xt7cvd6p2k5f https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7cvd6p2k5f/data/mets.xml Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina United States Works Progress Administration Division of Social Research Rural Section 1936 Preliminary report; Prepared by W. W. Troxell and others; leaves: illustrations, maps, charts, 27 cm; Cover title has Research Bulletin (Not for Release); UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program libraries; Call number Y 3.W 89/2:13/J6 books English Washington, D.C. This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. South Carolina Works Progress Administration Publications Combined Farming-Industrial Employment in the Lumber Subregion of Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina text Combined Farming-Industrial Employment in the Lumber Subregion of Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina 1936 1936 2015 true xt7cvd6p2k5f section xt7cvd6p2k5f   \//\/I '   `   rér I   ly
RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION O` X A
  ¢mmuma ¤MMmM  
E . . yZF~-/#"  3 GMES wmvug.], L,
‘. ·;_ · /2
  4%   yi ‘
V I.-.’F:+l`
E.E..§.E..A.F$.Q-Fi.-§-QA-L-E..I.I.N
(Not for Release)  
Q i
 
  COMBINED FARMING—INDUSTRIAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE LUMBER SUBREGION
OF ALABAMA, GEORGIA, AND SOUTH CAROLINA
  Preliminary Report E
  _ ·,. P
2 ‘ ’
November 1936 J-6

 I
1
1
‘ Permission to publish this bulletin for
administrative use was granted by the Works Progress
Administration. The material contained herein is ,
the outcome of a survey of relief problems in areas ;
in which part—time farming is of major importance in A*
the life of the community. The study was initiated P
by the Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance
of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and
completed by the Division of Social Research of the t
Works Progress Administration.
Prepared by I
W. W. Troxell, .
L. S. Cottrell, Jr., g
and V
A. D. Edwards
of the »
Rural Section
Division of Social Research Y
Works Progress Administration
and
R. H. Allen ;
or the §
Land Utilization Division
Resettlement Administration
I

 • én
lg I
I CONTENTS · \
I {
Page {
f Introduction ...................................................,.,,.......,..,....,....,.......... i
`I Summary .......................,...........,...................,.,...,...,.....,.....,.,.......,...,.,.. ix 5
I. General Features of Sumter County, South Carolinan 1
_ Population ...................................................................... 1
Agriculture ..,.................,..................................,............ 1
p Industry .........,.,...,...,.,...,.,...,...,...,.........,...,.,........,....,..., 2
)— II. Lumber and Woodworking Industries .............,......A......... 6
A The Forests .................................................................... 6
Lumber Consumption in the United States ....,....,.. 6
A Employment .,........................................................,........,.. ll
. Hours and Wages .........,.................................,................ ll
Type of Labor ..,............,................................................ 14
A Seasonal Variation ....................................,................. l6
Outlook for Employment .............................................. 16
Lumber Industry .................................................. 16
Pulp and Paper Industry .................................. 16
- Woodworking Industries ...,`..,............................ 17
III. Part-Time Farming Activities .......................................... 18
_ Types of Part-Time Farmers ...................................... 18
Farm Production .........................................,.................. 18
Gardens .................................................................. 19
I Corn .................................................................,...... 23
, Dairy Products .................................................... 23
] Poultry Products .............................................,.. 23
* Pork ...............................................................,........ 25
Feed Crops ............................................................ 25
y Fuel ........................................................................ 25
. Cash Receipts and Cash Expenses .................................... 25
k Value and Tenure of Part-Time Farms ............................ 28
Labor Requirements of Part-Time Farms and Their
~ Relation to Working Hours in Industry ..............,..... 3O
` IV. Employment and Earnings .................,.,...........,.................... 32
;· The Industrial Group .................................................. 32
y"! Industry and Occupation ............................................ 32
{ Earnings of Heads of White Households ................ 34
Earnings of Heads of Negro Households ................ 34
Total Cash Income of White Households ................ 37
Total Cash Income of Negro Households .............. 4O
i

 2 L
conrnms `
Page {
V. Living Conditions and Organized Social Life .............. 45 l
Housing of White Households ...................................... 45 ‘
Housing of Negro Households .......,.............................. 44 A
Telephones, Radios, and Automobiles ...................... 44 E
Home Ownership ................................................................ 46 ]
Education .......................................................................... 46
" Social Participation .............,...................................... 48
VI. Appraisal of Combined Farming~Industrial Employment 50 A
The Combination of Employment in Lumber or
Woodworking Industries and Agriculture ............ 50 y
Contribution of the Farm to Family Living .......... 51  
_ Disadvantages of Part—Time Farming ........................ 52 »
Relief and Rehabilitation .,......................................., 55  
Appendix A Z
Case Studies of Part—Time Farmers .................................... 55 ·
Appendix B i
Age Grade Schedule .................................................................. 61
Appendix C A
Schedules .,.......................................,...,.4..................,......,.......... 65 i

 INTRODUCTION .
