xt7dbr8mgp3v https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7dbr8mgp3v/data/mets.xml South Carolina John Harold Wolfe 1940 xi, 308 pages: 1 leaf, 23 cm; Includes bBibliography; UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program libraries; Call number F251 .J28 v.24 books English Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. North Carolina Works Progress Administration Publications Jeffersonian Democracy in South Carolina text Jeffersonian Democracy in South Carolina 1940 1940 2015 true xt7dbr8mgp3v section xt7dbr8mgp3v iF  .; sg;  
      UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY  
    N@||\b\y@| \/|M M{MIW  
  2,5- 2-: 3
*-{   iii 2
  Q, I gi Z
  -. ` Q2? 5
ii . =K— A   E
  -a   z
:E' .2 i’Z 7
    ; ¤· z
 é ex · €
g,   s }; 2
‘ gin? €`,£ {
4   is {
’ in-yr : K s
-1- ,:4 Ei ¤
J;-#1;+ E
  ?`Z· i
tr A L !`  
    %
{2;-me » Q
M} ¥’- 2
Eff'; Ei B
  2; §
Enf`? T1;. ‘g
fiiied -· " 5
§',' ;. .  
I !`T1Q ·l· \
e L- I · .
  · .
‘§Z·%i¤· ei I
215.;, Z- “
  ii . ‘
  -,.-‘ i   ie {
A was U ¥
?!·T· · '1 .
vii   {
scr- ,».K
·· .. ·7 . L
T!   ? ` . W
    -1 '
gg Q}? >
·a   I. ¤
  ‘—§n ’; _ `  
  3%;% 1
’i {sz a ’
  ez-; 13  {
 :2; +2* i
Aa fi · 1
2{I 2_1¥_ {Z N I
nil; Q ; .
'* . · xl \
;$ i " " '
`i¥ ;‘ K EI *
  A, $
  fi 5-= ;
;-gw   -  
    PP N¤
      {
;$.`» Ti e
-2 ’°.¥ if *
     
!`· " ’.I
wz.--   ¥
· ; _ ,:~‘ \
A -3   A
p Q,
S   »$' i
Y- _4   Q
  A xi E
»' ` ·* Z
@22* — 1%- ·  
::Z ` s 1
'I ' '¢· I
I A   S
’? .   i .
P5`: ? Y

  
  Q
‘ L
? `
{
é
{
Q
5
i
I
¢
Q
‘
4
}
é
{ I
\
x
S 1
a i
’ 6
>|
'
‘ i
  S
. i
*f
`. M
. i

 I ?  
1

 ij ·l E
P  mh
i  

   JAMES SPRUNT STUDIES IN HISTORY C €
  AND POLITICAL SCIENCE A
if/{shed under the Direction of the Departments of History and Political Science y
  U of the University ofNortlz Carolina U
  <·N¤e l
  SOL gig  
g VOLUME 24 gl-m&TAs§ NUMBER I  
  %w,»¤·‘  
    JEFFERSONIAN  
    i
li DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH g
   
    CAROLINA g
  Bw E
  JOHN HAROLD WOLFE, Ph.D. 3
  Professor q' History  
  Appalachian State Teaelzerx College l
ti ‘ j
I  A
   
  CHAPEL HILL
 §HE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS { _
 ' I 9 4 ¤ C

