_ V W gg
V   (b) Steatite bowl with Burial N0. 40. l
. 1 3
_ 1 . 11 (a) Stone Artifacts ...............................................................l.........   33 _
  1, chalcedong abraider. `
;   2, limestone celt, flaked. V
1   3, limestone axe, grooved.
~ ' 4, limestone celt ground.
{ 5, limestone hoe, side notched.
’ 1 (b) 1, pebble pestle.
1 A 2, grooved sinker.
` ,   3 shale whetstone or abraider. `
· 1 4, sandstone bowl fragment, knob handle.
1 5, 6, tubular pipe fragments.
. ` 12 (a) Awls of various forms made from split cannon bones oi `eer,
1 , bird bones, ulna of deer, ulna of small mammals ..   F5
3 1 (b) Cut antler sections, ilakers, drifts, projectile points, cu1 leer
mandible, bifurcated bone spatula, fishhook fragr ents.
1; ` 13 Part of string of 927 disc shell beads, 10 cylindrical shell beat}. and i HONG,. - 1
·   5 columella pendants, and tip of conch shell gorget from 1 uirial GO}  ` '
1 No. 81 ____os r _____,_,_____,._o_______o_os____oososooo____oo,s____ooooi_______._o_________,..i_. or Ei 5*  
2 1 LC. .
, 1 3 limestone beads, large excurvate, cylindrical, at lower left, `rom 1 Momi
1 ‘ Burial N0. 85. S_
` 1 Conch columella pendant grooved at one end from Burial 11 . T0. H`
= ; Seven of 11 conch columella pendants from Burial No. 69. T
__   ‘ 14 Flint types ____._._,,,,i,,,,,_,,,,,____,_________________ _ ________________________,_,_____,______ ,_ V él 3 F9},. `
H i   _ S. 11*; . .
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  I n  T, """ *· ·—-i
E
I LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
I University, Alabama
May 11, 1948
Honosf jr; James E. Folsom
Goveyt ; of Alabama
Mont; ery, Alabama
Sir: i
I E re the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of
a re;. I on "The Whitesburg Bridge Site, Ma"10," by William
‘ S. IW; I and David L. DeJarnette. It is requested that this be
gint; 1 Museum Paper 24 of the Alabama Museum of Natural
` isis; ,
Respectfully,
WALTER B. JONES,
State Geologist.
I I
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§
 
3

 INTRODUCTION ‘
. F P it period of some eighteen months prior to the comple- i
` tion ·i»‘ he Guntersville Dam on the Tennessee River, January
l 16, 19“ . an archaeological survey of Guntersville Basin was con-
ductel jr the Tennessee Valley Authority in cooperation with
A the A. ima Museum of Natural History. Many of the most
inipozi ii sites in the area were excavated, using W. P. A. labor
Q for li work. An archaeological laboratory was also set up at
Binni Qun for processing the material recovered from these
excaw   Here skilled and semi-skilled W. P. A. labor was
tiaiir I iid used in the cleaning, restoration and preservation of
archm wical material and the records relative to it. While
this   rerative project was in operation, additional W. P. A.
labor wine available in the vicinity of Huntsville, Alabama.
At ti. rne time it became known that a number of important
arclii sical sites in Pickwick and Wheeler basins, which were
marc to the lakes, were being seriously damaged by the .
high r table. Since it had not been possible previously to
exten these important sites and because of the impending
serie image to them, it was determined to use the available
W. P Qzibor for excavation of such sites as were then acces- A
sible.  
I subject of this report, the Whitesburg Bridge Site,
Madi. ’Younty, Alabama, designated Ma"10, was chosen for
invest ion because of its importance, the proximity of labor,
and i ite’s accessibility. The general location of this site
1S ship . in the map forming the frontispiece of this report. The
suiwg aid excavation of this site was begun January 26, 1939,
undef e direction of Mr. H. Summerfield Day. Under his su-
. pew . the site was cleared, staked, and excavation started.
Sint: . ·i.‘ as obviously a shell midden, it was determined to use
the It xsi: technique" which has been found to have certain
adm   in the study of shell middens. In March, 1939, Mr.
Hue. NDS Was placed in charge of the site and Mr. Day resumed _
woiu. the important site Ma°48. The investigation of Site _
Mail ·lltll`lLl€Cl to the spring Of 1940. After the 1‘€SlgI"12ltl0H
of All wps in February, 1940, Mr. Day again took charge and  
c0iu;i ii the excavation to April, 1940. After an expenditure
of N 1.800 man-days labor, the site was abandoned, a fair _ ¢
sanw sl` its prehistoric record having been obtained.  
  s