h
’ 
For a long time many people in various parts of the country 2
have made their living through a combination of farming with employment l
in industry. During the past five years the term part-time farming has r
come into general use in describing this way of making a living or in
describing only the farming side of the combination. Other terms such B
as subsistence homesteads, garden cities, and rural—industrial commu-
, nities have likewise been used. At various times it has been proposed  
that these combinations be given public encouragement as a means of im- {
proving the living conditions and increasing the security of many more t
· families. These proposals are varied in character but in general may I
be classified into three major groups: _
l. Provision of garden plots for industrial workers in order that produce
from these plots may supplement their income from industrial employ-
ment, and aid in tiding them over seasons of unemployment. {
2. Establishment of new communities of families, each to be provided with
a small acreage on which to raise a considerable portion of its food, p
with the expectation that industries would locate in such communities ·
and provide supplementary cash income. }
3. Settlement of families on small farms near communities in which .
industrial establishments already exist, where they may produce a com-
siderable portion of their food and may also obtain some employment in
the industries. A
In view of the scarcity of factual information available for use ,
in formulating public policy with respect to such proposals, the Research
‘ Section, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance of the Federal Emer- i
gency Relief Administration in cooperation with the Land Policy Section, t
Division of Program Planning of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration
has undertaken a study of this question.l/ Such public programs as have
actually been undertaken have been chiefly of the second type, but they t
are too new to allow an adequate appraisal of incomes and living in the
resulting communities. In this investigation attention is directed toward
families that have already made combinations such as might result from the w
first and third types. Following popular usage the heads of these families i
will be referred to as part—time farmers, meaning that they spend part of
their time operating a farm and part of their time at some employment away
from this farm. Their farms will be referred to as part—time farms and _
their activities on them will be called part—time farming.
l/ Since the study was undertaken the former agency has become the
Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, and the
latter has become the Land Use Planning Section, Land Utilization
Division, Resettlement Administration. The study has been continued
by these agencies. l
- 1 - I

 -1i- ‘ A
t
The principal objectives of this study are: i
*i
1. To describe existing types of combined farming-industrial employment. l
I
2. To appraise the benefits and disadvantages of these existing types. A
3. To determine the possibilities for further development of desirable j
farming-industrial combinations; in particular, to appraise the extent  
to which these combinations might be utilized in a rehabilitation {
program.
In order to reach these main objectives, answers were sought
to the following questions:  
· l. What land, buildings, and equipment do existing part-time farming
units have?
2. What are the labor requirements and cash expenses of these farms? %
3. What do these farms produce for home use and for sale? .
4. What industrial employment is, or may become, available for combina- t
tion with farming?
5. What are the labor requirements and wage scales of these industries? p
6. What living conditions are associated with these farming-industrial I
combinations, and how do the part-time farmers compare in this respect
with other groups at the same occupational levels? j
7. What are the characteristics of persons and families adaptable to a i
combination of farming with industrial employment?
It is evident that answers to such questions must be given by
regions over which relatively homogeneous conditions prevail. According-
ly it was decided to undertake this study first in one such region so that
the experience thus gained could be utilized in further studies in other y
regions. The region selected was the Eastern Cotton Belt. Two factors I
governed its choice: (l) it is an area in which the need for a sound rural A
rehabilitation program is both urgent and widespread, and (2) industrializa-
tion has been comparatively recent and part-time farming has not yet devel-
oped as extensively as in some of the older industrial regions. The study
has been limited to the three states, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabara,
which comprise most of the eastern end of the Cotton Belt.l/
In this investigation secondary sources of information were first
explored. The Bureau of the Census cooperated in making special tabula-
tions of Census of Agriculture and Census of Manufactures data. A field
study was undertaken to provide the additional factual information needed
l/ In cases where important types of farming areas within these states
extend into adjacent states data are presented for the whole area.

