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I I I CONTENTS
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l ` Page Page
' I CAUSES OF TOBACCO LEAF DISEASES .......................... 29
I l DISEASES ................................ 3 Angular L€af-SpOt and
¤ Wildfire ......................... , 29
I I Frogeye and Greenspot ........ 33
I SOIL IN RELATION TO Leaf Scald .......................... 35
l TOBACCO DISEASES .............. 4 V
VIRUS DISEASES ........................ 37
I Mosaic ................................ 37 (IMI
` PHYSIOI-OGICAL DISEASES ~······· 6 Plantago Virus .................... 44 This
Nitrogen Deficiency .....-·--·-· 6 Ring-Spot ............................ 45 (lng.
Ph¤5¤h¤r¤S Deficiency -·--··-- 7 sneak ................................ 46 ` ,l
P¤t¤SSi¤m Deficiency --·--·---- 8 Leaf can ............................ 47 ‘ IM
I Manganese T<>>S
Blackleg .............................. I6 LIGHTNING INJURY .................. 57 A
Cold Injury .......................... I7 mol
Blotch or Scab .................... I8 EARLY BLOOMING OF
Anthracnose ........................ I8 TOBACCO IN I954 ·--·····-······· 59 III°`
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HOUSEBURN .............................. 60 llvll
ROOT DISEASES .......................... I9 RECOMMENDATlONS FOR uni
Black Root-Rot .................... I9 CON-l-ROL OF TOBACCO llssl
Brown Root-Rot ..............,... 22 Dlggplglgg lN KENTUCKY ____,, 62
R<>¤i *<¤¤* ----·----··-------·---·--- 24 sssd .................................... 62
Phythiurn Soft Rot .............. 25 plant Beds ____________________ _ ____. 63 III"`
Club-Root ............................ 25 Cnawlng and gnaaklng llilc
Broomrape .......................... 26 While Handling Plants .r-· 64 uml
False Broomrape .................. 27 Field Practices ...,............... · él
Dodder ................................ 28 Curing ....................... . ..-····- 6° l
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This circular replaces Bulletin 581.

 F
Tobocco Dsseoses
By \\'. D. \'A1.i.k:AU, E. M. jouxsox, and Struemzx Duc}-tux
Page DU]_}ilTtI]lCIlt of }\gI"()I'lOl`I`l}’
  29
.... 29
I   CAUSES OF TOBACCO DISEASES
37 Tobacco diseases 1nay be considered as abnormalities of the plant
  37 that cause reduced quality or quantity of the commercial product.
.... 44 - This definition includes various malnutrition diseases caused by soil
.... 45 deficiencies, injuries caused by fungi, bacteria, round worms or nema-
i ···· 4; . todes, parasitic flowering plants such as broomrape, virus diseases.
''''' jg and i`burning` of wilted plants. Insect injuries might be included,
`'`.` hut are not discussed in th?s bulletin. lf it is kept in mind that dis-
..... AB e eases may be produced by one or a combination of these causes. it
,.... 48 j will be easier to understand the reasons for the various control meas-
·····   tires recommended and the changes which are made from time to
'‘‘'' 55 time in these recommendations as new facts are discovered. A short
  55 description of the organisms that cause disease may be of interest to
those unacquainted with the lower forms of life.
······ 57 Fungi are plants of a low order, such as the mushrooms and various
molds that grow in damp places. A common fungus familiar to all is
...... 59 i the green mold sometimes seen on canne;l fruit. Certain forms of
fungi are common causes of plant disease. They subsist either on the
······ 60 living plant cells, as rust of wheat and other cereals, and mildews of
various crops, or by killing the plant cells and living on the dead
tissues, as in fruit rots or the black root-rot of tobacco. -
‘‘''' `   Bacteria are sometimes classed as one of the groups of fungi. They
`'i`i   63 M6 Single-celled plants. The individual cells are visible only with a Z
  64 miC1`0SCOpe. A mass of them, however, may be readily visible to tl]?
s ..·· ` unaided eye.
``'`‘'     Virus diseases are caused by organisms the individual particles of
'''''` which are too small to be seen with an ordinary microscope but their
images can be seen and the particles photographed with an electron -
microscope. The virus content of the plant increases rapidly following
infection but the exact method of reproduction is not known. The ‘
Viruses are characterized by being able to multiply only in living cells. .
3