 5
1
A 10 GEOLOGICAL. SURVEY OF ALABAMA
    AoxNowLEDoMENTs X Auml,
· A f A of th;
' The authors express their appreciation of the work of l·»’l€SSl‘$_ his C3 A
A ; Q Day and Capps at this site since a considerable body o. infor. Sim
t ‘ i mation was gathered under field conditions, which were some- A
B, l times very difficult. One unusual feature of the excavaison war ‘ ’j
’ 4   the employment for the last seven months of a neg o crew · thaiilrvei
. V A made up of both men and women. This was made nwessary `
A l   because of the excess of unemployed negro women on the J. P. AA
T rolls of Madison County. After slight modifications of t se tecli·  
, i A niques of excavation were made in order to conform to L  P.A,  
° , regulations governing the employment of women in tre field,  
A the work proceeded in an efficient manner. It was thus demon- p    ji
  strated that a mixed crew properly guided could do satilrfactoiir l'  
‘ l . field excavation. Figure 1 shows this crew at work N»vembei  
k i . 8, 1929. .   V
g A   The authors wish to express their appreciation to 3   Law- .   A  
_ I l rence L. Durisch of the Tennessee Valley Authority an to Dt   V_*‘
{   Walter B. Jones, Director of the Alabama Museum of >latu1·al  
Q A l History, for the many services which the institutions repnesenlti { A T
      by them rendered in this cooperative endeavor in archa ologifll i
i     conservation. A Figuy.
l l
I V y The material from this excavation was processed at the  »
l Z   Central Archaeological Laboratory at Birmingham.
{ l The authors acknowledge with pleasure the service cendeief l
·   by Mr. Harold F. Dahms, supervisor of the Central L3.i.Jl`?lt0l`l4`  
Q ‘ in arranging for the compilation of data on material foni this *
_ 5 site. A
I A Miss Marion L. Dunlevy, pottery specialist, studied Ch€ PO? _  
tery at this site. Her findings are included herein as 3 Wllualli  
  addition to this report.  

 THE WHITESBURG BRIDGE SITE ll '
‘ 1 iames R. Foster, Junior Archaeologist, Tennessee Valley i
 ‘ Autiiis   prepared the tabulation showing depth distribution
of tlir Fmt types, as published herein. This is the result of
rs. his ca til analysis and comparison of flint types found at this I
>r- site.
it-
as o 'T riss Dunlevy and Mr. Foster, the authors express their
ew . thaiil: ~
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  WHITESBURG BRIDGE SITE A I
  1   Mavic ` {
4 § This site is located on the immediate north banla of th A  
1   Tennessee River, 10 miles from Huntsville on the Wh esliiinr _  
] Y Pike. It is about 100 feet west of the Whitesburg Bri· f€,31];vi i
~   extends along the river for about 350 feet (see Figure 2—· 1. The 1
4 1 midden deposit extends northward from the river about ·n this »
y ] midden and the port became the center of considerable inimer-
  1 cial activity in the transportation of freight and passe ;e1·sl.15‘
Q   river steamboat. After competition by the railroads 2 ide the
Q T1 river steamer unprofitable, the port was abandoned. wme 51  —
  I years ago a cotton gin was erected on the site and ope ted hl
l I many years. For the past two decades the site has oeen it  Q
· I   cultivation. Recently, the construction of Whitesbi11‘ B1`i  
1 on the southern edge by erosion, and the site has been i 1;111     s .» II ’*/. I  :I¤;=;,,.    ,.._ I
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  5