 ` — iii -
in the analysis. This included a schedule study of a sample of part—time Z
farm families and a sample of non—farming industrial employees. It also
_ included an inspection of the areas in which enumeration was done and of A
industrial establishments, as well as interviews with employers, public '
* officials, and other informed persons. J
Examination of industrial employment in this region indicates '
the necessity for dividing it into subregions, in each of which a differ- ;
ent type of industry predominates. For the purposes of this study, indus- W
i trial employment is taken to mean any gainful pursuit other than agriculture. _
Industry, thus defined, has been divided into two groups, for convenience
called "productive industries" and "service industries." Productive indus- ·
tries include those classified in the 1950 Census of Population under A
forestry and fishing, extraction of minerals, and manufacturing and mechan- V
ical. Service industries include transportation, communication, trade,
public service, professional service, and domestic and personal service. T
The l95O Census of Population was used as a basis for delimitation of the {
subregions. The first step was to rank the productive industries of each K
county according to the number of persons occupied in each industry. The .
important industries in each county were then marked on a map, and the {
boundaries of the subregions were drawn by inspection. These boundaries, T
shown in Figure l, do not indicate any sharp break in condition, but they 1
· roughly mark out those areas in which types of industry are sufficiently
different to warrant separate study. i
, This is the sixth of a series of bulletins reporting the results
i of the study. It deals with combined farming-industrial employment in
3 Sumter County, South Carolina, in the Lumber Subregion only. Other bul- {
letins deal with the Cotton Textile Subregion;l/ Charleston County, South
Carolina (Atlantic Coast Subregion);g/ the Coal and Iron Subregion;§/ and
the Naval Stores Subregion.g/
Sglegtign_gf_§umter_Qounty. The area designated as the Lumber
Subregion is a large and rather heterogeneous region covering about a
third of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. It is a region of farms
and forests, but is primarily agricultural, approximately two-thirds of
the gainfully occupied persons being engaged in farming. The lumber indus- {
try is a much less important source of employment than is agriculture, but T
A it is the only important manufacturing industry. Since the principal vir— l
gin forests have been removed, lumbering has been carried on in only a
limited way in much of this as well as other parts of the Southeast.
l/ "Combined Farming—Industrial Employment in the Cotton Textile Subregion
of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina," and "Employment in the Cotton
Textile Industry of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina," Bulletins
J—l and J—2.
§/ "Combined Farming-Industrial Employment in Charleston County, South .
Carolina," Bulletin J-3.
§/ "Combined Farming-Industrial Employment in the Coal and Iron Subregion
of Alabama," Bulletin J-4.
Q/ "Combined Farming-Industrial Employment in the Naval Stores Subregion
of Georgia and Alabama," Bulletin J-5.

 V   _
'{
, ~;
V `
_ \
  é W D < »
§. Z Z ‘  
:1 - g y
" · (D L
    ° " <   :
1   A |_;_| ( Z S 5
_. _._.=;-, r. .. .
1- Q; [ 0: _] L
.1 O z' 4
9 ri I O G D x
—~ - =_,_   A I m [ g I  
;= s qp ;¥· * 5% — 3 8 Ei 2 . 
si gi 22 # » % . U- : ;
s ·* M; \>>"'> :5* ¢» ~( ¤ O O U  
r .*r ~V ;:£     LL- J _ ¤ E
 = Q q·;“"‘·; ,_ <[ < I _
$ ‘ Y 7:. ii . A O — E l'_ -
? L.: gm 2: ( _   [ }
-._% g *5 Eig; i —  I ,_ J O l. < D i 
fr ? ` 1 § · - E   ~—: Er) **-— z \ O U') m O .[
  ' 1 M ....v*· -3 »—*_ S · / 3 U) 1
€» p I ¤51 : · " —i *:;.,1 M f o ( < 1
, n : `2" s : . rc A ) T; J , % W `
  ~ A M: J v: :2:%:: 4/ l>¢ O .I ‘
V I ,,‘ \I·W~¤] ( m- -,·—;U · ...4 • 1
» .»•|| ~ ¤ .· :u2~\ i WL _,_ —— ,, Z < ·
P 1 ~,, :\   'I ‘  Ei; Sig  1   ··*
:3 tum "\ •"· <;‘;< I rt; ,,, ,g :2 ’
E: :  : 5 m ` z—`i" ··— ' 1 r ’ Y ·
4 (~  \ x ) ...2 ... 4 ——— “ 4.::::::. L, - »
— ` ¤.‘ w Z x v All} Z lil:. I ?