      
i` * Nw .i·   .  *1 
¥: J . · r . __ ‘``’ ” " *’”**‘·$ *?  5;* 
y ·   SPRUNTr STUDIES IN HISTORY i    E
' ” Wx- — ’ a= ,{
g AND POLITI CAMSCIENCE  Q  
i No- 1. Pnsommr. or mz Corrvzxrrxou or 1861. By john Gilchrist Mccm-mick } (O t f _ )  »i‘ 
1 LEGISLATION oa mn Convarwxou or 1861. By Kemp P. Battle. u 0 prim"  
f No. 2. Tm: Coucaxzssxoun, CAREER or NATHANIEL MACON. By Edwin Mood Wilson. (Out of print.)   {
F No, 3. Taxa Lxrrrnas or NATHANIEL MAcou, Joan STx~:zx.z, Arm WILLIAM BARRY Gaovxz, wxm Nous.   "
{ By Kemp P. Battle. " ¤ I 
Z No. 4. Lxrrrzaa Am: Docxunmrs Rx=:x.ATmo T0 ma EARLY Hxsroav or ma Lower. Cnr: FzAa, wxm _ 
I hrraonucrxoa AND Norxzs. By Kemp P. Battle.  .·
  No. 5. Mmums or me Kxznvxav Assocumou, wxm Imaooucrxoa AND Nous. By Kemp P. Battle.  
_` No, 6. DxAav or A Gzonooxcax. Toua BY ELISHA MITCHELL m 1827 AND 1828, wxm Iuraonucwxou AND  
I Noms. By Kemp P. Battle.  
No. 7. Wxx,x.xAu Ricxuansoa DAVIEC A Mxmoxa. By J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton. iq
  Lxrrrxzas or WILLMM Rrcaaaosou DAvm, wxm Noms. By Kemp P. Battle.  
i No. 8. Taz Paovmcmx. Couucxx. AND Coumrruns or SAFETY m Noam CAROLINA. By Bessie Lewis »  
i Whitaker. ·,
i Vox,. 9, No. 1. Tux: Socxxrrv roa THE PROPAGATION or Tm: Gosmzx. m mn Paovmcz or Noam CA¤.o- .
; x,xx·zA. By D. D. Oliver. _
E Coaaxzsrouomrcxz os Joan RUST EATON. Edited by J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton.
  Vox,. 9, No. 2. FEDERALIBM m Noam CAROLINA. By Henry M. Wagstad`.
  Lxrrrzas or Wu,x.xAu BARRY Gaovz. Edited by Henry M. Wagstafl`. .
i Vox,. 10, No. 1. Bxzuxnsm Sunawoon Hxznaxca. By J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton. ,
i Vox,. 10, No. 2. BAa·r1.x·:T·r Yancey. By George A. Anderson.  
Q Tan POLITICAL AND PROFESSIONAL CAREER or BARTLETT Yaucxav. By J. G. de Roulhac  
{ Hamilton. 3.
{ Lzrrsas T0 BARTLEIT Yancmf. Q;
5 Vox,. 11, No. 1. Coxmw Govxzamxawr m COLONIAL Noa·r1=x CAROLINA. By W. C. Guess. KJV
, { Vox,. 11, No. 2. Tan NoaTn CAaox,mA CONSTITUTION or 1776, AND rrs MAx<.=;aa. By Frank Nash. i
Y Tm: Gxzaxvxmz Sa·rx·x,r·:as or Lmcoms COUNTY AND Wxzsmxu NORTH CAao1.nsA. By 2
i Joseph R. Nixon. `  
zi- .+
  Vox,. 12, N0. 1. Tan Govnauoa, Coxmcu., AND Assnsmvr xu ROYAL Noam CAaor.mA. By C. S. Cooke.  
Q LAND Txaauaxz m Pao1>a1x:TAav Noam CAao1,mA. By L. N. Morgan.  
3 Vox,. 12, No. 2. Tan Noam CAROLINA lamANs. By James Hall Rand. is
i Vox,. 13, No. 1. Tan GaaNvxx.x,z DISTRICT. By E. Merton Coulter.  
  Tux: Noarxx CAao1,mA Coxomax, Baa. By E. H. Alderman.  
l Vox., 13, No. 2. Tm: HARRINGTON Lz·r·rx~:as. Edited by H. M. Wagstafl`.  
i Vox,. 14, No. 1. Taz Hmuus Lxzrrzas. Edited by H. M. Wagstafi'. · .
L Vox,. 14, No. 2. Som: COLONIAL Hxsroav or Bmvroar Coxmry. By F. H. Cooper.  
1 Vox,. 15, Nos. 1 and 2. PARTY POLITICS m Noam CAROLINA, 1835-1860. By J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton.  
1 Vox,. 16, No. 1. A COLONIAL Hxsroav or RowAN Couaw, Noam CAaox,mA. By S. J. Ervin.  
g (Out of print.)  
J Vox,. 16, No. 2. Taz Dmav or BAa·rx.xz·rr YANcx:Y MAx,om:. Edited by Wm. Whatley Pierson, Jr.  
2 Tan Paovxucmx. Acmws or Noara CAROLINA. By Samuel James Ervin, Jr.  
V Vox,. 17, No. 1. Tar: Fam: Nxaoao tu Noarn CAROLINA. By R. H. Taylor.  
Z Som: Co1.omAx, Hxsroav or Caavzu COUNTY, Noam CAROLINA. By Francis H. Cooper. {
J Vox,. 17, No. 2. Jouxumx. or A Toua or Noam CAROLINA BY WILLIAM A·rmoar:, 1787. Edited by Lida  
i Tunstall Rodman. T; `
é Vox,. 18, Nos. 1 and ?f`S1iAVEHOLDlNG m Noaru CAROLINA: AN Economc Vxnw. By Rosser Howard  
ay or. Ii; Z;
  Vox., 19, No. 1. PRESENT S·rATvs or Moonau Euaoaaaxw Hxsroav m mx: Uurrxzo STATES. By Chester L} 
; Penn Higby. 'ég  Zi
l Vox,. 19, No. 2. Srvmzs m Hrsmmc-Amzaxcau HISTORY. Edited by W. W. Pierson, Jr.  
  Vox,. 20, No. 1. Noam CAaox,mA N1=:wsr·A1>1zas Bzroaz 1790. By Charles Christopher Crittenden. `  
{ Vox,. 20, No. 2. Tm: JAMES A. G¤ArxAu PAx>1zas, 1861-1884. Edited by H. M. Wagstatf. ,`  ·
{ Vox,. 21, Nos. 1 and 2. Txxa DEMOCRAHC PAaTr m ANTE—BELLUM Noam CAaox.mA, 1835-1861. By it 
. Clarence CliiIord Norton.  
  Vox,. 22, Nos. 1 and 2. Mmurxas or mx: Noam CAROLINA Mmwmssion Socxary, 1816-1834. Edited  
; by H. M. WagstaE.  {
[ Vox,. 23, No. 1. Tax-: Pruzsxoaurxax, ELECTION or 1824 xx Noam CAROLINA. By Albert Ray Newsome.   ·
' ` Vox,. 23, No. 2. Taz Sxacsssxou MOVEMENT xx Noam CAROLINA. By Joseph Carlyle Sitterson. ""`  
" Vox,. 24, No. 1. Jarraasonmu DEMOCRACY m Soura CAaox,mA. By John Harold Wolfe. "  
:1 I    
{f il ,
`. `1

