xt7cvd6p172n https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7cvd6p172n/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.  journals kaes_circulars_004_549 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 549 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 549  2014 true xt7cvd6p172n section xt7cvd6p172n R CIRCULAR 549
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  THE FEEDER PIG
ENTERPRISE IN
K E N T U C KY
By c;. B. BARNBART, ROBERT w. RUDD
and GRADY SELLARDS
ur~uv:RsnTY or KENTUCKY
Agricultural Extension Service

 CONTENTS
Page .
InLmn ......,..................,................,......,...,........,......... 3
Selection ull Brccaling Stock .............,.....4...,.............,........ 3
Systcins ul I’m¢Im·Li<>n .................,.........4......,.........,.........,. ·l
Ilonsing uml Iiquipnieni ..................................,.....4....,.... 7
(Qcncrul Munugcnicm I’m<·c¢Inrcs uml Pmblciiis .......... 8 `
Pccmling thc Iimoll Sow I)uring (icsiuiion .....,....,........... I5
I·`c·cn ....,................. I4
\\'cun liurly or ur liigln Weeks ..........,..............,...,.......,.. I#I
I·`cc|` I~`ec¢Icrs ut l)iIIc1·c·in
\\`cigIns vcrsus Fcciling in Slunglner \\'cigIi1s ..,..,.. I8

    
The Feeder Pug Enterprise In Kentucky
By C. E. Barnhart, Robert W. Rudd and Grady Sellards
Kentucky's hog enterprise accounts for about I5 to 20 percent of
the livestock income in Kentucky. Of the approximately 1.200,000
i hogs sold from Kentucky farms in I956, an estimated one-fifth or more
of these hogs were sold as feeder pigs. Kentucky is naturally adapted
to the production of feeder pigs, owing to (I) its long pasture season
and relatively mild weather which are favorable for raising feeder
pigs and (2) its location in close proximity to (Zorn Belt feeding areas
for hogs. Production and sale of feeder pigs in Kentucky have been
most important in the areas which do not raise enough grain for feed-
ing hogs out to slaughter weights and where pastures are important.
Northern and central Kentucky have been the areas from which most
Kentucky feeder pigs come. ()n many Kentucky farms where feeder
pigs are produced, the sale of pigs as feeders has been an intermittent
operation, with the decision whether to sell them as feeders or feed
out being made each year on the basis of the size of the local corn crop
and the price of corn relative to that of hogs.
SELECTION OF BREEDING STOCK
Several points should be considered in selecting the breeding herd
for the feeder pig enterprise. Sows should be selected on the basis of
both their individual type and production record. They should far-
row large litters of big, strong pigs. The litter should meet Produc-
tion Registry requirements (8 or more pigs that weigh 320 pounds or
more when 50 days old). Remember, heavy pigs at weaning indicate
their dam is a good milker. Sows and gilts should be growthy, long-
bodied, clean about the head and jowl, meaty and well musclecl and
have I2 or more well spaced teats. (iilts for herd replacements should
be from Production Registry litters.
All purebred swine breed associations are now sponsoring a certi-
fied meat hog program designed to identify meat-type hogs from Pro-
duction Registry qualifying litters. Production Registry litters are
qualihed for certihcation on the basis of the carcass characteristics of
two pigs from the litter that are slaughtered. These two pigs must
each weigh 20() pounds or more when I80 days old. Production Regis-
try and meat certification are reliable production records to look for
3