L ‘ \ » : _ :1 Us ` _f E Q   lz EEEEL  )
  . : 1 A :2:T< _   E · 4 '> '
" ‘ A * 52   E :     : °‘  =`*‘::E   ~ :2*   ,, "‘===::::::::.. 4 2,: { e
3 W - < Q : l.;-;EE.. ‘   = :::2..:: 4:...::: ."'=='·'-=¤==··.~ / §/
_ z  i:   Vg: = n   A   ‘ ....   :::::a::: ..... ·=¤  
: H:   F : gg - · e g =:.. ::= ·a ·      §, ¥ -¤=;.;g::§:iE€§::= » 
_,, ~ : _ ,_ ,,,,, ,_ ·   . z-.- :· . .
l l W   ~ {uname-., '%}=}:. {:=¤¤ |¤¤lll¤¤¤·A —".._g, {E: ._==¤¤¤l¤g¤g· * 
. A , — ,, g ..... :::..... -*--2::. :::::.1::- ···===--!*!" ' ‘
_ ,; ,, __ .=.. . .... ,..... ......;:1 ·· ····· ·
: , . =   .. · ... ~, ... 2 :::: ::::· ::···=· ·····-·· =§E'=“ ‘
X ‘ 1 ‘ »   ¤ ¤ :::: ;- " ··¥ · -'é" ::.,.! = 
5 l   ; -5 g ;. e- O ;: ——~—*; t 5:  /Q ' 9 ,===:       4
· A _ , _ _ V ; Z i M 7 . ... .. . ~ ...=::: 7.. ··:· ···· "=== ‘="'
:* ~ *| / ‘ ¤¤~ ;J~ ~ ti  wig   gg- _·... ::.:··-“ -··-y *3:.:.::: `~
L! *¢· Q; ~‘ " »’  e —: — , ri -- W  ==‘=   - ¤ ( ···::E’”" iig :=¤§:#§ ::§ .:EE* ·
  l 5| 2  ' :  : ; M,  2;; §· ' ix';  ::*:5:  ‘: ’ z   ¤:::···:: : -
‘ X &~ E Y `~  ‘;` g K   3Q? *52 é      i` n.:    .   2 ?
_ \ | \ g w ég 5   - _ . 5;; _ : g _§==jH um:. $_ ”E gg; an- . E2 I} 1
. : ` ~ g M; ;j;# p---. ..4:::::;-.:. ` ._ ¤ ··==::··..= -:;- :: ¤
— $5* ··*‘ .   1 ·-    EEE:EEEEE§" —  “`° E= =E€=’“· ···   9
·: ’. ‘ wi _ i _, ;.,i U Y   I ; gig- .4:;::-:...; 5; r · U ;-   "=_;gg_= EW '} ..
. ,4 » ls" I 7: L.; ,& · V ——— , rf I Winn nu. ..,_ —— gi:-¤¤• :: E} ~ ng
* * *· ~ ;¤ :7, 0   5 ;: ;;Q··`i;k »‘ : d ‘==¥H¤==::==== :*4  > ' L5! cz ·-1L *· 5:;:% . 
E Z ] ` g , —: O ~ ·- {W; _ zz _ *::*;*::5;;:   ~ =§*" E ..:2:*  mai; 0 — 
, ¤= ”  "" Q7,   " * -  .; *·:::-.: ·:•·‘ .. L - "'  := L “»   ....
·` m ‘  "‘   : f  <> ifi: 2 zi _ ’5 Z S E 7 " ? E E   Z =;  4= b' "  :5FE-  ,._`,   n
I K . an - .: W ». , { • ¤‘¤ , un. ·· -
), 4 ..: _ { ( ,2:0 gg -—g——— (L U, _ m u: gg,  xr: { ¤··.=... gn éjg
U _;;; »~ » r :7,: .. . _i_ __ ,.. .. · .., an •· '.'
