xt7dz02z5v1n https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7dz02z5v1n/data/mets.xml University of Kentucky Fayette County, Kentucky The Kentucky Kernel 19680408 newspapers sn89058402 English Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. The Kentucky Kernel The Kentucky Kernel, April 8, 1968 text The Kentucky Kernel, April 8, 1968 1968 2015 true xt7dz02z5v1n section xt7dz02z5v1n r What's SDS About? 'Football' TellsThe Tale By DARRELL RICE to their National Council meeting at UK last weekend, some Students for a Democrat if Society members played a name of football among themselves on campus. Refore t lie name could begin, the first problem arose: how to divide up for teams. There was the possibility of having the faction vs. the anarchists. Or the "beards" vs. the "nonbeauls." Or the "barefeet" vs. the "sandals." When the basis for team formation was finally decided on, another discussion arose: what "Ixmrgeois institutions" should lx done away with such as centering the ball, keeping score or even having teams. After the game's format was set, the teams, with one woman included, began play. A pass was thrown to the woman player, and the men on the other team gentlemanly allowed her to catch it without any defensive efforts. Another discussion arose at once. The participants decided they had been guilty of "male chauvinism" and that if the women's liberation movement were to succeed, there could be no protective nude chauvinism. They agreed not to do that any more. As a result of the SDS National Council's nutting here last weekend, many UK students hav e been asking vv hats SDS is all alxnit. The "football" game is as good a start on an explanation as any. SDS is made up of many factions rangingliom liberal capitalists (there are very few of these, though) to admirers of Chinese Communism. This makes the group's general philosophy difficult, if not impossible, to describe. As a sidelight neo-Mari- st 1 And there are many differences in the individual chapters, which makes description even more difficult. The UK SDS chapter would probably be comparatively conservative in relcieme to manv chapters across the nation. For an "official" definition, one could take the preamble to the SDS national constitution, which was written a few years ago when the group originated in Michigan. The preamble reads: "The SDS is an association of young people of the left. It seeks to create a sustained community of educational and political Continued on Page 7, Col. 1 THE KENTUCKY KERNEL A Monday, April 8, The Sotith's Outstanding College Daily University of Kentucky, Lexington 19G8 Vol. LIX, No. 131 Focus '68: Forum On Social Inequities M inns Sen. Kennedy, Focns Still 'Sncceeds' better understanding of the sysBy JO WARREN Focus '68 was an attempt tem, a willingness to abide by to bring men, leaders in their the rules, and an interest on the fields, to speak at UK on "social inequities," and in that it succeeded. But Focus was a victim of circumstances; it suffered from cancellation by two major speakers, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and Muhammed Ali, both declining after Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination. Filling in for Muhammed Ali at the lively Friday night session, Bill Turner offered a UK black student's reaction to the assassination: "I am enraged." The text of Turner's address ap- Urban Crisis Committee ... The Urban Crisis Committee will meet 7:30 p.m. Tuesday at the Second Presbyterian Church, 4 GO East Main Street, to "mobilize all concerned citizens of our community over our civil disorders." The Lexington Black Coalition Croup will present a statement to the committee. The public is invited. of Look magazine, said "the ultimate social inequity is helplessness, the inability of people to change the environment in which they live." Connecting the Vietnam war with urban crises, Mr. Harris surmised that money used to conduct the war could the ghettos" and "imprison" residents there indefinite- "air-conditi- ly. He said Negroes may one day "thank you for the war" because it offers an indirect stimulus to leave ghetto life. He called present welfare programs "scandalous" and suggested a rethinking of federal pears on page five. urban programs. One of the scheduled speak- part of community leaders who Kentucky's Sen. Thruston B. ers who did appear, F. Lee Bailey dodge jury duty." Morton said "we're looking at a spoke against American "legal T. George Harris, senior editor Continued on Pare 8, Col. 1 inequities." The famed defense attorney remarked that "in theory, the American criminal jury system is good, but in practice it is not so good." Mr. Bailey said the idea that one is innocent until proved guilty "only exists on the books. If you are indicted under the