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.4, ¢2¥ iv-. 1 ey.! »   ·=i’ .·,.....;~···;.·:· . »F*w€· ,·-A Y ·.- -~<.:·<.· ~·;**·¢ !‘· »·
‘,’¤‘·{{' /eg"ré{?··§§Tl   ,1;}                  
Fig. l.—1\n outstzuiding meat-type brood sow. Note the excellent underline.
when buying the herd l)<)ill` :1s well :1s gilts. ()l` course, tl1e herd l)Uiil`
should be W(‘ll-l)1llilIl(`C(l, 111z1s<·uline, growthy, long and trim bodied,
llllillll`llI i11 widtl1 from lront to rein`, well·muscled, have il strong top
iIll(l lull llillll, illl(l S[1lll(l o11 SU`()llg lieet Zlll(l legs. A good n1e;1t-type
l)()ill` witl1 l)l`()(lll(`[l()ll rerords 111111 be expected to sire high quality
lll(‘ill-l,}'|)(‘ Ieeder pigs that will be well received by the buyer. It lllily
be QI(l\'i$1ll)l(‘ lor :1 trrou 1 ol irodueers to buv :1 to) boztr lor )2ll`[€l`—
5 I I
ship use. l)lll`Cl)l`&'(l breeding stock IS preferred. There 15 no one best
breed llliI\IIlll(`ll ;1s there :1re lQf)()(l·])l`()(lll(`iHg, lll(?1l[}' hogs in :1ll breeds.
il`llI`<‘(‘ Illilifil I)l`U(lll(`li<)ll S}'%[(‘lll$ 1ll'(" being lollowed in l{e11t11t1ky.
The two-litter system is the tnost t‘o11u11o11 (HIC. Sows l`2lI`I`()\\' twioe 21
tear. ill ldllllill`}, l‘i(‘l)l`lllIl`}', Nlill`(`ll or April, ill](l :1g;1in i11 August or
S(‘[)l(`IIIl)(‘l`. ilillis system lends itsell well to tl1e leeder pig e11terprise
Allltl his into gt‘Il(’l`;Il lilfllllllg quite well.
il`ll(` one-litter system is l)l`CliCl`l`C(l by sotne l)l`<>(lll(`Cl`S, (iilts l`2ll`l`t)\\'
Ull((` (`iltll \(‘Qll`. ll\llilllY i11 the lute S})l`lI\g`. These litters 1ll`C li&ll`l`O\\'€(l
hx gills whith :1re sold 1lllCl' \\`(‘(lllll]g' their litters. Gilts are saved
l1·o111 one tmp to l.11·row the next years crop of pigs. This system has
-1

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Fig. 2.- A young boar 0[ excellent-ment type. This hour is from at ccrtihed
ment litter amd was sited by at certified ment sire.
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Fig. 3.- An excellent meavtype burrow of market weight.
 
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Fig. »I.— ,\n imlivitluul hog house equipped with u furruwing (trute. ·
the utltu`et‘s urrunge to
liIl`I`()\\' S()\\'\ ll`(}lll   i.()   [llIlCS C2l(`ll ycill`. Sll(`ll il $y$[€lll llli[l(C$
the utmost use ul equipment uml pmvitles u more lrequent sotirce of
imnnie thun the lirst two systems mentinnetl. ‘
lmlivitluul liIl`Ill n·<>mliti<>ns uml the ()l)Cl`2lU)l`lh skills uml prefer-
emies will lurgely tletermine which system shoultl he utloptetl.
HOUSING AND EQUIPMENT
l·`ee2l(`lf)l`}' lor lurmwing. I
(l‘luns ure uvuiluhle tlunugh county ugents or the .\g'l`l(`lll[lll`ill lingi-
neering l)epurtim·ut, lvlll\`(‘l`Sl[)' nl l{entm·k).) Pens with l`;u‘r<>wing
irutes ure (t)lllIIlUI]l} instulletl in t<>l>:u·¢·n burns. muking u l<>w-rust,
wurkuhle urixuigenient.
(lentrul lurmwing houses ure u greut mnveniemie. muking it eusier
In ture lor suws uml litters. uml they ure not um mstly when figured
uu u l4>llg—[(`I`lll busis. ll u centrul lurmwing house is tu he usetl. lur-
6

