xt7f4q7qrd60 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7f4q7qrd60/data/mets.xml Kentucky University of Kentucky. Center for Developmental Change 1968 Other contributors include Street, Paul. Photocopies. Unit 1, copy 2 is a photocopy issued by the clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information. Report of a study by an interdisciplinary team of the University of Kentucky, performed under Contract 693 between the University of Kentucky Research Foundation and the Office of Economic Opportunity, 1965-68. Includes bibliographical references. Part of the Bert T. Combs Appalachian Collection. books  English  Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection.  Community Action Program (U.S.) Economic assistance, Domestic--Kentucky--Knox county. Poor--Kentucky--Knox County Community Action in Appalachia: An Appraisal of the "War on Poverty" in a Rural Setting of Southeastern Kentucky, August 1968; Unit 1: Introduction and Synthesis text Community Action in Appalachia: An Appraisal of the "War on Poverty" in a Rural Setting of Southeastern Kentucky, August 1968; Unit 1: Introduction and Synthesis 1968 2016 true xt7f4q7qrd60 section xt7f4q7qrd60 IT{'I`I2()Dl](Y'l`I">N /\P~Jl) F$‘r'N'l`IIliFiIf5
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 COM UNITY ACTION IN APPALACHIA
An Appraisal of the "War on Poverty"
in a Rural Setting of Southeastern Kentucky
August l968
(Report of a study by an interdisciplinary team of the
University of Kentucky, performed under Contract # 693
between the University of Kentucky Research Foundation
and the Office of Economic Opportunity, l965-1968)
Unit I (
Introduction and Synthesis
(First of l3 units)
by
Paul Street

 l .
Contents of Entire Report: J VV T
• COMMUNITY ACTION IN APPALACHIA
I i
j This is one unit of a report which includes the following units,
each separately bound as is this one:
Unit l——Paul Street, Introduction and Synthesis ,
i Quality of Life in Rural Poverty Areas
Unit 2——howndes P. Stephens, y£pppmiiyProprpE§_in ap_appalaghian
Cguntyi__The Relatioajhip Between Economic
and Social jlyinpe
Unit 3——Stephen R. Cain, A Selective Desaription of a Knox County
Mountain Neighborhood ///
7 Unit 4—-James W. Gladden, Family Life Styles, Social Participation
and Socio—Culaural Change
I Change and Impacts of Community Action
{
Unit 5——Herbert Hirsch, Poverty, Participation, and Political
L Socialization: A Study of the Relationship
Between Participation in the Community Action
P;pgIam_and the Politiaal Socialization of
the Appalaaaian Child.
I Unit 6-—Morris K. Caudill, The Youth Development Program J
i Unit 7——Lewis Donohew and U. Krishna Singh, Modernization of “///
p Life Styles
, Unit 8——Willis A. Sutton, Jr., peadershl and Communit Relatioaa
m` Unit 9——Ottis Murphy and Paul Street, The "Image" of the Knox County
AG" Community Action Propram
i` ’*""
..1_.
ij Specific Community Action Programs
aw?
fg Unit lO——Ottis Murphy, The Knox_County Economic Opportunity Anti-
,5 Poverty Arts and Crafts Store Projecp
Q;] Unit ll——Paul Street and Linda Tomes, The Early Childhood Program
QT;
Q Unit l2——Paul Street, The Health Education Program
ez Unit l3——Thomas P. Field, Wilford Bladen, and Burtis Webb, Recent
S, Qonie Construction in 'l`wo Appalachian Counties
C`
6 Q
\4
I Q?
I E
i  
z . ’S · ___   ..._ _._ _tt.   y

 I
T ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We wish to thank the people of Knox County for the help without
which this study would never have been possible, Their friendliness,
kindness, generosity, and patience have been almost boundless. The
human—hours they have given in answering our questions and in listening
to our explanations of what obviously, from their viewpoints, have at
times been foolish questions, and their supportive and hospitable
encouragement when we have been confused or lost, geographically or
otherwise, leave us much in their debt. Their faith in us--shown
in willingness to share confidential information in the interest of
our research--makes us feel humble.
We can only hope to match our debt to them with an honesty,
earnestness, and thoroughness in this report that will justify the
contributions they have made.
O
vi