 I    *
  I
\¤ _ I
 5 ” ·
n a
  THE ’
  JAMES SPRUNT STUDIES
  IN HISTORY   A  
I AND POLITICAL SCIENCE I
  Paoli;/zecl under the Direction q' I  
  the Department: of History and Political Science I
  of the University of Nortlz Carolina I Q
  VOLUME 24 Q
  NUMBER 1  
zi I I
  L HIVERSIIY of KENTUCKY
  Editors I
  ALBERT RAYNEIVSOME  
  W11.1.1AMW1aATL1;YP11:Rs0N 2
  M1Tcr—11z1.1. B.GARRE'I`T ‘
  FLETCHER M.GREEN J
3   KEENER C. FRAZER Q
`  Q  
" I ··.I ii I
sk i
·  

 ‘  
- . ·v-——-—·—··—·· I "
? F5 sf
- CR J <·  ,<  
* ,.4 ,_ - ,. »”j "  4
' ° Y; J ¤ 1 ··  J?  
2 ./ · ~;= 
.   ` E ig   ;=
P   1 ` 2 5*  9
; a,  if
. M7 .?
1   ‘
= .  T 
*, 1
. .]·  `
2 · .9 :1
Q ‘ ,1  €
: E 1 ·
1 W
 
1 1;,
A
` r;L
. ri,
1*
f  
° `2
: ;i
‘ `f\
5 1;
I Q
    - é`
. I
Z ' Q6
1 & 
’  
¤ ,3
1  
. g'
1 ,r·r··* ·`, ""‘$` ‘
F    
·   " `   ·w__;{3¥X »*
t ~ · ‘ . »,.  
· ___.._     ‘ ;_\\g$ J r.
. " -L. ~ L · Q ¥\ . ·.
A UNW \=*<~¤·‘ ‘ ’  
1 ~vc
. ga
   %
' `
Z 5
\ _  
é  
· FP
rf
‘ QQ `
\ ` 
J 
1 .
. | `  
1 ‘  e ·
‘  l
I » 
 
E n u
f . . 1,
· u a
.   1%
¥ §a  ,,1
`   Z§
I `  I ·Z;
{ iv  *
‘ ·i   E
.•.   .E
; 3    
5 .   g3
1    
'V Y   i.
X. ‘ » 1;
1 · .21
E
. ~;

 girl gg Q
  — e
  JEFFERSON IAN
  DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH s
  CAROLINA  
  By l V
l JOHN HAROLD w0LFE, 1>h.D.
1 Professor of History i
V; Appaloe/xiun Store Teachers College I  
      loll [         
és l
  2
  CHAPEL HILL l I
  THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS n
  1940
EJ  .
ll   

  
1 E. 2
.- g `
. tim. ,
F1 ’
` 1-%  
  `  if  
L  9, 1
i [3 ;%
‘ 117   
V 1 va
; ` ’ .
1 ` ‘·
`· { {1
F  ,>
  :1
1 -1 .,?  .
E 2 {
? V1.?
; ch
2 1% ·
1 1E
1 21
' 16
t £·`
1 CQ
1 »%§
‘ . 11 1
1  
7
{ .211
1  
Q tl
1 1 :*5
j vi
1 1%
Q uga;
{ . ( . . 1 » .» · 1 — lv
1 . . ‘ 1 · . { » · · · 1
- ' ` ’*· , I l ` . _ , n \> »
·; , . . · = · · * · · < ' · , M
1   `
1 - · 3 ·   S ‘· ; ‘ gi
U V. 1. v l : * I. ` ' V  
' ' ' ' 1 w 1
- 1 1
‘ :2 1
ej 
1 i ,
1' 
1 ~ ` _I
. ~,·‘K 1.
·’ 1] ‘ I
I i ' VL ;·
in 
1 ,  
~ S  ·j} 
é  
‘ Ffi   
_   9
:1 1  ·'
1 1 ., {
1 ,·1  [
' 1 g · f4
i {q i!
‘ X1"  “.i
1`X 1  E
. E1   
‘  EY
V A 
A P; 1
· 5 ?—
G 1
‘ @*1  
s- fi? i?
1;  
. y § 
1 ' Z`
· ' nf

   F .
 