 I l .
I I .
I , 4
  y l N emcztocles are round worms that can sometimes be seen with the _
l l l unaided eye. They are similar to the hookworm of the human and wml?
.   l to round worms causing trouble in many animals. ne lll
  Pamsfitric flowering plants are plants such as brooinrape, doddep and I?
I i l and mistletoe that have become adapted to obtaining food inaternlg my I
I l or nutrients directly from some other living plant instead of from the Or
  l soil. the so
l I Physiological diseases, or those not caused by disease-producing lmllll
l Y organisms, often result from a lack of sufficient available nutrients or lmlll
l an excess of one or more of the compounds necessary for plant growth. l0lJ?<€<
\ The quantity of available nutrients in the soil is determined in pint ill (ls`
by the total content of the necessary minerals in the soil and the de- lllm€<
l gree to which the land has been cropped and manured. ll`¤’¤€l
I For example, alfalfa removed for hay reduces the available minenl Cr
content of the soil rapidly, because of the heavy yields produced. Caml
p unless part of the nutrients are returned in the manure from feedinu , Spit?
l the crop. Legumes or legume-grass mixtures, if left on the land or WSH
1. turned under, tend to accumulate available nutrients. Close pastnr- bmlw
ing of grassland may reduce available nutrients, especially if the mdk?
droppings are deposited in restricted areas, such as shady places in p 0\.€1__1
l the Held. Therefore, the fact that a bluegrass sod has not been plowed umm,
l for many years is no assurance that it will make good tobacco land. mam,
either
SOIL IN RELATION TO TOBACCO DISEASES  
inead
Growers are well aware of the desirability of selecting the mnsl (lm-in
favorable soil for tobacco. The reasons for the selection or rejectinn infest
of certain soils for tobacco are not always well understood but nn hav 4
usually arrived at by experience. The relation of soil to diseases will prin
be discussed lDO1`€ fully under the specific diseases but refercnw ll f(_·m]i
made here to a few of the more obvious relations. ably
Soil f8I‘i`lIlfy.——TObaCCO makes an enormous growth in a very Sllllll lmlm
p€1°i0Cl; COI1S€quently a high level of available nitrogen, plioSpllver—pastured and if tl1e land has not become infested with meadow
l)lO“ffl nematodes, small round worms that cause brown root-rot. There are
*0 l*““l‘ many partial failures when tobacco follows old bluegrass sod, caused
either bv meadow nematodes or reduced fertilit articularlv low
{ 7 4
available potash, resulting from overgrazing. Tobacco may grow
slowly after corn, soybeans, timothy, orchard grass, and some of the
meadow and pasture legumes, particularly in a season that is wet
he most during or immediately following setting. Tl1e reason appears to be
rejection infestation with meadow nematodes. Alfalfa or other legumes cut for
but art hay cause depletion of 11utrients, particularly potash, and result in
1ses will poor quality tobacco if it follows tl1e legumes, unless the soil is well
ereuce 1> fertilized. Weeds make an excellent preparation for tobacco, presum- —
ably because o11ly those weeds develop that are l1igl1ly resistant to
  . l>&1il10¤e1ric or ranisms such as meadow nematodes, and conse uentlv ‘
slr slnfl ¤ B ,
Jsplroras. leave the soil relatively free from injurious organisms. A rotation that
ip is sei. IS commonly used in Kentucky is continuous tobacco with a cover
Y vrowtli. crop of a small grain and hairy vetch. In fields that have been in this
O . · . . .
seases nf rotation or in a tobacco—small gra111 rotation for years, meadow nema-
todes are found in extremely small numbers, if at all, and tobacco _
IL ¤¤`<>Ws rapidly following setting. Fertility can readily be kept to a high
or -1 d lexd if the land does not wash. \V1th the rapid spread of black shank .
onstrate
too much l" ·
°3 i . . . . . . - .
S to bt S _ For fccommendatrons on fertrhzmg soil for tobacco sec lxcutucky Expcrnncnt ‘
·lftil()Il Circular 70.

 i 1
`
i     a rotation is to be preferred over continuous tobacco. If a few black
    l shank plants in a field one year are disregarded they may result in
p t i heavy loss the next year. Rotation will greatly reduce the chance of _ Sl
i L Y appreciable loss. ’“d]°’
, · i toms
l   Physicul condition of soil.-- Good physical condition of the soil is Soir \
i i i desirable, especially good surface and under drainage. Tobacco often Olde,.
i   frenches on soil too wet, or if water stands long about the plants it duriu
r   may cause them to wilt, turn yellow, and finally die. On hard, poorly out i
· ‘ aerated soil tobacco grows slowly and produces inferior leaf. Loose, phosl
open soil is likely to make rapid-growing, high—quality tobacco, if YECOE
i the necessary nutrients are available. plied
; paris
l of slr
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISEASES (mm
r Physiological diseases may be caused by either temporary or ex- ` 1 P
i tended lack or excess of certain elements in the soil. Nitrogen, phos-  
i` phorus, and potassium are the three elements most likely to be deli Q3
cient in Kentucky soils. Magnesium deficiency, which causes santl (Mig
l drown, and calcium deficiency, which causes irregularly shaped leaves. ‘
i rarely, if ever, occur. Growth of large, well-formed leaves of high
quality largely depends on the proper nourishment of the plant.
Therefore much attention should be paid to soil improvement anrl ra
to the kind and amount of fertilizer used. ‘
Nitrogen Deficiency
Deficiency of nitrogen is indicated by slow-growing, liglit-grew
plants. Yellowing and firing of the lower leaves during dry peri<> `
often is caused by lack of nitrogen and is a common example of nitro- ·
gen starvation. An abundance of available nitrogen in the soil il  
other necessary elements and moisture are present, produces 1‘21D$\'€i`$lll)lllf  
causes plants to remain green long after topping. ph¤sp`