 ABSTRACT
O
`An interdisciplinary team from the University of Kentucky did a
three—year study (1965-1968) of the OEO-sponsored community action
programs in a rural Appalachian area of southeastern Kentucky, Knox
County. They delimited the population of the study, sampling primarily
in more isolated areas of rural poverty. usrgg "waves" of interviewing
of householders in Time l and Time 2 (20 to 22 months apart) they
measured changes which seemed likely to be related to the question:
Did the community action program tend to move people of poverty
toward greater participation in the larger society and a more "modern"
life style?
Variables investigated included those related to attitudes--i.e.,
empathy, dogmatism, alienation, political efficacy, openness to change--
to use of modern communication media, and to socialization and civic
participation. Also, they measured responses to the community action
» program in terms of adoption of innovations promoted by it and to
specific projects of it, such as the Early Childhood, Youth Activities,
Health Education, Family Development, and Model Homes programs. Also,
income and living-standard changes were noted. Further, the study
examined into the image people held of the program and its goals and
their evaluation of the effectiveness of specific stratagems employed
in it. Also observed was the impact of the community action program
on leadership and the participation of the poor.
Measurements taken in the study demonstrated a general change in
the direction of greater modernity in life styles, with changes a bit
• greater in areas served by the community centers set up under the
community action program and among those who had participated in it.

 People of areas served by centers enlarged their social activities and
O
broadened their perspectives of leadership, naming more leaders but
fewer different ones in the final wave of interviewing. The top leader-
ship of the county appeared essentially unchanged, though perhaps more
concentrated, but impressions dominating were that the poor were being
considered more in decisions affecting them.
The impact upon youth appeared parallel to that upon the house-
holders, though the relationship between participation in the program
and changes in youth attitudes wasi not so clear. The Youth Activities
Program failed to involve youth greatly; the tutoring program, which was
a fundamental part of it, produced no measurements of positive results,
though youth in general moved toward "modernity" along with the rest
of the county. Disturbingly, measurements of alienation, dogmatism,
and political cynicism showed slight increases--consistent with the
model of modernity which anticipates some disillusionment as
expectations are raised before potential for fulfillment is realized.
Resident observers reported that the cultural breach between
"imported" change agents and the Appalachian communities was a con-
siderable obstacle and that alignments rooted in indigenous factionalism
and kinship patterns appeared to affect greatly the direction a program
must take to be effective.
Almost one—third of those living in rural areas served by the
community centers reported that they were not acquainted with it.
This group was measured as different at a statistically significant
level from the rest of the population in being of lower income and
employment level, of less schooling, farther from the centers, and
· older——suggesting that the program has not yet reached the more isolated
poverty group.

 The Early Childhood Program, involving pre-school youngsters in
O
remote areas in a four-day—week, year—round, six-hour—day "kinder—
garten," demonstrated a significant impact in that its product "caught
up" in first grade with other youngsters generally who tended to be a
bit older and who came from homes of higher income, of higher employ-
ment level of the father, of more schooling of parents, and of higher
parental aspiration educationally for the child. (An exception seems
to be that, in some comparisons, the Early Childhood Program child
tended to be from a home in which news participation was higher.)
The Health Education Program appeared to deliver more service,
through a mobile unit, to the isolated poor of the county but had not
increased total "v0lume" of services to the extent reasonably expected,
apparently because it had been staffed at the expense of the local
health department.
Home improvement, promoted by the community action program,
increased more in areas served by the centers than in non—center areas.
Also, (since 1966) Knox County built 60 new homes of FHA classifications
C and D——the type promoted by the community action program——whereas a
neighboring county without such a program built none in these
classifications.
Income in the population of the study had increased since 1966,
but a greater proportion of it was from transfer payments (in comparison
to income from currently productive labor or enterprise); the level of
employment was a bit lower; the amount of unemployment, up slightly.
Nevertheless, signs of movement toward the modernity basic to economic
improvement——adoption of innovations such as home improvement, utility
. 8<¤¢€SS0I‘ies, etc.-—provide some basis for optimism.