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Fig. fi.- A shed uml a eomtrete [ceding lloor such as this make an ideal place
to house sows uml pigs. Note the pig creep in buck right corner ol pen. The
dividing gate can be removed and several litters turned together after
weaning.
Farrowing—Scrub larrowing house with boiling water uml lye (20
gallons water to I pouml lye). The use ol a steam cleaner is preferred.
lt can sometimes be rented lrom a nearby garage. \\'ash sows thor-
oughly with soap and water belore placing them in clean larrowing
I)('ll\.
Navel (]ords—~l)ip young pig‘s` navel cords in iodine, then tie them
in a knot tlose to the body aml clip oll below the knot.
Needle Teeth—(Zlip pigs` needle teeth with a pair ol small side
cutting pliers at birth. 'l`his will prevent the pigs injuring themselves
aml their dams` udders,
Ear Notch—Not:=:  M
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Fig. 7.- Scrub and disinfect furrowiug quarters bcforc bringing sows in to
` [arrow.
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Fig. 8.- Scrub sow with soup and WHICT bcfurc placing hcr in harrowing crutc.
9

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>l|((C\SIllI i11 \l1lI`[IllQ_ 1I1e111ilk II11w.
NI:1s1i1is—S11ws Il`(‘(lllClllIy' I1:1ve 111:1s1i1is :1111I (`llll be s111‘1‘essI'11lIy‘
11e:111·1l l1y Ill>iC(`lIl1g 5 11 11I` (`()IllI)I()[I(` i11111 1I1e I1:1111 e:11I1 1l:1y‘ I`111‘ 2-F}
1I:1ys.
s(i()l|l`S—lI§lI)y pigs very 11I`1e11 S(`(>llI` s11111e1i111e (lllI`IIlg` 1I1e Iirs1 Iew
weeks ilIl(‘I` I-2ll`l`1)\\'Illg. 'I`w11 1‘1· 11I 1·11111l1i111i1: i11yje11e1l 111 1I1e llillll I-1)l` 3
s1111essive1I:1ys is :111 elle1·1ive 1re:11111e111.
.\11emi:1—lI pigs (I1) 11111 I1:1ve1·11111:111 <.1‘i1I1 1l1e gl`UlllI(I l1y‘ 1l1e 1i111e -
1I1ey 1lI`(‘ I week 11I1I lIl('y' 111:1y* I)C(`<)lIl(f :111e111i1·. 'I`11 l)l`C\'Clll :111e111i:1,
('IIII('l` §\\'XlI) s11ws` ll(I1ICl`5 wi1I1 il s11I111i1111 11l I I)(lUl](I 11I Il`()I] s11II`:11e
I(U])l)CI`2Ih) 1liss11Ive1I i11 I (lllilfl 11I` w:11er 11r give 1I1e pigs :1 pill 1·1111—
1:1i11i11g EG-5 gr:1i11s 11I ir1111 11111*e :1 week 11111iI 1I1e pigs lll`C e:11i11g I'ee1l
11r 1lI`C 1111 1I1e gl`<)llIl(I. ,
(IilS[l'21[C··-NIIIIC pigs >II1)llI1I I1e (`2lSl1`Ll[(f(I \\'I)Cll 2 111 I weeks 11I1l.
Hug (lIl()ICI`Zl—\iii(`(`IIl2llC pigs Ii1)]` I111g 1·I111Ier:1 \\'Il€II lIl€y' 1ll`€ up- .
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lllily l1e 11se1l. II pigs ilI`C \\’(f1lllC(I \\‘IlC‘ll fl weeks 1>I(I il is :11lvis:1I1Ie 111
ll`(‘2ll lI|€lIl \\'i[II I111g (`Il()ICl`il $CI`lllII I()Ii i111111e1Ii:11e pr111e1·1i1111.
\Ve1111—iI`I1e (`UIl\'Cll[I()Il2lI ilglf 111 \\'€1Ill is :11 8 weeks. S11111e pr11-
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(‘IIl(`I(’Il[ :1111l wi1lely lINC(I w11r111e1‘ is lL'(IlIlI(1lI g1’:11le s111Ii11111 Ilu11ril]l 1I1e I-2ll`l`U\\'Illg _
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Fig. 9.- Clip needle teeth ut birth 10 prevent injury to s0w’s udder amd other
pigs in litter.
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Fig. l0.- Tu prevent anemia in pigs kept in confinement give em·h an imn
pill once an week,
11

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Fig. ll.—(1ustrznc pigs zu 2-4 wccks of ugc. Make incisions low :0 insure
prupcr druinugc and hculing.
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Fig, I2.- Spray pigs with cithcr chlordunc or hcmcnc hexachluridc to prevent
rnungc and lice.