·? “‘ 2* :| :2 L w { — :;2:;e-::1;;; @ 1:   E:: "  ..: 4 =:¤    2::::
_: ll I' I E.  \/ pig »~ Z` :,,2; _A; ;e;O_ ; W 7;: .·::  ugggé  5.: : ;::5;; 3
  2 " h O: U  : —*m;;¤“ _ mi: ?¤EE*2..;;  :::::·   ` ::3EE-  ··‘··’
·,     EW ~ *4  ~ ESQO I ;:g::=   = 5,.,    :
G ` **7* `H ?#: ; |·'  ,;2 ’ ~ icc:. ¤=;'  •••: ¢ $.::;:;:1
1 W- ·.~r+¤~iE”~` NW ::5; sg: ‘°—··"   "# {H-¤¤¤¤·· ¤
g · 5: ‘M»§\j, -1;: *z__ ";€  L ‘°‘   _ --~: ;i!!; :;-.  $2;;;§¢=¤ · I
‘   ‘ ` M., uc ,  'iu · ".i, 7 ; ;: —; · •· ' ' i •" ' .;:1 >- .;;_
§ 1 A #7/ EW DUE `*¤  »;U : S 2    ···¤·:< ’ .?§¤»:~
•_ n, ,` I,} _, J ·  ___¤? g V .. : :.:,; uq g___r:i,¤. W.:
·» :  z; 4/`~_ l:M:W*~ ii: ,. Z -  in .:·<:;;;  g
\ yi  `U A - U+¤¤&    :1g;;,r:,a$·   E ;;;,_ *g_ ;::$··~· 
` ‘i€  », gTL|lEj WO LE  . E _ g ' ii`? Q  - ,  _§_ g;·""‘";}_ ._ V
U ` _ » ` 2 .` N ` · 7 ' i Q7 ' V ‘  , "*‘° == ,
.'  W? W : =~*~’ 'M im ?=:· ` E   2-» =    ··:= O ’
Z g w+++:¤:+ .= *:3 “ ~( V : w ~ M . : :.:.· - :;;.:x·<:   m2==ee¤¢·—: 
: 2* ~ ·· M 5 W ® ~ W   :1*] : wv =sJ;;€2: =Z—· " ::=¤:¤= =·:====¥i;
  g` El "(\ Y  L 4 ·`\ EV  5 *-*342  ‘*‘¢}I!   Mhz  `Ei
III U:  =¤ :~+%;‘·: ¤:¤~·‘( ‘*¤‘ Km :-. ~· E- =· ·=====...· : 3*
L / : M ` .\ ¤ cc <~ »:, - . w ··¤ ...... vv .
\ y   ` D Y; D y. I` ` I: 1-, un nun". ·
i q' : { , K w , ri J! 1 rlll nun: •.q:»-
y II · xw F   K ` ; 4   ~ · · . J :  __ _ •==::=:::::E:·.:¤
II I gfhgq :5 N ¥ " • `, @1]:: ;§|»  —: e¥;;  
l : QV 4 :~_w g » < *U;,"!`;»} ‘¤;;..:;··;z__  5: ,
__ `  , Nm D Lu ..:. .,,
 .<::===?;: €¥” $1) ¥**'*'~“·: "° ‘> * I *55 " EES
. »—¤ \< *~w·I" W — ·°’ ··:: ¤=z»
K ij- L, ig ` ` M 4;:;;‘.§—-— "i *:2:...... *;, 4:
m g ' { I`  `  ij Z...;5 §;~  gggg V
J _ - ~==: : ¤;i;   Z *.'==== Pm-
; .. 5 ——-  y: 5: :»T—§——_   ZLNE I
W I · »;, E" ||| z;;g::r#;  ._l,.,,D
., ¤ < Z *· : * 5- ~: ..,-.....-;·.:__ : E0"'* I
f" g w 5  }§E`».:\¤n  '_` Si iT"  .: nig? `
EX I E S Q, 5 *: M%:Mw¤;;yq Q1 j¤:.§§§y§§g <>§a» Q
$ W » K- é mg MEM W" 5: :    ===!.:: —¤83°
::3 E , "’ ,"‘ ::8 :,**6 Ng?  EELIJ _.=:::!||' I ?2¤"; ‘
;;» z . »— i : V qw ¤; ::::::: . * °.»
- .;;-;.. , . mu Z
Q a 5 .\ -2- ·-r-Yrr, 1 ~ ~ ,. ° — ..:;··§. . .   < I “’ Z `
;  ; 9 O ‘ >_ ·  gig,  ihfzi m\ §Ei=$l E 1 § g *6 .