 F
7
ack Phosphorus Deficiency
t in _ _
_ Op Slow-growing, stunted, dark-green, late maturing plants usually
H indicate lack of hos horns, but under certain conditions other svm >-
. 1
toms mav develo J. Tobacco nlants from a well-fertilized bed set in
. 1
ll IS soil very deficient in phosphorus may turn a yellowish green in the _
flew older leaves and suddenly develop numerous dead spots in these leaves
ts it during the first few weeks after setting (Fig. 1). As the roots spread
>0rl}’ out in the soil and the plants adjust their growth to the available
lose. hos ihorus the later leaves are dark reen. This condition cannot be
_ P I
0, ll recognized readily as phosphorus deficiency unless plants well sup-
plied with phosphorus and sufficient lime are growing nearby for com-
Jarison. Lack of available whos uhorus a J nears to be a common cause
l 1 I l
of slow growth and late maturity of tobacco in most parts of Kentucky
outside the central Bluegrass area, and in certain places within it.
. Prevention: Unless a Held to be used for tobacco is known to have
ex- ~ . . . .
rl plenty of available phosphorus a phosphate fertilizer or a mixed
os- - . . . . . . .
PQH fertilizer high m phosphorus should be liberally applied. Manure is
fe   low in phosphorus and cannot be relied upon to correct phosphorus
·· ( .
wl l deficiency.
raves.
high
plant.
t and y-—» »   _ — —
Q .2  { fp   ;r§"‘l~\; ~  kk 
H Y ~}"—·\  ._ ¢i‘     2 _   Q.) , J?   V
t~   e     ,     . `    is;  {E5 ·‘
‘¥"“" l T     ‘r   .»-> Y .;Q*;;T’,i5¤es
lll ll P, .. "`*#;}i§  Q ‘°w ` i     "   x·!,¢‘i —,
will if         ____,       ..    ·   y
; _ ’..‘` '     .   5   »,= iii '  ,·*`;Z»~»"`* ` ¢`?·  Y K  at W
l·lll)’(l .l`@i ° "   { ;"°     {A Y` Jp **4% i `I     —
Nm  ,— N ,.;; &; il. g;     s    caf?   aq     -
1>l*“’l‘           as?   .ai`i  
ilmwl       ___ii ..·. i l;.=-—          ea  l ‘
an uml * ' 4.}*    il    *. T“ ’ * ·  w e   Y  
hg N]   .£?.,.,;  V -.  *      
  tg     i   V é
1¢‘· YV     ` .
llhlhl V ~ ~»  gf: ‘“`
A 4 V g .7 ·,  . Q  
. ‘ '· ·S · .
fllmr F'g· l·_ Pl{¤Sph0rus starvation in burley tobacco. This type of spotting occurs soon after ·
rsrlplllll glolllh bE9'¤5 OH plants which were well-nourished in the plant bed but set in a field
all"? "€'Y little available phosphorus, When the plant becomes adjusted to the low V
l°°SPl‘¤T€ level, spotting is no longer produced.