system, you are probably ruined, because of lack of respect for the system." lie suggested as solutions "a say ! Dr. Hose 1 half-ma- st State's Student Editors Hear 'Politics' Warning Kentucky Collegiate Press Service rs attending a Kentucky Intercollegiate Press Association convention here last weekend were told they should be "eternally vigilant" against exertion of too much political pressure on universities. Dr. Raymond Cibson, head of the higher education department at Indiana University, warned that too much authority by the state and other outside groups can weaken or destroy institutions of higher learning. But as more people gathered round, Dr. Rose "If we are going to reflect loosened up. the spirit of the times, we have He said the rumors of his being considered foi to be unafraid to debate any the UK presidency were "typical speculation that issue, any ism," he said. "If goes on from time to time. I'm sure there will be we exclude analysis or debate many other people who will be mentioned." of one group today, tomorrow "I have my hands full in Alabama," Dr. it may be another. Eventually Rose said. He said Alabama is in a $75 million we could degenerate to the point dollar development program." Continued on Pare 3, CoL 1 Asked if he would accept the position at UK if it were offered tohim, hcsaid"that's a question a person can't answer. I've just launched this campaign in Alabama and I've got a real problem vetting it going in the next few months." Dr. Rose said he had not been contacted by . , the University. He said he would return to Kenretire." tucky someday "to Both Sen. Morton and Dr. Rose had praise for Dr. Oswald, who is leaving UK for the executive vice presidency of the University of California syst em. "Dr. Oswald is recognized as one of the outstanding educators we have in our country," Dr. Rose said. "All of us who have worked with him have the highest regard for him." v O" Sen. Morton cited the growth of the University during Dr. Oswald's term of office. "From a qualitative standpoint, it has certainly risen under LOUISVILLE-Edito- 2 Deny Interest In UK Job By GUY MENDES Since University President John W. Oswald resigned last Tuesday, there has been a lot of speculation about who will succeed him. Two of the people prominently mentioned as successors Kentucky Sen. Thruston B. Morton and University of Alabama President Frank Rose-w- ere on campus Saturday to speak at the Focus '68 program, a symposium on social inequities. A few weeks ago, Sen. Morton voiced an urge to get into the "academic community," as he put it, when he announced his decision to retire from politics and not run for reelection to the Senate in the fall. Saturday Sen. Morton said he had no thoughts whatsoever of assuming the presidency here. "Absolutely not," he said. "What they need at the University of Kentucky is a man far younger than I, and a man with an academic background which I don't have, and a man who can give 10 vigorous years to the administration of this great institution. "If I had enough energy in me to be president of the University, 1 assure you I would be running for my seat in the United States Senate," Sen. Morton told the Kernel. He said he is "not in any way qualified" I don't to be the president of a university know anymore about running a university than my grandson's dog." Dr. Rose, formerly president at Transylvania College said he did not want to comment when first asked alxnit the pros(ect of his succeeding Dr. Oswald. He briefly mentioned his 10 years at the University of Alabama and said, "That's all I have to say." ... v In Memoriam With flag lowered to and many of the crowd wearing black armbands, UK students and faculty and some townspeople, black and white, met in front of the Administration Building Friday at noon in a vigil in memory of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King. -- President Oswald's administration. The University has taken long strides forward in the last few years." Sen. Morton said he knew ol no political pressures behind Dr. Oswald's leaving and that the resignation "came as a great surprise." ,w L Sen. Morton. * THE KENTUCKY KERNEL, Monday, April 8, State's Student Editors Hear IU's Dr. Gibson Continued From Page 1 that there would be no freedom except freedom of deadly conformitythe slavery of deadly The future will be better "only if we are free to change," Dr. Gibson asserted. He also argued that students should play a large role in decisconformity." "At a time when Too much authority from ion-making. within a university can also be leaders are saying that make good soldiers, it destructive, he noted. doesn't make sense to say young "The spirit of freedom has as people should not be involved its manual consequence great uni- as active citizens." versities," he