 FEEDING THE BROOD SOW DURING GESTATION
The proper feeding of the brood sow during the pre-gestation
and gestation period is one of the most important factors insuring
large, strong. healthy pigs at birth. Sows should be "llushed" or fed
a little better than usual for about 2 weeks before breeding. l·`ollow-
ing breeding, the amount of feed can be reduced somewhat for the
next month or 6 weeks and then gradually increased during the latter
two-thirds of gestation. The exact amount of feed to be fed sows
4 and gilts during the gestation period is largely dependent upon the
_ ani1nals` condition. The average sow should gain 50-75 pounds, and
the average gilt should gain 75 pounds during gestation. Early-sown
Balbo rye pasture for the fall, winter and spring months and legume
pasture during the summer should be provided sows and gilts. Good
pasture can reduce the feed required by gestating sows and gilts front
25 to 50 percent.
Hand-feeding brood sows is preferred to self—feeding. Sows having
access to good pasture will need to be fed from 2 to 0 pounds of a
. complete mixed ration per day. Gilts will probably need l to 2 pounds
more daily, depending upon their size and condition. Two to 3% pounds li
of additional feed per day will be necessary if good pasture is not
available.
Should it be more desirable to self-feed the brood sows, a bulky
ration high in hber should be fed. The condition and gains of the
sows should be watched carefully. lf the sows become too fat the
ration should be made more bulky. Table I gives suggested rations
for bred sows and gilts.
Tuble I.—Gest¤ti0n Feeding Formula
I)()IlIl(IS I)()IlII(I§
Ingredients Iland-fed Self-fed
Ground yellow corn .................,.............,.................... -18.5 30.00
Ground oats ............................,..................................... 25.0 550.00
50% Meat and bone scraps ........................................ 5.0 5.00
44% Solvent soybean meal .......................l......,......... 5.0 $$.50
17% Dehydrated alfalfa meal .................................... l5.0 30.00
Steamed bone meal .................................................... I.0 l.00
Vitamin B12 antibiotic premix* ................................ . ..... . .....
Total Pounds ...........................,.................................. 100.0 ll)0.00
° Vitamin B12 antibiotic premises may be purchased from l`et·d mixers and
livestock supply stores. Add enough premix so that it provides 500 mierograrns
of vitamin B12 and 500 milligrams of antibiotic per ]()0 pounds of feed or follow
ll`IilIlLlI:ilCtllI`UI`Sl (lII`UClI0l1S.
13