   
LF S ·
H Y
i  “
if ‘
®1 5
  TO
  AILEEN COMER WOLFE » 3
 i Whose Hamiltonian Industry and ]efFersonian Frugality,  
g Together with the James Sprunt Fund, Made the g j
T Publication of This Monograph Possible l x
  i
zi  
il ,
1% i
\¥ I
 l  i'l l .
lil ;l_ T 
ls   
Irl *l '
is  i . -
P  

 »    
~  I  
,'  .·  1
`  5 ?·
`  la?  {
? *1   
2 1~   ?
~    1
. 1   1,i
. ‘  1;i,‘f
1* *
t 1  S1
1 1 'W Z1
· 1 > ,»
* Q  ~
` E ,
1 ·{. 
5 V i ii
11 I
. 1
‘ 1*1
E *11 .
r {
  `
, Q
  @1
2 'hf
1   1
i '—1¤
' F
  C21
1 [gf
~}
! r)
1  
1 Pi
1 ig
E 13
1 *1-
'  
1  
1 1%
1 @[1*1
_ 1%
1 1%
` 
I 1 Q ·
1  
1. 1
1    4A.
` 2   1
.1‘ .' .
1 ,1  H
V  11Q `
1T, 
· g k
_    f1
` 1  
· 1 1! ·  {1
. 1  _"‘— [I
` Mi   1* 
“ ij  1
6
1- §;_   
V  :1 ji
I A1`. gi
.   ”

   l
l`  .
V F Q;
ll l;
. Q : 1¤REFAc1;
`E 
  Today, when the name of Thomas ]efferson is heard so fre-
  quently, a study of jeffersonian Democracy is particularly ap-
  propriate. A careful historical treatise of any epoch should be p
  of some value to the reader, but some periods in history stand  
  out because of their influence upon subsequent eras. In such
  potent ages there are individuals who indelibly stamp them- l
  selves upon the minds of their contemporaries and force future
  historians to give much emphasis to their doctrines and actions.
  Such an individual was Thomas jefferson. No one can write . 1
  an accurate and complete account of post-Revolutionary United ‘ 1
j States or post-Revolutionary South Carolina without giving l
  much attention to his work and influence. Indeed, it would be    
  folly for any historian to attempt to ignore the potency of the  
  Jeffersonian tradition in twentieth-century American life. I 1
{ As any dominant personality or influential epoch becomes . I
{ farther removed in point of time, new and often erroneous opin- i
  ions are associated with them. Unavoidably, the writers of each  
  succeeding generation read something of their own present into . ,
  their interpretation of the past. In order to preserve even a `
  reasonable degree of accuracy, those who would clearly appraise l
  any age must carefully examine the primary sources. A sin- A
  cere effort has been made in this work to present leffersonian  
  Democracy in South Carolina as available original sources re- .
  veal it to have been. Reliable secondary accounts, however, A
  have also been diligently studied.
  This treatise had its beginning in a brief survey of the South _'
 ¥ Carolina Federalists made by the writer while he was a student ‘
  at the University of South Carolina. At that time he went far p i
  enough in his research to discover evidence which made him A.
 , question the generally accepted view that the Federalists domi- I
7; nated South Carolina politics before 1800 and continued to be ·, ·
  extremely influential thereafter. Later, when he was a student -
  at the University of North Carolina, Dr. ]. G. de R. Hamilton
 ill .

 T f .
   
g viii PREFACE    
  suggested that he make a study of jeffersonian Democracy in  
L South Carolina. While attending, about the same time, a semi-  
  nar conducted by Dr. W. W. Pierson, the writer became inter-  
ested in the political theories of Thomas ]eiferson. These fac- i ll
  tors, given greater force by his interest in the history of his  
  native state, caused him to begin this study. Sources were often   ,
__ scattered and at times fragmentary, but after diligently search-  
ing for them wherever they were and carefully examining them,   A
the writer modestly presents the results of his labors. He takes  
} no great delight in giving a "new viewpoint." He has tried to  
i picture the developments as the sources revealed them to him.  
  If he has at times differed with the findings of so respected a  
  historian as the late Professor U. B. Phillips and others he has  
  done so only after much thoughtful consideration. The writer  
{ would have preferred to agree with those who have done so  
  much in the field of Southern history, but he was forced to in-  
i terpret the evidence as he himself saw it.  
  No intense study of even a short period of history can be  
i carried to completion without the assistance of many people.  
  All who aided through advice or labor cannot be mentioned,  
  as much as the writer should like to do so. Certain individuals  
§ and the attendants in certain institutions, however, must be it
i given special recognition. The librarians and assistants of the  
  Charleston Library Society, the College of Charleston Library,  
? the University of South Carolina Library, the South Carolina  
. Historical Commission, the University of North Carolina Li-  
l brary, Duke University Library and the Library of Congress  
  rendered courteous and valuable service. Dr. Hamilton, already  
» referred to, not only suggested the study but also aided and g 
‘ advised throughout the whole course of its preparation. Dr.  
i A. R. Newsome and Dr. Fletcher M. Green, also of the Uni-    
  versity of North Carolina, read the manuscript, made many i  
i helpful suggestions as to content, and deserve much credit for  
i whatever merit may be found in its organization. To Aileen ZZ 
  Comer Wolfe, his wife, the writer is deeply indebted not only Q L
l for aid and advice while he was studying and writing, but also  
  for her untiring assistance during many hours of arduous labor Q 
` in the mechanical phase of preparing the study.  
· E .  