told the student "The academic community will not yield to war as. a solujournalists. About 70 delegates from 16 tion to man's problems," he said. Dr. Gibson predicted that schools attended the two-daheld at Kentucky South-e- within 20 years public money meeting 'ouldbe appropriated to private College, according to KIPi president John A. Zeh, a Uni- colleges because of the desire to maintain "an infinite variety" versity senior. in higher education. "You and I must accept the He said there is a need to possibility that the present is "reconstruct liberal education rebetter than the past and that quirements to reflect the spirit we should make the future bet- of the times." ter than the present," he said. "We require students to study literature with the hope this will create a continuing interest" in it, with the exact opposite effect, Dr. Gibson said. '. m Free Film On Vietnam kaaTA David Shoenbrun's film "Vietnam: How Did We Get In? How Can We Get Out?" will be shown at 2, 3 and 4 p.m. Tuesday in the Student Center Theatre. Mr. Shoenbnin has been an eyewitness to the history of Viet- nam since World War II when Ho Chi Minh was an ally of the United States. The only American correspondent to witness the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu, Mr. Shoenbrun is presently teaching the first course to be offered on Vietnam at Columbia University Graduate School. Super Mother Superior VS. Groovy Sister George OA CAMPUS NEWS BRIEFS On April 3rd the ground work a new organization at the University was laid. About 20 interested students met with Dr. Thomas Ford and other interested Professors with the intent of organizing an undergraduate Sociology club. The club will have many goals. Among these will be: Offering the student in Sociology a series of national speakers, offering an outlet for the talents of the Sociology stufor allowances toTKose living more 100 miles from Lexington. Applications for the fellowships must be received by June 15, and will be considered from students who have an undergraduate degree with an average of 2.5 on a 4.0 scale, and an average of B or higher on graduate work. than tive contribution to studies of Southern lalx)r," says Princeton University's Industrial Relations section, referring to a recent lxok by Dr. Ray Marshall chairman of the Department of Economics. The book, "Lalx)r in the South," is considered by the Princeton group as one of "the outstanding lxoks in Industrial Relations." Dr. Marshall was named Dr. Thomas L. Riley, direcAlumni Professor of Economics tor of Hopkinsville Community dents, making available informaby the UK Board of Trustees 1968-6president last about graduate schools and College, is the tion year. He has gained a naof the Kentucky Association of tional reputation for his research job opportunities, offering sug- Junior Colleges. gestions to the Sociology Faculty The Kentucky Association of on employment problems of mion the improvement of the courses and disadvantaged groups, Junior Colleges is made up of 19 nority research in the department, and many and his activities have others. The club will meet in junior and community colleges covered a numberof foreign counthe state. They have Room 245 in the Student Center throughout tries. a total enrollment of 9,377. Monday, April 8, at 7:00 p.m. Elections of the officers will be Dr. Maurice A. Clay, a direcA textbook, laboratory manual held at that time. All interested tor of professional curriculum at and instructor's manual on elecUndergraduate Sociology Majors are urged to attend. UK, has been honored by the tronics written by two University e e s American Association of Health, in the ColThe UK" School of Library Physical Education and Research. lege of Engineering is scheduled The citation noted Dr. Clay's to be published in May. Science has received $43,680 for ' seven fellowships to students book; .entitled, Mexico aiid 'Colombia "Introduction. to Electronics," is for a master's degree in studying and credited him with substan- an enlargement and partial relibrary science. Each fellowship, awarded un- tially aiding the cultural and vision of a text by Dr. H. Alex der the Higher Education Act, moral life of his own Lexington Romanovvitz, UK professor of ' electrical engineering. Russell E. provides a stipend of $2,200 for community. academic year, and the 1968-6Puckett, research engineer of elec"An important and authorita tronics, is $430 for summer study, plus travel 9 researcher-scientist- 9 i I Wild. I (i I. . P I a - 3- - m I 1 J V- -' i i jl. O A Wii AND r ..Ik If it ; F (color) i 1 J I H ! I I Russell j Mi H JOS.5- Y L j2S7ose the 1958- -3 c B (COLOR) E Stevens PROOUC'KJ 1AM Angeis Go... Trouble Fbixows1 Starts Wednesday! MILTON BERLE VAN ARTHUR GODFREY TAYLOR JOHNSON-ROBER- Show