 i . ~  
Z' l
  l l 8
` r   Potassium Deficiency bam
l .
1     Although Kentucky soils generally are high in total potassiunr SFON
T   g tobacco frequently shows signs of potash starvation. This is because Us
y l the rate at which potash becomes available in the soil is not great EOM
i l   enough to meet the needs of the tobacco crop, which requires a large {ml
l   amount in a short time. P mr
l .   In 1941 over half the fields set to tobacco in central Kentucky lug;
| l were found to be too low in available potash to produce a satisfactory b
y l crop. A similar condition exists in many fields set to tobacco each year fm?
outside central Kentucky. Potash starvation is often more obvious on Fm
\ 3 heavily limed than on unlimed soil. For example, tobacco grown near 1 Us
4 y an old limestone road, where limestone dust has been settling for many POOI
{ years, often shows marked potash starvation whereas that at a distance lm;
l . in 0
. from the road may show little or none.
Potash starvation is readily recognized in tobacco. A mild defi· · beta
. . , O ‘
= ciency may cause merely the rolling of the edges of the leaves down- S ‘l
l . .
w ward or bronze-yellow blotches on the leaves, especially on the tips _O I;
1, . ·
of the upper leaves (Fig. 2). In more severe cases the leaves are git
curled downward at the edges or are "rimbound” and the tips and €°‘
L edges may die and turn dark. The portions of the blade of the leaf ·
n
j .. ....  .1.. -1 i
.     r~‘‘` 1     i dev
    tg Y   .i‘‘»   T » ` i   . and
l t V'? iv :.3*  ’*   -..v   l .   ,·*-:- ;;    
‘ t .»   ·.       y   ‘     .1
  [_ Lt  ¢.<__   .   sr  4y_.   =PP
. y _   ‘       `¥‘.   y A A     covr
  “     .       _ . 1 wk
1 * ·       ~` xii ‘··a... r   ` ·‘‘· Y ``,.   l bw
i           · r l .3 l D   ,,_‘   add
              i V   l ll`O1
"$;i l   iii iv', `     _.     Al       ZJ Rl ll f · A
       -5   .. _ y , _
        r   ’   r
ai?   I .• N    ·  TJ r· I   I we ~  
` iujr
Fig. 2.- A mild case of potassium starvation of burley tobacco. Dead spotslare wss fror
d€v8l0pil1g on the two leaves at the left. More severe starvation results in rlm lmng ° 0r·
in death of leaf tips.

 F
9
between the larger veins are curved upward as if the veins were too
um short. The leaf usually is light green with yellowish blotches, and
’ the whole plant may have a distinct bronze tinge. \Vhere there is
  not enough potash but plenty of nitrogen the tobacco is red or dark
Ugg brown when cured but where there is enough available potash, phos-
phorus, and nitrogen, both the yield and quality of the tobacco are
rckv high . . . .
tmp, Preoentwn: Potassium starvation may be prevented by applying
‘ barnyard manure, potash fertilizers, or liberal quantities of mixed
gi; fertilizers that contain a high percentage of potash. Muriate of potash,
Dm if used in excess, may cause cured tobacco to stay in case, and burn
mm poorly. To prevent this not more than 50 pounds of potash in the
ance muriate form should be applied per acre. This is the amount contained
in 500 pounds of 5-10-10 fertilizer. If more potash is required it should
dei be applied as sulfate of potash. Land known to be low in available
Own- . potash will require about 1500 pounds per acre of 5-10-10 fertilizer
HPS to meet the potash requirement. VVhere tobacco is grown continuously
S me in the same field it is probably better to use still less muriate of potash,
and because of the danger of building up the chlorine content of the soil.
r leaf ‘ _ _
Manganese Toxrcnty
7-, Tobacco set in very acid soil (pH below 5.0) is likely to develop
l manganese toxicity. The plants grow slowly following setting, turn
L light green or yellowish between the larger veins, and gradually
  develop numerous dead spots, particularly in the older leaves. There
l is something in common between the appearance of manganese toxicity
. and the spotting caused by phosphorus starvation, but the conditions
. appear to be distinct. A similar condition may develop in the winter
_ cover crop that follows tobacco. Sometimes plants recover and de-
. velop a normal green color in later leaves, possibly because the soil
Q becomes less acid following decomposition of the cover C1`()p. The ‘
  addition of lime to the soil immediately following recognition of the
  trouble has been reported to bring about quick recovery. It prevents .
the trouble from occurring in subsequent crops.
2, 4-D lnjury
2, 4-D injury to tobacco is quite common in tobacco beds and _
fields. In beds it usually results from the use of a pressure sprayer
q that has been used some time in the past years for :2, 4-D. In the Held
injury is frequently caused by spray drifting across a tobacco field,
new lugs {TORI the ester form volatalizing and drifting aCrOSS 21 tobacco H€l<1, is
mg G OF by insects from a 2, 4-D sprayed area alighting on a tobacco plant. ·

 l l
1 ‘   .
1 l
  R I O
V i L . .
j i i The symptoms in the plant bed are variable. \Vhen small plants
l ~ . t
a j l are sprayed with extremely small amounts ot 2, 4-D the young leaves X
j l l may grow together giving a vase or wine glass eltect. Older plants in 1  
3 i the bed may show the typical 2, 4-D injury to leaves, illustrated in ml (
. F. 3 The
I ~ j 1g. · . H
i . — . ’ Y
l i Field plants are atlected in two ways. The leaves may show the je O
j i typical 2, 4-D injury. It the amount ot 2, 4-D added has not been mw
j T very minute a gall like swelling at the crown may develop that breaks Tum
a l out on one side with the appearance of numerous root tips. HOW
j T Spray equipment can be freed of 2, 4-D it all parts are waslieil P'
thoroughl