   ·
li}  l ·
 
  TABLE OF CONTENTS
  PREFACE ........................................... vii
  CHAPTER .
%VT‘ I. POST-REVOLUTIONARY SoUTH CARoL1NA: THE .
  LAND, THE PEOPLE AND THE CULTURE .......... 1 J
  1. The Physiography of South Carolina ........... 1 .
  2. The Inhabitants and Their Culture ............ 4
  II. POST—REVOLUTIONARY SoUTH CAROLINA PoL1T1cs:
. THE CONFEDERATION AND THE STRUGGLE ovER y
: THE FEDERAL CoNsT1TUT1oN .................. 14 , g
. 1. South Carolina during the Confederation: a I
= Summary of Political and Economic Conditions 14 · Q
2. The Framing of the Federal Constitution ....... 21 1 '
‘r 3. The Struggle over the Ratification of the New i T
l Constitution ................................ 24 ` I
  III. REPUBLICAN BEGINNINGS ....................... 40  
I 1. Early Democratic Strivings in South Carolina. .. 40 ‘
1 2. The First Two State Constitutions ............. 43 E
t 3. The Constitution of 1790 ..................... 44 .
it 4. The Continuation of Democratic Local Efforts {
. during the 1790’s ............................ 47  
  5. Initial Relations between South Carolina and the _
E Federal Government .......................... 54 T
  IV. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, THE JAY TREATY AND .
  REPUBLICAN SUccEssEs IN 1796 ............... 71 I
  1. Sympathy for France ......................... 71 L
  2. “Self-Created Societies" ...................... 79 ’ V
  3. Opposition to the ]ay Treaty .................. 82 { '
  4. The More Satisfactory Treaty of Thomas Pinckney 92 § ·
  5. Republican Victories in 1796 .................. 95 A
  tixi
 45 i I

 i`   1}
     
  x CONTENTS    
  V. TEMPoRARY FEDERAL1sr Racovmw, 1796-1799 ..... 100  
i 1. The “X. Y. Z." Aitair and the Struggle over  
‘ Preparedness ............................... 100   ji
. 2. The Passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts ..... 116  
I W  V
  3, Preparedness Measures in South Carolina ....... 119  
  4. Slight Federalist Gains in 1798 ................ 121  
5. The Continuation of the Federalist Program in the    
. Face of Rising Republican Opposition .......... 124  
  VI. THE JEFFERSONIAN TRIUMPH IN 1800 ............ 135  
  1. The Nomination of Candidates ................ 135  
  2. Campaign Methods and Practices .............. 137  
  3. Division among the Federalists ................ 145  
  4. The Continued Vigor of the Campaign .......... 148  
5 5. Republican Victories in South Carolina ......... 155  
  6. ]efferson Finally Chosen President ............. 161  
2 _  
1 VII. THE ESTABLISHMENT or IEFFERSONIAN  
  D12MocRAcY, 1801-1805 ....................... 166  
  1. The Principles of jelfersonian Democracy ....... 166  
  2. Early Appointments under jefferson ............ 168  
  3. South Carolina Education under ]effersonian  
Democracy ................................. 171  
9 4. The Repeal of Federalist Legislation ........... 176  
Q 5. The "Geffroy Letters" and the Retirement of Zjl V
Q ]ohn Rutledge ............................... 179 1.
' 6. The Election of 1802 and the Establishment of  
I the Charleston C ourier ........................ 181 . H 
. 7. The Purchase of Louisiana and the Interest in 1 QH 
  Florida .................................... 184  
i 8. The Reopening of the Slave Trade ............. 188 M .;
  9. The Ratification of the Twelfth Amendment and  
I Political Developments in 1804 ................ 194 ,1, }]
  10. South Carolina’s Vote of Confidence in  
_ jeffersonian Democracy ....................... 197  
     
; 5;  