Time 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 t A&1MAN COkOft QJn presenting the posters of Wingate Paine with a special free offer Personally selected by Wingate Paine and magnificently printed in the finest lithography under the supervision of the photographer himself these posters (approximately 30" by 40") have been especially chosen from the more than 100 hauntingly provocative photographs in his book, Mirror of Venus. award-winnin- TUES. Lost timet for "PIRECREEK" The Kentucky Kernel The Kernel, University Kentucky SUUon, University ot Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky 4030. Second cUu postage paid at Lexington, Kentucky. Mailed five timet weekly during the school year except holidays and exam periods, and once during the summer Published by the Board of Student Publications, UK Post Office Box and Begun as the Cadet in 1W publlbhed continuously as the Kernel . since 1815. inAdvertising published herein is Any tended to help the reader buy.should false or misleading advertising be reported to The Editor. SUBSCRIPTION RATES Yearly, by mall W Per copy, from file KERNEL TELEPHONES tS2l Editor, Managing Editor Editorial Pag Editor, ? Associate Editors, Sport News Desk if'VUJiZ Kii Advertising, Business, Circulation g "Mirror of Venus,' said Camera magazine'is a superb expression of the eternal, subtle woman, the nuances of seduction, the hostility of intimacy and the glories of love ... an exploration of the schizophrenic female in her double role of earthy, erotic animal and soft, sensitive, perfumed woman." You may purchase posters from this special selection now, by mail, for $1.95 each. Or, if you prefer and you may indicate your choice on the order form below you may purchase the book itself, with text by Franchise Sagan and Federico Fellini for $15, and receive three posters free. MIRROR OF VENUS FREE OFFER (Limited time only) Three free potters (indicate your choice) with esch purchsse of "Mirror of Venus" SIS per copy. O I enclose $15 for the book "Mirror of Venus" lus 60 for handling end postage. C I East 39th Street, New York 10016 M Plesse send me the following posters. (Indicate quantity In boxes.) NAME ADDRESS check or money order for have enclosed 01 SI 93 each plus posteia and postsge. Totsl t handling I ' CITY STATE ZIP CODE * 2 -- THE KENTUCKY KERNEL, Monday, April 8, 19G8 14 15th Century Music I -- Featured In Concert Music spanning the 14th and 15th centuries will be featured in a concert spon sored jointly by the Pro Musica of the UK Department of Music and the Christ Episcopal Church Choir of Men and Boys 7:00 p.m. April 9 at Christ Church Episcopal. Presented as the first part of the program will be Cuillaume de Machaut V'Hoquctus David" and "Messe de Notre Dame." Featured in the "Hoquetus Li i i, V David" will be the Pro Musica Brass Ensemble with Tommy Johns, trombone; Linda Ramer, trombone; Frank Merritt, French Horn, and Dan Moonitz, trumpet. Soloists for the "Messe de Notre Dame" are Caroline Dees, soprano; Naomi Armstrong, Dr. John Lienhard, tenor, and Norrie Wake, baritone. Accompanists for the work will be Robert Burton, choirmaster and organist for Christ Church, and the Pro Musica Brass Ensemble. The second half of the program will feature the 15th century Spanish Villancicos and Romances sung by the UK Pro Musica Chamber Ensemble with Caroline Dees, Ann Dunbar, Pat Franco, sopranos; Sandra Egbert, Patricia Griffin, altos; Lee Egbert, Kenneth Jones, Dr. John Lienhard, tenors, and Ralph Henry Lackey, and Cherry, Franklin Zimmerman, basses. o; k :li Jr u i. - sj'j Y ( . v iSf ..a ' ... I 1 . LEXINGTON YELLOW CAB Inc. Radio Equipped DIAL 252-22- 30 WATCH BANDS JEWELRY WATCHES DIAMONDS OPEN EVERY NIGHT DODSON WATCH SHOP Just a short drive South on U.S. 27 NOW SHOWING! OTTO PBtMIMGtW Fine Watch Repairing 110 N. UPPER ST. -. Phone mwm. pammouni 6 UPI Telephoto And forms a cloud of dust not settling down -- Joe Hinds Until the minority group is out of town. Bonn Presents Piano Recital UK pianist James Bonn will present a recital 8:15 p.m. April Science 10 in the Agricultural Auditorium. His program will include Bach's "French Suite No. 5 in G major"; Beethoven's "Sonata in C major, Opus 53"; Proko-fiefF- s "Sonata No. 3, Opus 28"; Ravel's "Ondine", and Chopin's "Ballade in F minor, Opus 52". Bonn received the BA Degree from the University of Minnesota and a Master of Music Degree from the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He has been the recipient of numerous awards including the St. Paul Schubert Club Scholarship, the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Tanglewood Scholarship, and the Minneapolis Symphony Artist Award. Young Forest fires burn holes in the South's O economy rcw i FRttENT FOREST FIRES Complete Automotive Service Phone 254-64- 64 also svm 254-126- I am what I am and that's all I ever can be. But a fiery dragon rolls in from the sea mm "24-Ho- Emergency Road Service" ur TAYLOR TIRE CO. 400 TECHNICOLOR A E. 