 FEEDING THE BROOD SOW DURING LACTATION
Two or El days prior to larrowing the sow should be plaeed in her - .
larrowing quarters and placed on a bulky-laxative type ol leed, such
as equal parts ol bran and ground oats. One to 2 pounds ol this 1`2l-
tion will be sullitient until the sow larrows. .-\s a general rule, sows
do not need any leed the lirst day, following larrowing; however. some
sows are restless and uneoml`ortable, and these should be led lightly.
The same mixture ol` brau and ground oats may be led for 2 or 3 days
alter larrowing. Then. the regular lactation ration may be gradually
substituted lor the bran and oats so that the sow is eating all she wants
by the time her pigs are l0 days ol age. Sows nursing 0 or more pigs _ I
should be sell—led. It is not prolitable to sell-lieed sows with litters ol
less than ti pigs. lleavy—milking sows with large litters eommonly be-
tome very thin and tome down with posterior paralysis. This condi-
tion may usually be prevented by leeding adequately balanced rations.
lu the event a sow does suekle down too thin. the pigs should be
weaned. i\ satislatitory lattatiou ration that may be either selllled or
hand—led is given in Table 2.
Table 2.- Lactation Feeding Formula
Iugredit nls Pounds Ingredients Pounds
(Lround yellow eoru .......... 00.00 Iodi/ed salt ......,................. 0.50
(Lround oats ........... . .l........ 20.00 Vitamin .\ and I):
|7"Q. l)ehydrated allallia pretnix’* .......................... . .....
tneal ................................ 5.00 li-complex vitamin
ll";, Solvent oilmeal ....,... 8.00 premix;* .......................... . ..... .
50",, Meat atul bone Vitamin Bl: antibiotic
straps .. .........................l.. 5.00 premix;" .......................... . .....
(Lround limestone ............ l.00 Total Pounds .................. 100.00
Steamed bonemeal ............ 0.50
° These three premixes may he purehased from feed mixers and livestock
supply stores. .»\tld enough ol the Vitamin A and I)2 premix to proyide 200,000
I,l`. ol Vitamin .—\ and 4000 I.1l. ol; Vitamin I): tor each 100 pounds ot the- ration.
.-\dd enough ol the IK complex vitamin premix to provide 100 milligrams of ribo-
llayiu, 200 milligrams of caleimu pantothenate and 400 milligrams of niacin per
l00 pounds ol lieed. The Vitamin Bw and antibiotic premix (premixes) should
he added to provide l000 micrograms ol Vitamin B1: and 1000 milligrams ot
the aulilwiotie per I00 pounds ol leed.
WEAN EARLY OR AT EIGHT WEEKS
l‘igs may he weaned when Il to 5 weeks old. instead ol the eonven-
tional S weeks. il good etptipment is available. Pigs weaned early
umst be kept in a warm'. well-ventilated barn. I·`or best results divide
pigs attordiug to si/e and keep no more than l0-15 pigs in one group.
14

 .-\llow li square leet ol lloor space per pig. .»\ highly nutritious pig
. . starter and water should he available at all times. .-\ good pig starter
liormula is given in 'l`al>le 3%.
Table 3.— Pig Starter Formula
Ingrcdicnts Pounds Ingredients Pounds
(Lround yellow corn ........ 10.50 (Qround limestone ............ 1.00
Rolled oats (table grade).. 20.00 lodized salt ........................ 0.50
_ Sugar (cane or beet) ........ 15.00 Trace mineral mixture .... 0.20
_ ·l»1"Q, solvent soybean Vitamin ,\ and 1):
oilmeal ............................ 20.00 premix* ............,............. . .....
Dried skimmilk ................ 20.00 Vitamin B-complex
00"Q, Fish meal .................. 2.50 premixili .......................... . .....
Dried corn distillers Vitamin 15]: antibiotic
solubles .......................... 2.50 pretnix*’ .......................... . .....
Steamed bone meal .......... 2.00 Total Pounds .................... 100.00
° These three prcmixes may he purchased from feed mixers and livestock
supply houses. Add enough of the Vitamin A and l)2 premix to provide 500,000
1.U. of Vitamin A and 62,500 I.U. oli Vitamin D2 lior eaeh 100 pounds oi the
1 ration. Add enough of the B complex vitamin premix to provide 500 milligrams
of rihoflavin, 1000 milligrams of calcium pantothenate, 2400 milligrams of niacin
and 25()0 milligrams of choline chloride per 100 pounds of the ration. 'l`he Vita-
min B12 and antibiotic premix (prcmixes) should he added to provide 1000 miero—
grams oi Vitamin B12 and 1000 to 2500 milligrams oi antihiotie per 100 pounds
of feed.
FEEDING THE PIGS FROM WEANING UNTIL SELLING
l '1`he nutritional requirements ol growing pigs are quite important
and exacting until the pigs weigh 75·l00 pounds. \\'eanling pigs are
capable o1` making relatively last and cheap gains. '1`hus, the dividends
lor good leeding and management can he pleasingly prolitahler A com-
plete mixed ration sell-led or corn and protein supplement sell`-led
l`ree»choice will give equally satisliactory results. Fornmlas lor a com-
plete mixed lieed and lor a protein supplement are given in tahles
·l and  
MARKET OUTLETS
Feeder pigs are sold through most tnalior types ol market outlets
in lientucky, but the auction markets are the most important type ol`
sale outlet lor pigs. A considerable number ol 1`eeder pigs move in
liarm-to-l`arm sales, without use ol the regular market channels. The
nearest central market tnaintaining a sulhcient volume o1` sales ol
1`eeder pigs lor continuous price quotations is Memphis, '1`ennessee,
which draws 1`rom the southeastern market area principally.
15