 · Recommendations of the study team were:
l) That the community center be regarded as a useful stratagem for
reaching the isolated poor, with modifications depending upon the
degree of provincialism in the setting. (It appears to be needed
in Knox County particularly to house the Early Childhood Program
in outlying areas.)
2) That the use of modern mass media of communication, and efforts
to stimulate their use among the isolated poor, be emphasized
in the program.
3) That respect for local norms be a commitment required in the
behavior of personnel who came as change agents from outside
the area and that preparation programs for personnel emphasize
as a starting point the social realities of kinship and tradition
indigenous to the setting of their work.
4) That the proportion of administrative time given to training,
guidance, and working with the poor, both in in—service training
for sub—professionals and guidance and help to volunteer leaders,
be increased.
5) That those directing the program start with the assumption in
good faith that local community leaders are sincerely interested
in overcoming poverty (instead of assuming the opposite) and make
the role of the professional staff explicitly one of mediation among
diverse community forces toward coordinating community—wide attacks
upon problems of poverty by involving all who are willing to help.
6) That jobs and training for jobs get heavy emphasis as part of the
community action program.
· 7) That more effort be made to clarify the goals of the program.
8) That the Early Childhood Program be continued, but possibilities
of a different kind of program for youth be explored. -

 · MECHANICS OF THIS REPORT
This report turned out to be of such bulk that it is being
offered as a series of separate documents, each separately authored
and having its own integrity. This initial unit represents an attempt
by the principal investigator first to explain the study and then to
integrate the subsequent documents in their relevancy to the study
problem and to synthesize findings of all the reports.
This report, therefore, consists of:
Unit l--Paul Street,Introduction and Synthesis
Quality of Life in Rural Poverty Areas
Unit 2--Lowndes F. Stephens, Economic Progress in an Appalachian
County: The Relationship Between Economic
and Social Change
Unit 3-—Stephen R. Cain, A Selective Description of a Knox County
Mountain Neighborhood
Unit 4-—James W. Gladden, Family Life Styles, Social Participation
and Socio-Cultural Change
Change and Impacts of Community Action
Unit 5--Herbert Hirsch, Poverty, Participation, and Political
Socialization: A Study of the Relationship
Between Participation in the Community Action
Program and the Political Socialization of
the Appalachian Child.
Unit 6--Morris K. Caudill, The Youth Development Program
Unit 7--Lewis Donohew and B. Krishna Singh, Modernization of
Life Styles
Unit 8--Willis A. Sutton, Jr., Leadership and Com unity Relations
Unit 9——Ottis Murphy and Paul Street, The "Image" of the Knox County
Com unity Action Program
Specific Community Action Programs
. Unit l0--Ottis Murphy, The Knox County Economic Opportunity Anti-
Poverty Arts and Crafts Store Project
ii

 · Unit ll-—Paul Street and Linda Tomes, The Early Childhood Program
Unit l2--Paul Street, The Health Education Program
Unit 13--Thomas P. Field, Wilford Bladen, and Burtis Webb, Recent
Home Construction in Two Aggalachian Counties
iii