 ` m E E ::§?;i§i ii ?*?‘5* ::5%:5: ; · " O Q 2,
{ j5 Q; Z C;]  igr 2 r ·:··  ml: _; A g u 3: 2 V
:,, 3 Q. 5 : u `Lg.";"{ riérr ‘ ·Li;%?; —   — · Y';  ., I
° Yi.   7   Fi. ;;;?;3;»;2;_   Eg: g 0 E E `il
Qt;  ’   g _r;y, ·%;iQ;,,;ii   i—¤§i     5 .. K P
_§ ; z — w 5 W__,,f—;E J   2; 0 .1* R. E  nn 0 cn E
:1 / 4 0. K ;f§:?:;J;: #Z¤»· i —U;, {I'  "5 :1:
,¤_ nu \ _, r- j 4 K _____ 4 é -__-; O il i nz 5 $5 ·
  2: / $5 g ( __L_,;_g____—,g3;; -]:8 1,;: 2:
· cx - ' IJ nn   - 1 E ;_ ' ‘ E
5 .. gi ..= w : #~:   ·EE¥ ·==
·?;
: ;   E 5 7 :·  2 L:  
5 § { Z . . ‘,f,~ U   8  ~~—— i`;;;;E;§ z
6 Z ·**? Q Y; Q I Z :   § `
U Ezi g ...t.;;;..,i,rj_j7~_ { : ; U 7- --·— -  ...` . 7 E
···‘*f_;;;;_'E: - YVEZQ r"‘Z;T,] _____j§}—§;r jr iir ,, (
1 . :»— 1**;;,,,;,: ;i¤;; ;L§Z7 * ‘ i"i;f$["`  g m `
` ‘ 22 E Si:  ; 5 g ·: ¤ ~ 4 5;:*; g   — _.:;5::gi.$: A
J + ~ V- mx — 7: -» ‘_t*·: ·— Ai ;¥ n} ' 682}}:: f\
·~ -1;, ,,;:7; ,_; ; zj;;1‘::-.:-: s - _- ='==:" **:::2:: `~
· :**-1 ~r;:a ,;¤j· *5:;:. V $5} 5 :!:::::: ¤
M 7 - M Y, . 1   . ir ;~ :·:::::: f
::   :>   §;;_   .... :;:::5:: 2%
”"` "'”** EEEEEEEEEEEE:E§E:EEE ’
5:
 

 l t ,
  — V —
%
@ s_attered throughout this area are villages, towns, and small cities which J
it serve principally as centers of trading and transportation and of the wood I
{ products industries. {
Sumter County was selected for the field study because it is, ,
in general, similar to the rest of the subregion with respect to industry,
Q and because the l930 Census indicated that it had a large number of part- l
§ time farms compared with other counties of the subregion. j
i Sumter County is located in central South Carolina. With re-
j spect to agriculture, it is representative of the type of farming area
designated in Figure 2 as the "Eastern coastal plain and sandhills." z
Q This area is located chiefly in the eastern portion of the Lumber Sub- ·
’§ region, but also extends into the Naval Stores Subregion.l/ ~
E Qgitgria_fgg_§glegtigg_Egmiligs. The Census classification of
I part-time farmsg/ did not include all combinations of farming-industrial J
employment which were considered within the scope of this study. Hence i
. in making a field survey a wider range of such combinations was included.
During the summer of 1935, information was secured§/ from fam-
V ilies that, during 1934, (l) operated at least three-quarters of an acre .
V of tillable land and/or produced farm products valued at $50 or more, and
(2) whose heads worked at least 50 days off the home farm. Only families
which had operated the same farm during both 1933 and 1934 were included.
The purpose of this limitation was to exclude those who were just getting
established as part-time farmers. All profesional and proprietary workers,
except small storekeepers, were excluded since a different set of consider-
ations were involved in the case of "white collar" workers with small farms
and "gentleman farmers."
Area£exer.e.Q-and.Qaeee.EnumeraieQ- Field enumeretien
centered around the city of Sumter, All of Sumter township and the two
adjacent townships of Concord and Privateer were covered, as well as ad-
jacent portions of four other townships. In these latter areas a complete
Census was not made, occasional cases being passed by when some difficulty
or delay would have been involved in securing the essential information.
However, most of those who worked in the city of Sumter and lived in the
outskirts or in the nearby open country areas were included. In addition
smaller samples of part-time farmers who lived and worked in the more rural
portions of the county were included.
1/ "Combined Farming-Industrial Employment in the Naval Stores Subregion
of Georgia and Alabama," Bulletin J—5.