 l 14 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA , , ·
, l Trench System _
‘ l   The site was staked in 5-foot squares, from a zero ine laid
Y , south to north and a base line extending east and west zpprogi.
. mately on the edge of the river bank.
A l East-west exploratory trenches were then run, the 15-fom
‘ g trench from the zero line east (left) 200 feet, and the -35-foot
A trench east-west from L 200 to R 100. Blocks were then 1 olated. A
ll i L Nos. 1 and 2 at the river edge (see Figure 2-b), and N es. 3, 4.  `
lj V l and 5 on the northern border of the deposit, as shown in Groimd  .
Q Plan, Figure 3.
J ‘ l As the isolating trenches were dug, all material wz r desig·
l - nated by its trench, but no attempt was made to recor levels.
  , This accounts for artifacts reported in the general sunriary as p
I from trenches, level undetermined. Blocks were taken own in A
  V the order 3, 2, 1, 4, 5.
i V ~ Natural Zones
    l Since Block 3 was the first excavated, the natuwl zones
k were described by their exposure in the 55-foot trencli These A
i i , may be described briefly from the top down as:
l   Zone A. A sandy loam, the plow zone, about 6 incY=estl1i·:k A
g { with scattered shell.
1 i Zone B. A black organic clay, with scattered shell ind lillle l
· l cultural material, about 1 foot thick.
A Zone C. A yellow clay, clean, nearly sterile lay<  illlfll `
l l 1 foot thick. Extending in the 55-foot trench from L-ill to the
{ Q edge of the excavation at R-100.
l l   r
i Zone D. An almost pure concentration of shell cwtaiiiim .
‘ l much cultural material. This zone varied much in ziickizess
~   from 3.5 feet at L-25 to zero thickness at R-65.
l Zone E. A deposit of sandy clay, the top first foot of which A
i had received shell and cultural material from Zone D 2—¤&0V€ lll
i West of L-25 in the 55-foot trench, Zone C diS&PD€-Wed   Q
` Zone B lay directly on Zone D. West of L-180 in thi.2tre11,.i 2 .
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Q 16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA ` kh
Zone E began to show isolated lenses of concentrated cleat shell.
,   as if on a river-deposited sand, shell had been laid down s·i com-  V
l j centrated lenses, and later covered by further deposition o<' sand. .
In order to understand this site and the depth distrY$>llti·.·2l . i
. i of material, it must be remembered that Zone C underli~   only i C
i l Block B; that in Blocks 4 and 5, Zone D is relatively thin out _ _  _A
Q i the whole midden deposit is only about 4 feet deep, whih in the . g  i‘ ,  
D case of Blocks 1 and 2, Zone D is very deep—nearly 3.5 cet oi;  
lj i the average—and there the whole midden is about 6 feet tleep.  ,  tf
. . if  —>».
_ l It appears from a study of the profiles that Zone D carries   A
i most of the cultural material other than pottery because it is ‘  
, ' l the thickest zone (see Figure 4-a) and the early occupaz =:y was  C  I
  concentrated in that zone. Zones A and B, on the oth· ‘· liaiid.  if
C i carry nearly all of the pottery, so much so as to make sa ue thai  L-6:3 .
, Zone D is pre-pottery, as shown in tabulation of pottery from  
  . Blocks 1, 2 and 3. In Blocks 4 and 5, not excavated b zones.  
] ‘ the pottery is practically all in the upper two feet which louglllir   `
E ' V corresponds to Zones A and B for these blocks. Blocw 3 WHS · it  _ i
l excavated by zones. Block 2 was excavated by first r» ’llO\`lIl§ A A
  Zones A and B, keeping all material separated by zones, and the _
, remainder was excavated by foot levels. It is to be rem xnherai l  
C , that there was no Zone C at this point and Zone D wr < about  g . t.
T   3.5 feet deep (see Figure 4-b). Thus the 4-foot level lil ow the `  
l top of Zone D would carry the last 6 inches of Zone D ind the   V  
I   top 6 inches of Zone E. This material is recorded as ZOHGD  
Zmd E. The remainder of Zone E was about 1 foot thirl. Hllflli '  .»
t was excavated together. `  1
. Bl0Cli I was excavated by first removing Zone A, illfl th ,  
remainder in 1-foot levels. _  ltd F
i l
{ ` ` t
. Features ·
. l Twenty—nine special features were recorded as follow! Fiélfl
. t Circular fire pits in the shell rr.,__...r...rr...s...s N . _s...r...r.. r .,.rr.. .. Y
l ` Fired clay hearth areas _r____ _ ,____________________,_,____ _ ____ _ _________A_.,. , , lll
Concentration of gastropods. ,.....r_r____..__........__,__rl____________,_.l_...... l
Fi1`€ bHSiHS floored with river pebbles ........____,. K ,.__,,,,___,,,........ H 2
Dog burials   ,__.,   ,_,,_,t,,,_,_r,, r_ _,____ii__ _ __r_ _ Vrr____V_V____________,__..,, 9
l Total ..,..,   .,,,, r ,_,,   ____,__ V _____ _ ________________V_______________________,...   99  
l l  
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