 STUDY TEAM
O
Paul Street, Principal Investigator
Co-Investigators
Stephen Cain, Anthropology James W. Gladden, Sociology
Morris Caudill, Education Ottis Murphy, Education
Robert Lewis Donohew, Communications B.K. Singh, Sociology
Thomas P. Field, Geography Lowndes F. Stephens, Economics
Herbert Hirsch, Political Science Willis A. Sutton, Jr., Sociology
Research Assistants
Frank Bailey, Law Philip Palmgreen, Communications
Wilford Bladen, Geography Patrick Pearson, Geography
Tilden M. Counts, Com unications Charles Roessler, Communications
Robert S. Gally, Sociology V.V. Saiyed, Sociology
Roslea Johnston, Sociology Linda Tomes, Education
G. Lynne Lackey, Sociology Burtis Webb, Geography
Seminar Group in Planning Design
Kurt Anschel Thomas R. Ford Ivan Russell
Lewis Donohew Thomas P. Field Frank Santopolo
William Bingham Willis H. Griffin Eldon Smith
Harold Binkley Art Gallaher Paul Street
David Booth James W. Gladden Willis A. Sutton, Jr.
John Douglas George Luster Edward Weidner
Herbert Bruce Ottis Murphy
O
iv

 Co-Investigators and Research Assistants
· Who Had Participated Earlier in Study
Franklin Babcock Robert B. Denhardt Stanley Jeffress
Loretta Bradley Frederic Fleron Richard Kimmins
Robert Chanteloup Peter Girling Mike Vetter
Thomas P. Collins Philip Jeffress William Whitmore
This study was done under the aegis of the Center for Developmental
Change at the University of Kentucky. The resources of its staff,
represented particularly in the counsel provided by Drs. Frank Santopolo
and Art Gallaher, have given continual support to the study team through-
out, as has Dr. Howard Beers, since he became acting director of the
center.
I
v

 O
FOREWORD
This is a report of a study a research team of the University
of Kentucky did of the community action program carried on under
sponsorship of the Office of Economic Opportunity in Knox County,
Kentucky, since spring 1965. While some weeks of planning preceded
the contract for the study, the contractual period technically was
from October 1, 1965 to September 20, 1968, with the first six months
given to development of a research design.
Actual gathering of base-line data began, however, in April
1966 before the design was completed, when interview teams from the
University campus descended upon the householders of the Middle Fork
of Stinking Creek in Knox County to get information in advance of the
immediately projected establishment of a community center as part of
the community action program in the area. Subsequently, waves of
interviewing took place for various phases of the study, the final
wave being completed in the spring of 1968--so that the basic Time l
and Time 2 measures taken in the study were approximately two years
apart. 1
The study team was drawn from the graduate faculty and
graduate students of various divisions of the University of Kentucky.
There were volunteer, part-time, and full—time arrangements, informal
as well as formal, so that teaching and study assignments could be
vii
O

 cleared. (Part—time assignments during the academic year and full—time
· for summers was the common arrangement for faculty.) Research assistants
were generally candidates for graduate degrees, working roughly half-
time for the project.
The principle investigator, himself working about half-time
on the project for its duration, did make the study his top priority
assignment. In developing the design for the study, he mustered
those willing and interested members of the University faculty in a
series of voluntary seminars in which, with a culminating conference
off campus, the design was "ha mered out." While he, with full
agreement of the consultant group, assumed full authority for the
design--presuming that the role of the group was to counsel but not
take ultimate responsibility--he acknowledges his considerable
dependence upon them and his gratitude for the generous help they
provided. Several of those who participated in drafting the design
continued as co—investigators in the study.
The Study--An Experiment
As perceived by the principal investigator, therefore, this
study has been an experiment in the "problem approach" for a mixed-
discipline team, an attempt to mobilize the resources of a university,
as represented in its various disciplines, toward bringing their
competencies to bear upon the issues implicit in the study.
To say that the principal investigator has attempted to
operate by a policy of clearly respecting the specialized competen-
cies of those in the various disciplines is not, of course, to say
. viii

 that he has always done so. He did, however, assert his intention to
· do so and has, he can declare, left considerable autonomy (as well as
responsibility) to each for his respective report as presented here.
This is to suggest that if some of these reports contradict or
overlap each other——which may, of course, occur because each is
feeling of his own particular "piece of the elephant"——such differ-
ences are tolerated in consequence of the principal investigator's
view that each should "tell it like it is" from the viewpoint and
special perspective his discipline provides.
Nevertheless, he does perceive his role to require him to
recognize contradictions, to attempt to make sense out of the whole.
Indeed, he feels his role is to interrelate the various parts of the
study as relevancies, expected or unexpected, emerge.
This is to say, the effort represented in this report has
been one meant to capitalize upon the diversities of competence,
interest, and preparation of the University people who have been
willing to join in the undertaking, to bring about some focus of
their competencies upon a complex problem, and to develop some
community of concern among them for the problem without sacrifice
or dilution of the concern each has for his own special area.
This report may be viewed, therefore, as in part a collection
of reports by separate people with separate interests. There has,
however, been very considerable counsel among the group throughout
the study--albeit, with continual assurance to each that he is
expected to take basic responsibility for his own aspect of the
ix
O

 study--and considerable exchange of information as well as advice.
· Indeed, there are obvious examples of cooperative undertakings that
represent real mixings of disciplines--and the principal investi-
i gator can testify that no serious controversies have arisen over
boundary lines between disciplines or definitions of what consti-
tutes each other's fields. On the other hand, he would claim that
the study team have brought to the task a great deal of mutual
respect for each other and a breadth of view that have made his
task, as it might otherwise have been cluttered with subordinate
matters, an easy one. Feuds over "basic" versus "applied," or
"pure" versus "utilitarian" research, for instance, have not arisen.
Specialization within the total operation of the project
represents many c0mpnxmses,some fortunate, some perhaps not. Two
members who joined the team early and saw it through became general
consultants to all the staff on problems of statistical design,
while carrying on their particular sub-projects too. Coding of
data was made a central operation under one person's general
supervision, but individuals arranged for their own coding on
occasion and there was a great deal of intramural com unication. For
the most part, the team supplied its own programmers for data pro-
cessing and, despite the fact that the one who had planned a uniform
coding pattern for the study had to respond to greetings from the
President about a year before the project was completed, the team
made good use of it despite some serious limitations consequent to
his departure.
x
O

 Some Arrangements Which "Evolved"
O
Some arrangements which, in the judgment of the principal
investigator, turned out to be almost indispensable to the execution
of the study were:
l) Establishment of a field office in the area of the study
with a full-time director who was by both experience and
interest identified with the Appalachian culture-—a man
with the doctorate in educational administration who had
just completed a field study of vocational rehabilitation
needs in eastern Kentucky.
2) Arrangement for a corps of "native" interviewers to
administer, under direction of this field office, the
several schedules required in the study design.*
3) Early mapping and census of the families of the area of
the study, essential in establishment of the sampling
pattern and in deployment of interview teams.
4) Establishment of centralized facilities (a suite of eight
rooms leased by the University near the campus) for the
study team and secretarial, coding, and programming staffs.
In all, the arrangements represent what might be regarded
*The University is more than lOO miles from the area of study.
It became obvious early that if "outside" interviewers were used there
would be numerous refusals to accept interviews. Furthermore, native
interviewers were able to advise on needed changes in wordings of
questions, on questions which might offend, and what people were helpful
in cases where it was necessary to gain special entree in order to get
an interview.
xi
O

 as compromises on vital points:
· l) There was a unifying procedure to initiate the undertaking--
the seminars and some fairly clear commitments from indi-
vidual team members to execute fundamental parts of the
design--but there was a great deal of looseness, each
co—investigator largely free to seek his own direction and
come to the principal investigator only if he needed help.
2) There was some unification of service operations that cut
across disciplines (central coding, programming, typing
and interviewing)-—but also considerable freedomfmr do-it-
yourself arrangements in such matters.
3) There was specialization, in the directing of interview
teams through the field office--but some investigators
did interviewing too and supplemented native teams with
help of their graduate students and associates on special
tasks.* Some seldom visited the area of study, specializ-
ing as traditional scholars at their desks or in the library
and depending upon the field office to specialize in
l gathering and delivering the data; others travelled the road
between the University and Knox County many times, seeking
the concrete images their data were meant to interpret.
*"Native" interviewers were always briefed by the person direct-
ing the particular part of the study. Then "trial" interviewing was
done and experiences of interviewers were reviewed to check any dif-
ficulties. The field office served to see that problems were
"com unicated" back to the one respectively responsible, and opinions
of the interviewers were considered in final drafts of schedules.
xii
I

 4) There were staff conferences (more meetings at first and
· fewer as the project progressed)——but a gggggg
attitude prevailed that left each on his own until he
called for help.
Changes in Midstream
Things did not work out exactly as planned. There were
personnel problems--but adjustments were made--and each to his own
judgment for how gffggtiyg they have been! A major segment of the
original design--a plan for a "poverty panel" of respondents who
would supply diary reports of their income and expenditure behavior--
had to be abandoned when the staff member who was to direct it left
the project. Then another major operation was substituted: A
graduate student in anthropology was placed in residence in a selected
community of the area of the study where for six months he observed
the people and the program in intimate detail.
The original design has not been kept sacred, though it has
been respected for the most part, In defense of the fact that the
study team has varied from it in part, it can be pointed out that the
program under study has varied too. That is, the Knox County CAP has--
and certainly justifiably——changed since the plan to study it was
developed; to follow the original design blindly without regard to
shifts in the program under study would hardly be rational. Indeed,
it may be noted that some of the assignments--notably, the study of
the Family Development Program--turned out to have missed their target
xiii
I

 in part because what they were to evaluate turned out not to be
· continued in its original form. Regardless of changes in CAP, however,
there were modifications in emphasis and direction of study. Some
hypotheses have been added to the design, others almost ignored or
tested only by indirection as the availability of evidence and
limitations of the study have required. Nevertheless, the general
character of the design is intact.
Relationships with Knox County CAP and People
The assumption was made in the beginning of the study that
the Knox County CAP was an "experiment," an example of how a community
action program might work in a rural area, and that the fact that it
was being studied should not be permitted, insofar as possible, to
become a "contaminating" variable. In general, therefore, it was
the policy of the study staff to avoid advice-giving, suggestion, or
actual participation in the Knox County CAP. (See Appendix A for
policy statements.) There were some arrangements made, however, for
mutual assistance between the field office of the project and Knox
County CAP. The mapping and census undertaking, for example, was one
in which the CAP center directors collaborated with the field office
and the geography study team, the directors counseling regarding
details of home location, roads, etc., and supplying family data
(names, sex, ages) of residents. Also, they provided periodic reports
of participation in their respective center activities. In exchange,
the maps were duplicated and shared freely with them, as they found
xiv
I

 the materials useful in their programs. In general, however, the study
· team eschewed any participation in or interference with the Knox County
CAP which might make it a peculiar example of community action.
Another posture of the study team was that it presumed no
right to extract information from either the Knox County CAP personnel
or the people generally of Knox County-—that the help they gave by
accepting interviews or otherwise supplying information was by their
own grace, not their obligation. (Undoubtedly, CAP staff felt some
pressure to cooperate since OEO was supplying funds for their work f
as well as for the work of the study team.) Interviewers were urged
to suggest that they were seeking information that might help research
generally or help in the solution of poverty problems particularly.
but that any question which they might ask the interviewee could be
rejected any time the interviewee felt any offense. Furthermore,
anonymity regarding the information was assured and explanation made
that treatment of answers would be depersonalized, with no people or
communities particularized.
l It is perhaps worth noting that the director of the field .
office participated actively in community life in Knox County while
he was assigned there, but in activities unrelated to CAP and of a
"non—controversial variety." He was careful, for example, to avoid
the possibility of being viewed as partisan on any community or
political issue. He developed a camaraderie, however, with hobbyists,
traders, and horsemen, for instance, and became involved in community
festivals, but attended meetings of com unity action groups only as an
xv
O

 observer. It cannot, of course, be assumed that the Hawthorne effect
. was entirely avoided.
A troublesome problem appeared in the need for clear identifi-
cation of interviewers and other field representatives to distinguish
them from personnel of the CAP itself. It was at times difficult to
make people understand that the University (with which interviewers
and all the study team tried consistently to identify themselves) was
something separate from CAP. This issue became crucial when some of
the people selected for interview refused interviews because they
objected to CAP, since too many such refusals obviously would skew
the sampling. It is likely that in a few instances interviewers were
rejected because the distinction was never quite made clear. The
distinction lost a bit of its significance toward the end of the study,
however, when it seems to have clarified itself in the minds of the
people of Knox County--when, instead, the problem of "survey fatigue"
produced some reluctance on the part of some to accept interviewers.
The opinion that the cooperation of the people of Knox County,
both CAP staff and citizens generally, was of a more-than-generous
level on the whole gets substantiation in various parts of the report
which follows.
——Paul Street
Principal Investigator
xvi
I

 CONTENTS OF THIS REPORTVN
Page
MECHANICS OF THIS REPORT ».¤.,......u,..... ii
STUDY TEAM .....u....u.°....,....... iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....,.,,.............. vi
FOREWORD .....,...“............... vii
Chapter
I. RATIONALE AND PLAN OF THE STUDY ......... l
Team.Assignments
The Relevant Variables
Over—all Plan of the Study
Limitation of the Study
II. THE KNOX COUNTY COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAM
AND ITS SETTING ¤............... 19
The Knox County Program
The "Pull" of the Centers
What Went on
Chronology of the Program
The "Shape" of the Program
III AN ATTEM TED SYNTHESIS .............. 42
What did Various Members of the
Study Team See?
What did the Study Team Find?
Did the CAP Move People toward Partici-
pation in the Larger Society?
What is the Quality of Such Changes?
I Did Controversy and Disruption
Generate Participation?
What was the General Impact of CAP?
Impacts of Special CAP Undertakings
Early Childhood Program
Youth Activities and Family Development
Health Education
I xvii

 · Chapter Pélgé
IV. SUM ARY RECOMMENDATIONS 59
The Community Centers
Use of Modern Communication Media
Respect for Local Norms and Indigenous
Leadership Patterns
Jobs, and Training for Jobs
The Need to Clarify Goals
The Early Childhood and Youth Programs
A Last Word
APPENDIX A
Policies on Release of Information
APPENDIX B
Sample Census Maps
APPENDIX C
Abstracts of Thirteen Units of Entire Study
xviii

 LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Family Units in Sampling Areas and Number of
Interview Schedules Administered .......... 10
2. Attrition in Sample .................. 14
3. Reasons Given for Refusals to Accept
"Image" Study Interview .............. 15
4. Age—Sex Distribution in Six Communities of
Study Population: Artemus, Bailey Switch,
Kay Jay, Messer, Middle Fork, New Bethel .... 20-21
5. Relation Between Distance of Residence from
Center and Participation, for Three Centers
in Area of Study .................. 27
6. Relation of Rank in Household to Participation
in Community Center Activities in Three
Areas ....................... 28
7. Relationship of Age to Participation in
Community Center Activities ............ 29
8. Number and Percentage of Each Type of
Respondent Who Gave Model 1, 2, or 3,
Or No Answer to the Fits-Most-Closely
Question ...................... 36
I. xix

 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
l. Study Population .................... 9
2. Population Distribution by Age and Sex
for Six Com unities of Study Popula-
tion: Artemus, Bailey Switch, Kay Jay,
Messer, Middle Fork, New Bethel ........... 22
3. Number-Size of Family Units in Six Communi—
ties of Study Population: Artemus,
Bailey Switch, Kay Jay, Messer, Middle
Fork, New Bethel .................. 23
xx

 CHAPTER I
RATIONALE AND PLAN OF THE STUDY
This is an evaluation study. Notwithstanding, it is meant to
be a research undertaking and therefore cannot deal with values them-
selves. It is particularly directed, however, to deal with whatever
is relevant