2/ Those farms were classified as part-time farms whose operator spent
150 days or more at work in 1929 for pay at jobs not connected with
his farm or reported an occupation other than farmer, provided the
value of the products of the farm did not exceed $750. This presup-
poses the Census definition of a farm as comprising at least three
acres or more unless it produces $250 worth of farm products or mor:
3/ See Appendix C for the schedules used.

  
 
{
‘% ////A
  I} .
E  
: » ; \
  . \ V,//\
. g  $\
D; EQ2
·_%;g;}L¤ k`
=( r~ <
V LL O\;j$
JY O\g\\
anx A   \.
Q `{   E
*<
  J
N 2 `§~
U) U) U`? L
x 2; ;"
d LL] L3 ·1   
G: O- ‘   5 \ 2*//<
I »= =‘· ,Q£< O
> ,. ` 22 271 E
, j`__'x`k  ` _]
P D  igl Pl   ··EQ.\4-yr/J Q gl g
O /j»L~D\~r;]_  L.; 2: gw
\ ." ` ’¥§<]\O••   L_ 8 _| >_ Z Q
C] U) * .0%/fu? ° _, g' Eéj p
U-I l}Wi.: “5*‘  · » *2 Q
N Lu Af   2    
.1 \ A ` A/_— mw ’ .»
, » " \ ».i m <><,,°;...; ,_,( an
(b o   lg ·—*¤JZ§Z »-vz ¤
`cn  ` \/ 6 §v5°$*`Oj§*.-§O·=¤ 8
Z · 7 ["O l  ° ·—*’> ·-·—¤d¤¤°’— ;
I   — `60\ \ ·—§ ‘,Q*g¤·;»2£§ »—
O ·  ‘<  `  4~  ·`§ Z°;J&§§"’§
—    .4 \| ; `al zf5z:rf=~ ¤
C) N "  1*   /4 ¤ .22;:,::6 5 =
' '  N E *`~\ v~\ 0 *`gISSE aé »
HEI  .rI/ > "   E  T     f
I O" *  2   ‘*’ ggg "°H*3“ "*
‘· ~.-IN  “2“~m¤g     
l  I , ,i°;#-»>/ ` ‘*°O55§§§~&=§2?·
- \ \”O* ub :f§“§gz8$$:·$
I 1,,- , ·_ _L._ O|_
` -   Eixw? P/H  EL LOg§_'gS§.i 
4. g  J 5*;**%; · $<2·    
3 g ‘ V" `~ \ {rj · '
W -N m-Ly" / '\  
é hl »__’i¤'//  
  1. -, \ 2 ¢ 9
ra _ ,!‘   » “` ““°
n . {    ’. \"-_>'iL;;`4 (2   ` 
\ €’r "~ ~ ` '
I.    —   *
 Ri I  -  ° iz; ~
i—m * 
UO. VA Egg ‘
7 ·-   Q QQ;-J `
an ¤b EEE
U) -1 • iz  
- $J`\/-(JJ V ig
u>/ < \{/ .¤  
,,  gm;;<
VI` Eiga;
I I $,628
Q z$Ԥ
- x \,- j I 3 \
UZ |__ O ‘ E \\ ’
<[ Z Di \_ cn \ U
L.L   D < \\ \\ Q © · J /
l·'-` Z < i
g E 8 U \x   *4 § If   I g  
; D D: I ~   \‘ .J § kg cé 5 Q gf (
IL In LLI " I ‘‘‘'' \ 9 E   8 5 I I 
DZ I- D \ ELI x if I s és '° Iz f
\ `< |-- (U .J "
"” I/if E "      " .»»»» in
I . "" ’''“‘‘‘‘'` ~— Q IO   II "  ,‘ '4’' f A Z 5
LEX °?49¤— ,,,,   `  
B QM! ‘.   x · I \$,;.. — §“? I
U `· " Q `~ ' K- ··· Fm I
\ O ¤;,;r{l `)— 5   I   `
~ Z ; LD   '’’‘ "'I —/   `z I
  §   J z" 2 'il     5 I
I E     Z  __     -,__I E I
· \   8 ;K//HIE S zi    -. I   gg E
'. ' · Z "' ' I
Ln $,7]- II; [jj 10;;; Q: . ,,_; 8 I
`·   Q, ·? Lu I I V 9
I Q ‘. I; I- {   ~\ I-
  5 " % E " 8 Hi
LF u"   x` 2 .5
I   ` Z ‘ Lu `
. ~ < `. Q \
83% 3 A   E   & Z R  
3 ‘\ 2 O ` I
H3-LVM · H 5 \`
ul E \`
\
. \‘
AQ
erarvv ww
I
I

 5  t
u
,j SUMMARY ;
 5  . . . . . it
A The Lumber Subregion is primarily agricultural, about two-
Q thirds of the gainfully occupied persons being engaged in farming.