     ¤
 j»< A
  ' ‘
  CONTENTS xi »
T  VIII. REPUBLICAN E1=FoRTs TO Pmzsnxvn PEAcE,
·F§ i 1806-1810 .................................. 203
  1. The Independence of Williams and Sumter and
  the Passage of the Non-Intercourse Act ......... 203
  2. The P/wcicm Letters——the Strongest Case for the `
  Federalists ................................. 206
  3, The Election of 1806 ......................... 210
  4. British-French Depredations in 1807 and the _
1 Passage of the Embargo ...................... 213 ’
25 5. Reform in the Basis of Representation in the _ I
  State Legislature ............................. 218
  6. The Embargo in"Operation .................... 220
  7. The Election of 1808 ......................... 227
  8. Further Efforts to Enforce the Ernbargo ; the ’ l
3 Su·bstitution of Other Measures of Economic `  
  Coercion ................................... 232 V  
"§· 9. The Extension of the Suffrage and the , 1
vi Election of 1810 ............................. 240 I
  IX. YOUNG REPUBLICANS AND THE WAR or 1812 ...... 242    
lf. 1. New Vigor in Republican Leadership ........... 242  
{ 2.The Struggle for National Preparedness ........ 245  
  3. The Declaration of War ...................... 253 . - g
  4. The Election of 1812 ......................... 259 p
  5.The First Year of the War ................... 264 J
Q 6. Republican Factionalism during the j
  Administration of ]oseph Alston ............... 268 ’
  7. Efforts of the War Party to Iustify the War and ·
LQ; Stimulate Confidence, 1813-1814 ............... 273
til 8. Peace at Last ................................ 283 1
  BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... 287  
  INDEX ............................................. 299 i ;
ilu ‘ A
 ~

 V  
4 N »
5 gd :
’ '  {¥
· @3  ~‘‘   
E ·`~- 3  
2 ¤»*  .-
* * L .;
1 Q ,
`  
 
L  
Q  
'· 1%
` _a\'y
I $5
E Ԥ
: W
§` T5}
% F
~7
L g
E `lr.
L ~ is?
{ * J2
Q Q vi}
$ fi
22
l "\`
’  
5  
Z ;Ԥ
F V'?
i ,&¥
I  
J  
u ii
' wry
 €¤
 
N J
—  $
A?
‘ #
z  
 
‘ 2}
;l_
· J 
J I;
    + %
; ;  4
» A .
3 :· 
’ " Q.
: i f
l  
{ A 
E _g;L ;
 p`
.  z' `,`
* { fyi
, _  .2  
. t »“; ’&.’
 ~_·_  J
*   Y la
2~    si
y  9  2
2 5 ~¢v 

   *
   
EQ 
T ]EFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY Q  
 i IN .  
  SOUTH CAROLINA   ’

 V  
`  ¤· if
.&  1}
· V;   
. ig   
‘ Li  ;·
W   :»
x 1 q   J
: 1  
 {.21 
i * »'
. L 
` F ,
’ $1 `
Qi,
E ' 
` H
` ll
a ]?"‘
1 ‘ yi
-;€
· E`]
H
` 59
, `.!
`  
. 44
· .*1
' w
I a
‘  
1 ¥t"
s J
é  
? S3
¢  
I `{ii
i ug
; A
¤  
Q vs
if
Q 5:
i  
¤ LP
: is
; ii
A A
3 5
’ i£$ 
1  
'  
I; .
A f 
Z  
4 ii  `
J 4
• .  *
¢  
2  ?
 I:
J  ‘
i rl 
 »—:
" 
V  $< , 
l ·`   Z4
¤—    Q
  sl
, p   #2
1    

 gi  l
1*.  ’ —
  cHA1>1·12R 1
  POST—REVOLUTIONARY SOUTH CAROLINA: THE
  LAND, THE PEOPLE AND THE CULTURE
ii 1. THE PHYSIOGRAPHY or SoUTH CAROLINA ~
  Against the Atlantic Ocean, between 32 and 35.2 degrees
  north latitude, nestled as it were between Georgia and North
  Carolina, lie the 30,989 square miles of South Carolina. Some . 1
L? parts of the state were only thinly populated even in 1816, the · {
Y closing year of the period covered in this study; but, settled }
~. or unsettled, the geographical and geological nature of the ` i
  whole area had already begun to affect the historical develop- l  
Jl ment of the commonwealth. South Carolina had long been K j
3 thought of as composed, roughly speaking, of two parts—the Q z
‘t low country and the up country. Though their importance may  
5 not have been commonly recognized there were then, as now, A 1
l subdivisions within each of the two sections. .  
  The most authoritative living student of South Carolina `
  history has aptly said that a very detailed description of the .
  state’s soils and minerals "is the task of the geologist."1 But,  
Q regardless of whether the historian subscribes to the tenets of  
Qi the geographical interpreters of history, he must realize that V
  his story is hardly complete without at least a brief sketch of l
  the physical characteristics of the area discussed. We shall,
  therefore, survey in very broad outline the main physiological S
  divisions of South Carolina. Of the seven sections into which 7
  the state is divided, the iirst four may properly be considered as , i
  lying in the low country and the sixth and seventh in the up 3
  country; the fifth is partly in both and to some extent a sep- I
  arate region. { `
  ‘David Duncan Wallace, The History of South Carolina (New V
  York: American Historical Society, Inc., 1934), I, 10.
 li   S  ET —