 Table 4.- Complete Growing and Finishing Formula
7 WT T 16% 14% . .
Crude protein Crude protein
feed from weaning feed from 75 lbs.
Egredients to 75 lbs. to 125 lbs.
Pounds Pounds
(.ronud yellow corn .......................,.................. 76.5 82.5
50% Meat and bone scraps ..........,.........,......... 2.5 2.5
1 1% Solvent soybean oilmeal .......................... 19.0 13.0
Steamed hone meal .......................................... 0.5 0.5
(Qround limestone .............................................. 0.7 0.7
Salt ...................................................................... 0.5 0.5
` '1`race minerals ..............................................r... 0.3 0.3 .
Vitanrin .\ and 1): premix°’* ..............................   .... .
li-romplex vitamin premixlt ..........,.................   ....
Vitamin 111: antibiotic premix* .....,..,.............   ....
'liotal Pounds ...................,...................,............ 100.0 100.0
° '1`hese tliree premixes may be purchased from feed mixers and livestock
supply stores. Add enough of the Vitamin A and D2 premix to provide 200.000
1.U. of Vitamin 1): for each 100 pounds of feedl Add enough of the B-complex
vitamin premix to provide 200 milligrams of riboflavin, 500 milligrams of calcium
pantotlrenatei 1500 milligrams o1` niacin and 4000 milligrams of choline chloride
per 100 pounds of leecl. The Vitamin B12 and antibiotic prcmix (premixes) should
he added to provide 500 micrograms of Vitamin Bw and 500 milligrams of anti- ·
liiotie per 100 pounds of feetl,
Table 5.- Protein Supplement
lngretliernts one _——_ Poriril?"( Ingredients 7 T Pounds
11% Solvent soybean Trace minerals .................. 0.50
oilrneal ............................ 52.50 Vitamin A and D:
50% 1\Icat and bone premix* .......................,.. . .....
scraps ..............,............... 25.00 B-complex vitamin
17% Delrydrated allalla premix* .............,............ . .....
meal ..............,................. I0.00 Vitamin Bw antibiotic
Steamed bone meal .......... 5.00 premix* ...............,.......... . .....
(Qrormd limestone ............ 5.00 Total Pounds .................... 100.00
lodi/ed salt ........................ 2.00
°'1`1rt·se three premixes may be purchased from feed mixers and livestock
supply stores. .·\dd enough of the Vitamin A and D2 premix to provide 750.000
1.11. of Vitamin .·\ and 250,000 1.U. of Vitamin D2 per 100 pounds of supplement.
.\rIr1 enough old the l1—<·omp1ex vitamin premix to provide 1000 milligrams of ribo-
llayin, 2000 milligrams of calcium pantothenate. 4000 milligrams of niaein and
20 grams ol choline elrloride per 100 pounds of supplement. The Vitamin Bm
antibiotic premiy tpremixes) should be added to provide 4000 micrograms of
\'rt.uuin 1112 and 1000 milligrams of antibiotie per 100 pounds of supplement.
BUYERS OF KENTUCKY FEEDER PIGS
lhe rnaior buyers ol l{entu<`1