’j Lumber and woodworking are the only important manufacturing industries. _
T Sumter County, South Carolina, in which the field study was conducted,
gl has relatively more woodworking factories than the subregion generally.
§ With respect to agriculture, the county is representative of the eastern {
Q. coastal plain and sandhills. The chief cash crop is cotton.
1
° Part-time farming has had a limited development in Sumter
County. While not new, it increased considerably during the depression. i
VWhile all but a few of the part—time farmers included in the I
g field study depended on their outside employment for the major part of l
L their incomes, their farms made a substantial contribution to family I
i living. VFarming activities did not interfere with outside work, as the
g farm work was done after hours and on Saturdays, and other members of the
3 family helped.
lg. A little less than a third of the white part-time farmers i
$ worked in the woodworking factories in Sumter, a few in sawmills, and
, most of the remainder in building or service industries. Most of them
i worked full-time in these industries. About half of the Negro part- t
L time farmers were laborers on large commercial farms, and about one-
ti fifth were employed at unskilled jobs in the lumber and woodworking
[ industries. Total family incomes in 1934, exclusive of the products of
Q their farms, averaged $863 for the white part—time farmers, $219 for the
i Negro farm laborers, and $448 for the other Negro part-time farmers.
? About half of the white part-time farmers had small farms,
I usually including five acres or less of crop land, upon which they pro-
duced chiefly for home use and for the most part with family labor. A '
typical farm of this type, with two and one-half acres of crop land,
a cow, poultry flock, and five pigs, produced food for home use estimated
to be worth $273, and a supply of firewood, at a cash expense of $20 plus
$60 for rent. Some of the small farm operators did not have all of the ,
enterprises found on this farm.
i The other white part—time farmers had larger farms and pro-
duced cotton and other products for sale in addition to food for home
use; usually with the help of some hired labor. A commercial part—time
.;farmer with 25 acres produced $335 worth of products for home use and
tsold an equal amount. His cash expenses were $243, including rent.
The part-time farms of the Negro agricultural laborer group
were rather uniform in acreage and size of enterprises. Typically they .
were from two to four acres in size, with a garden of about a quarter of »
an acre, a pig, and about l0 chickens. There was more variation in the ‘
A - ix — »

 ”2 1
g — x - 1
if farms of the Negro industrial workers. Some were only an acre or two
pg in size, and provided only a small garden and a place for a few chickens. i
l Others were considerably larger and made possible the production of field
_ crops. Frequently firewood was out and an acre or two of cotton grown
' for sale. Two representative Negro part-time farmers produced $75 and
j $117 worth of farm products for home use. Very little of the work was
` done by hired labor. The amount of time worked by the family, about
eight hours per day on the average through the summer, was rather large
for the actual amount of farming done. The acre or two of cotton grown
on most farms more than covered cash farm expenses. I
There is considerable opportunity for those already doing part— V |
time farming, especially the Negroes, to improve their farming practices l
in such a way as to increase both variety and amount of farm products I
without increasing the amount of labor.
The part—time farmer, even though he may be able to produce
most of the food his family requires, must have a steady cash income .
sufficient to cover other needs. Hence it is only when the forests are 1
managed so as to maintain steady employment that the farming—forest
industry combination is a desirable one, unless the farm is large enough
to provide the minimum cash requirement as well as subsistence. l
. In this subregion there is little old-growth timber left, but I
there are large areas of second growth of merchantable size. Employment '
in the lumber industry is not likely to regain pre—depression levels.
The greatest possibilities for an increase in employment in the forest
industries lie in an expansion of the pulp and paper industry. As better
forest management practices are adopted and fuller utilization made of
the forest lands, opportunity for desirable combinations of farming and
work in forest industries will increase.
It does not appear likely that employment opportunities will l
increase sufficiently in the near future to enable large numbers of the
unemployed relief population to become self-supporting by part—time farm- 1
ing. l
1
1
1

   +
gl I. GENERAL FEATURES OF SUMTER COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA ·
. ( Qgpglgtign. The population of Sumter County, 46