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To Tattoo or Not To Beach party designs a suit that is intriguing enough alone but add a matching tattoo and you have more command of the beach than a sailor. All cotton, sizes $15. 3-1- Across 3. from Holmes Hall * TUT. KENTUCKY . F" Bill Turner. 'Willine To Die' KIMTOH'S NOTK: Hill Turner, senior sociology major and black activist, spoke at Focus (vS Friday night in place of Ali (Cassius Clay), who cancelled his appearance to he with the family of Dr. Martin Luther King. This is the text of Turner's address. On behalf of the Black Student Union of the University of Kentucky, as a group of restless and angry young black people, and for any other people who arc aware, if not subjugated to the many social inequities of American society, I have prepared these few words. They will, I rest assured, offend some people, but I am no longer concerned with offending people, for obviously, people arc not too concerned when we are offended, which is, incidentally, why we found it necessary to form the Black Student Union . . . which is, further, why this society needed a man like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King we were being offended. During the height of the riots in Watts a few years back, noted black author and poet James Baldwin was asked how he, as a black man, felt about the riots. To the dismay of many who felt that he should, and certainly would give an optimistic and "good American" reply, he said: "Any black man who is subjectively aware should walk this land in a constant state of rage." And I, when asked to speak at this solemn and remorseful occasion, will not sacrifice my true feelings at the "risk" of losing friends and the support of any liberals who may be at this gathering. I too, as an aware black man, am in a state of rage. Racism in this land, and indeed in this place, has taken the life of one whom I cherished very dear; I am in a state of rage, lou, while America, may, at one point, have felt the real atrocity of the violent act. But we who arc black, many of whom who had called Dr. King everything from the Black Moses to the SuperTom of the century . . . we arc the ones who really suffer in this loss from one of our ranks. Many of us arc the ones who had considered his nonviolent tactic as absurd, impossible and wishful thinking at best. It is we who really feel the full impact of this act, for you have taken one of us through the opposite of the tactic that he so fervently upheld. But with conditions as they arc at this point, we know and now rudely realize what Dr. King's life meant to us; I shudder to think what his death may mean. you whose commitment it is to resolve this racial issue that plagues our land. But, should I, as a black man, reach in to touch these persons who will sincerely help in this matter as Dr. King reached in to touch the reasonable white society what is my fate? White America, white Kentucky, while Lexington, and alas, white UK, the day of high fal loot-i- n rhetoric is past: the day of academic, philosophical KLKNLL, Monday, April 8, 19f8- -.r t WF arm i : . ' and moral speculation is past; certainly the day of passive resistance is past. It shall be largely your task, white America, to resolve .. :i .... s vM the "black Frankenstein" that you have created. For certainly, we have come our part of the way: we had our Mai comb X's, our Mcdgar Evars, our White America, you have Alls, and alas our Dr. taught me to hate and fear, you Martin Luther Kings. Your white have taught it from year to year, society, in one form or another, you have drummed it from car has taken them all from us. It to car . . . the death of Dr. King shall be your task, your moral epitomizes this hate and fear. commitment, and perchance your It is said that when the objecduty to resolve tive conditions and the subjec- the social inequities that exist tive awareness of the oppressed in white and black America. class coincide, there exists the White and black America, I for revolution. am enraged, and in want of opportunity You've only to look at the conAnswer me, many answers. ditions, and we arc now subjec- America. I pose this question not as fatalistic or blandly apoca-lytitively aware that American sobut I ask you, are we, ciety is less than desirable. White Americans, I shudder at the rather, will we, concentrate our thought that no revolution is efforts on the building of better bloodless. families, better homes, better White America, I have come schools, better churches, a better to perceive your race as a pit of America or is the