 {  iv  
_ , 2 THE JAMES SPRUNT STUDIES  
§ f There are really three parts to the first section, generally  
. known as the coastal region: the sea islands, comprising only  
i about 800 square miles, but stretching from the mouth of the  
Savannah River to Winyah Bay; the salt marshes, either on l  
  or near the islands and making up something like 600 square , g it
Q . miles of the state’s area; and finally the 300 square miles  
T which compose the shore line north of Georgetown. Except for  
i the almost worthless salt marshes, the soil of the islands and    
for some ten miles inland is a fine sandy loam with a subsoil Q .
3 of yellow clay and fine textured sand. Since growth of vege— fj ,
Y tation is almost completely unchecked during more than half [j i
  of each year the plant life is semitropical. The palmetto, cypress,  
  live oak and magnolia trees are found in abundance. On the  
  islands, especially, the long, silky—fibered variety of cotton early l i
  began to thrive. The altitude is low, reaching a maximum of  
§ 25 or 30 feet on the islands; and the climate, especially near  
i the reedy swamps, tends to be malarial. On the coast line north  
  of Winyah the soil is hard but sandy; no marshes border the  
  region and no islands separate it from the ocean. It is, there-  
i fore, not very valuable agriculturally. A discussion of the  
  coastal region is incomplete without some mention of the ex-  
} cellent natural harbors at Savannah, Port Royal, Charleston  
l and Georgetown and of the innumerable inlets and rivers which  
Q made inland and coastwise navigation possible. This factor  
E was extremely important in the settlement of the region and  
. contributed greatly to the building up of an extensive foreign  
l and coastwise commerce, largely concentrated in Charleston.  
Q It was the coastal region and the physical division next to be  
L discussed that formed almost completely the theatre of colonial   l
’ activity.   p
f The lower pine belt lies partly in and partly above the area  
, of tidal infiuence. In the lower part of this region extensive  
  rice fields were early located; whereas in the upper belt the  
  abundance of long—leaf pine encouraged the development of  
; turpentine farms. These forests were also once the pasture of  
  large herds of cattle. The altitude rises in some places to 130  
9 feet above sea level, and the width of the region is about fifty  
Y miles.  
¢ a T - . li — i  
L  ret 
f    
"` LM  J5 

   .¤
g i.? _]`EFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY IN S. C. 3 `
  The upper pine belt, ranging from 130 to 250 feet in alti- I
*  tude and from twenty to nearly forty miles in width, contains
  about 5,500 square miles. Here, long-leaf pine, oak and hick-
  ory still abound. The climate was found more healthful and
  stimulating than that of the two lower sections; and the soil,
A   made up of light sandy loam underlaid with clay, furnished 2
  excellent land for the growth of short staple cotton. In the
A   upper, as in the lower pine belt, there are also much rich
  swamp and bottom lands.
  Above the upper pine belt is the red hill region, stretching =
  from the Savannah River through what is now Aiken, Edge- _ ·
  field, upper Orangeburg and Sumter counties. In the last named
  county almost mountainous beauty is attained in what has come
’ to be called the High Hills of Santee.2 Here the surface is of
  a heavy red clay, conducive to the growth of the hickory and y
j the oak. This section contains the fertile ridge lands of Edge- ‘ I
·· field and considerable other very valuable agricultural soil. The p  
j elevation varies from 250 to 600 feet. {  
* On both sides of the fall line but mostly below it lie the . 5
¥ sand hills, ranging from 600 to 700 feet in elevation, having i ,
a maximum width of thirty miles and extending across the I §
I state and beyond in both directions. Though the land, often  
I covered with scrubby trees, was considered until comparatively :i
. recently almost worthless for agricultural purposes, parts of "
‘ the region provided healthful retreats during the hot summer ’
months for lowland planters.
Most of the up country lies in the Piedmont region, where j
, the masses of the white people have Hnally come to live. Be- I
cause of its varying elevation, 400 to 800 feet, and its great i
irregularity of surface, careful cultivation is necessary in order 4
i to avoid erosion. Neglect often turned rich areas into ruined
I fields, but careful attention made parts of it among the most I
Q productive in the state. It varies in width from about eighty 1
  to ninety miles. The land is generally clay, covered with rich p i
i soil, sometimes mixed with sarid and gravel. All vegetable pro-
Ii ductions of the state except rice could be grown advantageously I I
Q ’High Hills of Santee originated as High Hills of Santé, i.e., of i ·
. Health, but was later corrupted to the form given. A
 

 ,1  
   
2 4 THE JAMES SPRUNT STUDIES  
  throughout the Piedmont section. Although the soil was not $ ,5 
. as fertile as that of the river swamps, the climate was more  
Q healthful; and very early in the nineteenth century this area  
became the most populous. ;_.f i,€
f Finally, there is the mountainous section of South Carolina,  
  - the Alpine region. It lies in parts of what were formerly Pen‘dle— 1 a ll
L ton and Greenville districts but which are now called Oconee, p    it 3
Pickens and Greenville counties. With an elevation ranging  
from 900 to 3,500 feet, the area should really be grouped with in  
} the mountain region of Western North Carolina and Eastern  
g Tennessee. The climate is too cold and the summers too short  
  for cotton, but grain may be cultivated to great advantage in QQ
  - some parts. Here a number of streams rise, whose valleys ij
  furnish almost all the tillable land of the Alpine region.3  
l .,-·/'  
Q 2. THE INHABITANTS AND THEIR CULTURE  
  The tracing of the exploration and settlement of _the region   I
Q now called South Carolina is hardly a part of our story. Nor  
g is it necessary to give a detailed discussion of the origins or  
3 characteristics of the population groups that participated in the  
{ waves of migration which ultimately peopled the various sec-  
Q tions from the sea to the mountains. Late in the seventeenth   `
Y . . at
E century the English, Huguenots and ]ews gained a foothold $3
i along the Atlantic Coast. Everything beyond was then the ,2; *
e a'
I back country. Gradually the early comers and others of the   ‘
_ same nationalities who followed them set up new communities;   `
Q but most of the hinterland was settled by still others who were   ‘
j considered foreigners by the people of the low country and who   l
  apparently so considered themselves. These later immigrants lg `
R were attracted to South Carolina by the hope of greater free-   l
· °A very excellent brief summary of the "Geographical Basis" of   l
` South Carolina is found in Wallace, History of S. C., I, 3-10. The   ‘
j names of the sections and, to a great extent, the descriptions have been   (
’ found valuable and usable for this study. Robert Mills, Statistics of  
i South Carolina (Charleston: 1826), pp. 130-133, the work of a con-   I
. temporary, has been used especially for its discussion of the Piedmont fg;. e
Q soil. William A. Schaper, “Secti0nalism and Representation in South   I
. Carolina," Annual Report of American Historical Association (1900),   I
} I, 253-258, treats the physiography and natural resources of the state  
K in a highly satisfactory way. A more exhaustive study is M. Tuomey,   E
Report on the Geology of South Carolina (Columbia: 1848).   Z
% gt
Z   i·''.i  c,.
M  fill: 
 

  i*i»_! ` I
  JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY IN S. C. 5 .
  dom and better opportunities for comfortable living. Usually
,7;  poor, they were especially interested in the abundance of cheap
I   land. Though other groups entered the region, most of the up
‘   country was populated by Scotch-Irish and German frontiers-
  men from Pennsylvania, Virginia and North Carolina. Since _
  their ingress was not through Charleston or the coast country, i
  and since there was little communication with that region dur-
  ing the first decade or two, social ties did not bind the sections _
  together. In fact, there was more frequent contact with Phila- i
fg delphia and Richmond than with Charleston during the early p
  years. I `
  Statistics on the population of South Carolina at the close
  of the Revolution must be estimates and to some extent guesses. I
  More dependable datamay be found in the report of the first
  census conducted by the Federal Government. An examination   j
  of that document reveals that 249,073 persons were living in  
  the state in 1790. Of these, 140,178 were whites; 1,801 were ·  
  free blacks; 107,094 were slaves. The three lower districts of I [
  Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown, often referred to as the I
  low country, had a white population of 28,644 as compared I Q
  with the 111,534 white people of the up country. I {
.` Before 1790 and for many years thereafter distinct section- · ,  
  alism existed in South Carolina. The people of both the low _;
  country and the up country felt that two clear—cut societies · ,
were present. In many ways the spread of population through-
out the state paralleled the Westward movement in the nation; 1 _
but in one respect the similarity is not so evident. Generally, 1
V when a stranger arrived in a Western community and estab- Q
_ lished himself, he was accepted as one of the group already t
  there. A far different reception was given the frontiersmen i
Q who decided to make their homes in the South Carolina back
  country. They were strangers who were welcomed to the hos- .
  pitality of the region but who must not expect to participate  
  actively in its govermnent ; and, strange as it may seem, a simi- ’
  lar attitude was held by the newcomers themselves. They were .
. half apologetic and seemingly conscious of being of a different  
I social group. Since they did not immediately adopt the customs A
fj and institutions of their predecessors, assimilation was more `
t
 
  grill i

 : 6 THE ]AMES SPRUNT STUDIES  ‘ 
E difficult when they came to outnumber the dwellers in the origi—  
I nal communities. Gradually the up country farmers became less i a t
` conscious of being intruders and began to ask for more political  
i power. During the 1790’s pamphlets and newspaper articles f i,
; ’ expressing such an attitude were common. Sometimes the lan- T  
i ” guag