answer snakes. I can sec within your in the building of bigger and ranks many, many violent and belter graveyards? White Amerpoisonous creatures. I can sec ica, I would much rather have the many George Wallaces, the my equality through the peaceful many Bull Conners, and many and nonviolent tactics that Dr. bigots: but, at the same King loved and lived so dearly. time, I can sec the many John But if you would rather die in Kennedys, the many Father Crop-pikeeping me a slave, then I am the many Mrs. Luizzos, the willing to die in having my freemany Goodmans, and Swcindcr-man- s dom. Thank you. I can sec many among ' : ; .A; r V ti.. Kernel Photo by Rick Bell c, ... die-har- d s, 1. What on earth is that? The world's first almost ... pitVlo sliei-v- . 1 2. What d'vou mean . 'almost? It keeps rejecting dills. lov l on make out illi your toothpick? I 1 gave it tip to work on mv rubber hand. : Q Av . "'-thti- V ) ' tiT h . I... 1. Ker i'onsid 5. red going intt a field more likely to give vou a living ineome? k Ufa V r but I want to be oi service to humanity. And like the ehalleuge it provides. 1 Mabe ou ought to look into the openings at I'.ijuitable "I'hi'v've got a ide range of fascinating jobs that give you the chance to be of sciice. And they aho give oil .1 s.ilai v oii t .in lie on. S.iv. think llii v d be interest d in iu lail-sal- Meds exclusive design gives you this extra seto absorb curity: an outer layer of larger fibers fibers faster, blended with an Inner layer of tiny to store more, longer. Comt la U hut pik ker? jJuper flrt ntl, fUxlbl pltlc ppllctor. tO-S- . box of 10. tend 10c to Meds. Box N.J. 08850. Indtofr Regular or Super. Mllltown, for ampl e Kor details alout careers at laiuitable. s. e oiii I'l.uement ()llic r, or Lvrite: lames L. Morice, Manager, College Kmployment. fhe EquiTADlE life Assurance Society of the united Mates .Y. UMliy NVw Yoik. IIou OlHce: 12H At f H' 5K'i'il.I.UAn liquid Oiirlunitj t'.mi'lftjer, MAnn-rica- H0lHAi MIOI N0 MO0CM Ml raoouct cohmm 0 ltoi - - * Dr. King When the American morality function of the individual s mental includes justice, then we truly shall and physical feelings of inability he free. When the American conto rationally eomiK'te; therefore, sciousness includes compassion, refuse to compete. then we truly shall have gained There is no doubt that the murder of Dr. King will solidify Black democracy. Hut we now live in an age resentment of the white culture. where hate blinds men to take Even more frightening is who is another's life, in vain. There are left to take Dr. King's place. He those anions us who reject their was the d force behind fellowman because of his class, the fight for survival for Blacks, his home, yes, even his color, all his was the moderating consciousin vain. ness between the Rap Browns and For to reject another because the George Wallaces. His was the he is different is to admit your most influential intellect for civil own inferiority. Sociologists hy- rights in this century. And now pothesize that racial prejudice is a he is a martyr. J 'J icvcl-hcade- Profiles in Courage Vol. II I Have a Dream By MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. EDITOR'S NOTE: (A speech delivered before the Lincoln Memorial during the March on Washington, August 28, 1963.) 1. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Procla- niation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon of light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. 2. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. 3. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. 4. In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of theGmstitutionand the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be granted the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 5. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check; which has come back marked "insufficient funds." (i. But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to beliec that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. 7. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the traiKiuiliing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the . time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children. - 8. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the movement and to underestimate the determination of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. 1963 is not an end but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a nide awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. 9. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. 10. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. 11. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our stniggle on the liigh plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow