xt7ffb4wjh5w https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7ffb4wjh5w/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1894 journals kaes_bulletins_053 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.53. text Bulletin n.53. 1894 2014 true xt7ffb4wjh5w section xt7ffb4wjh5w K E N T U C K Y .
i 2
§ STATE COLLEGE OE KENTUCKY.
  BLJLLETIN No. 53. _'
é l. Spraying for Codling—moth. _ {
  ‘ U. Tbe Use of Arsenices on Tobacco.
    lll. The Use of Bisulphide of Carbon and '
g   Hydrocyanic Acid Gas on Low-growing .
§   V Plants. `,
    Lwxxmawcm, KENTUCKY,
i   DECEJIIBEIL 1894.
E   V 117

  _ KENTUCKY I ‘
1 I}
I Agricultural Experiment Station.
; . _ BOARD OF CONTROL. t
Q   I J. T. GATHRIGHT, Chairman.  
t  T- Da. R. J. SPURR. »  p
,   . DAVID H. JAMES. 9 YI
  R. A. s1>URR.  
YI ROBERT RIDDELL.  
A J. K. PATTERSON, President of the College. » 
'· M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary. ·  
I STATION OFFICERS.  .
EL   M. A. SCOVELL, Director.  
I I};   .       I}~Chemists. I
‘_ . . x b,
H. GARIVIAN, Entomologist and Botanist. j
I, C. W. MATHEWS, Horticulturist. I
  . J. S. TERRILL, Assistant to Entomologist and Botanist.  .I
  A. T. JORDAN, Assistant to Horticulturist.  {I
Ii   V. E. MUNCY, Weather Observer.  
I L I T. S. HAWKINS, Foreman of Farm.  _.
Miss ALICE M. SHELBY, Stenographer.  f-
Address of the Station: LEXINGTON, KY.  I
r NOTICE.  I
I The bulletins of the Station will be mailed free to any citizen of  _
5 Kentucky who sends his name and address to the Station for that pur-  
' POSC. { 
Correspondents will please notify the Director of changes in their  
post-oflice address, or of any failure to receive the bulletins.  
Address: y
:_ Kmwucxr Aoaicumuaai. Exr>1zn1:»1sN*r Srmiou, I
Lsxmorox, KY.
4 118

 ?
BULLETIN No. 53.
l. Spaririuc For, CoDL1NG·Mora. » I
“  "`   2
_ BY II. GARMAN, ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST. ' ii
4 l In Bulletin 44 of this Station, published in january,
  1893, was given the results of experiments in spraying
 i apple trees to check the destructive rots to which the fruit
  is subject in this region, and incidentally some facts were
  elicited concerning the injury from codling—moth that
  determined me to experiment with reference to the in-
  sect injury alone when opportunity offered. The com-
  plete failure of the apple crop in 1893 prevented the
 y` realization of this intention during that season, and it
  was not till the summer of 1894 that a chance came to '·
 ‘ test tl1e use of arsenites for the codling—1notl1 injury. ·
 I Two janet trees were selected in june for this purpose. ·
'  They set a fair number of apples, whereas the fruit of ,
  but few other trees in the orchard escaped late spring i
 in frosts. The trees stand side by side, the sprayed tree
 Q being somewhat the larger, but having a branch in a
  dying condition which tended to make the two more
  nearly equal, supposing that the size had any influence y
5  on their bearing capacity. The tree to be sprayed was
 ; numbered 499, the check tree received the number goo. ·
 Y On July 11, No. 499 was sprayed with London purple ·
 I UllXKUl'€ (1 lb. to 160 gallons), y% gallons being applied J'
V   to the leaves.
4  On july 3,0, August 6, and August 13, this tree was
_   sprayed with Paris green mixture (1 lb. to 160 gallons), IO
I   gallons being applied on each of these dates.
W August 2O and August 27 the tree received 16 gallons
of Paris green mixture, 8 gallons on each date.
_ N0- 499 thus received during the summer six appli-
CQUOHS, aggregating 53% gallons, and CO11iZai1llI1g, 35 I
calculate, about 2.6 ounces of arsenic. V

  $’  r t A
F  t
  X  2
  120 Kewziuc/ey Agrzkzrllzmzl Experzimenl Staiiarz. .
. 1*
{ l '
~   The fallen apples were gathered under both trees at
{ intervals during the summer, and were examined both .
j‘ with reference to the injury by codling-moth and also as  
V A to rotting. The Paris green mixture is not reco nized as  *
. e e g  =
= · y having special value for checking the fungus diseases of i
g, ` plants, although from the effect of the arsenites on the _ ‘·
_   s. spores when applied directly, in the laboratory, one would  
, ` nt _ ex ect it to have a ver decided effect when s ra ed u on  i
E, P Y P Y P _
Y 7 the lants. The results however show that it did not  
` p 7 7
  have any effect in checking the rot, a statement which it  
_ will be seen is more than borne out by the data given be-  
'— low.  »
1 No. 499. 2 
5 1 Fa/[wz App/rs. The apples which fell to the ground A 
—' »§ i · Q were picked up on five cliferent dates, as follows:  
`~ i July 30, 167, of which 163 (98 nn et.) were in'ured by codlin -1noth "
I J g .
F ·   9, 17, LL LL     il ) (S hl sl lh (K  
9 7 .
E! gg     II (C     El ) lf hl Si li if  
{Q` E E   15,   il (L     H > BS SG (F (C CG  `
$ M 4   29, 56, H ll     Ii ) it (S H IL L;  
li;./;~`·f_   ggrlc "     “ ) [( (C IK (‘ "  I
{ [_ July 330, 104, of which 98 (94 pr. et.) were injured by comlling-moth.  
S  9. 1l‘ls LG     L4 ) ll Ll LC Li (L  ·,
‘ L .
E sk:  2g` 23, li Cl   H ) li ll IC if EC V, 
p E Q [Sep. 15. 19, " “ 3(U; <= ) =¢ u L. .. M L.
Q,   \Sep. 29, 3," " l(33 " ) was " " " "  
{ 'l`otall(iO," " l3l(82 " )we1·e " " " "  
A total of 834 apples was thus gathered and exam-  *
F ined from the sprayed tree, and only ro per cent. was free  
' from the rot fungus. It is interesting to note that the  F.
ro ortion of not rotting to rotting a ales raduall di-  
P _   _ s as Pl g Y  
minishes during the season notwithstanding the spraying.  
On ]uly 3o, 38 per cent. were free from rot; on August 22 l
,. the proportion had sunk to 9 per cent., and on the last ,
date of examination, Sept. 29, only 5 per cent. of the
3 apples gathered under the sprayed tree were free from rot.
l

 V; Sprayzrzg f0r Cadlzizg-Malh. I2I
It is very evident from this result that spraying with Paris
 ‘ green alone cannot be expected to check the rotting of ‘
( apples. A 1
 .1 On the other hand the effect on the codling—moth in-
   ` jury was evidently beneficial. Of the first lot examined,
V on july 30, 98 per cent. was wormy, and on subsequent _ J l
i 8 dates the percentage declined steadily in both not rotting
 _ and rotting apples until September 29 when 4I per cent.
 fi of the rotting apples was found affected, and 33, per cent.
of the not rotting fruit.
· Pic/bed App/cs. On September 29 the apples were
  picked. 213 apples weighing 2O pounds and 1% ounce
 l were without rot, and 83 (39 per cent.) of these were af-
 » fected with codling-moth. 104 apples showing a slight
.,  trace of rot weighed 9 pounds 3% ounces, and of this lot
  40 (38 per cent.) showed the characteristic codling·moth ,
 `_ injury. ggy apples taken from the tree were rotting and l
V useless, and of these 471 (84 per cent.) had been mined by ‘
 J the insect. The entire yield of the tree, including sound `
  and useless fruit, weighed 40% pounds. The result of the ,
  examination of the picked apples may be summarized as
.—  follows :
_   Not rotting213, of which S3 (39 per cent.) were injured by codling moth.
  Rotting 661, ‘* ·‘ 511 (77 per cent.) " " " "
  Total 874, " " 59-1—(63 percent.) " " " " '
 *‘ No- 500 (Check). .
 j Fal/eu App/es. The apples which fell from this tree »
- _;  were gathered up and examined on the same dates as l
3   were those under the sprayed tree, with the following
5 _  result :
'   (July 30, 87 of which 87 (100 pr. et.) were injured by codliug-m0th.
;_ , U _ Aug. 9, 81*· ** 26( 84 **) ·· ·· " ‘· "
2   hug. 22 281 " " 257( 91 ") " " " " “
Lt gi/?ep.15185" ** 165( 89 ") " " " " "
C :<; (hep. 29, 14*· " 13( 93 ") " " " " "
L *1*Om1,¤1 598** ** 5§( 92 **) ·· ** ** ** *‘

 ¤   IV I I
  V ij
ig: · ` » ——- -*1 E
pj V _ mi   ___ ,... 7.V - ‘ j•.
..{  VV -.VV — ---·- - *··’ """“ . V · . V
  V-.   V»-·   —·»~. I
· V  ‘” · VI ¤“*‘> · g°
V W  I, 1:5:;.. V  VV F   I I IZ
‘ VI V   —;f‘¢;·ft   -i V I ` I I 'Q
  _ V {§§¥:;r€;.,?.§;;:,_.;» I »   Jl V V   .
I? I I  V .   V   I  A I   V V! I- I  
Ii  1. » Ir ‘.‘¥ V   I     `¥ , I I $2 5
va ‘ ¤• »—.. *   3 ‘ VV .‘ · » V · ¤ ·
. v I   -" ¤.·'   ·   \ VV   V I ’ » "”* NI
‘ I: ‘ V   . ` Vez     V:   ’ II * ¤ ¤ =
  I *2    *I  VV?         ;~ I · M:
If V  NV;   ' V     -' g Q ··.·'¤
. ; * V  ¢V· ·* .*€*we~.::·.¤gV2· V.   · V 0 O
ii, , V I _ Z v. t _; ‘   __   ` i   ¤ u
V : I .··~             ~; ..A. ’ V I BQ
I E I ‘ ` · ,:1 .j¢;VwV~= ” V   VV V $24-:;
` I I   VIII Q A     ·~   “ II @2
I V ; V  Vr _·   S {V. ’  ¤ V ,_g_ i
_ · I   ¤~ ·· VV     ¤ V ·:s Q V .
, A   I; 3  · LV ‘  Wx ’   I.)    V
, I  V _ ·€¤n  N _   V *3* Q} I
' "‘ · ¥§·· Yi ·· ° " Z & ‘ ·= · " · . · V
:   V ‘ 1 ~2. ‘ ·. II V “     ‘
"— I I   I  V . ’ ,__. 4 V V V V I ‘ Ob gf
I   ` I · V ’£~,   Wil. V ;V— V'  ·»;.~· I   v' ~V · . N ., ‘
I ’   *'     `2!‘ . ` V.  ‘ V $·¤ “
Y r L  ‘=  .' V. "1   »V  · A [     a' I ,;:0 a
. V   V     V I <¤  V
  I - ' ,,2 4; _.  ’IY¥VL: ’  ' VV    V I j gg V
I _ V _ VV VI   A. 4 &gVV);§V)%    . . _ . QJ:
I .   ` ’» ·_ TV/—.`¥:I;V5t·  w V .  ' V V Q-· `
V ‘     ·‘ V;   ’ v ‘ V = ¤> *3 ’
I I   ` VI i”>?’{*%Z; I     V I ¤ . Y
‘   ° ~·         . ’ ‘ * c M ’
V   .  · ‘=,‘ V   I  V ‘ ·.  V ; m.... ·
I  W. 5*   ’ V ...- · I V .'  I Q"  ·
V   V.    V".¥C»s?’;£ V   ' V V I I EI-g `
I I I   ‘ Q   =.·     V VN, V
V I V _, ` 1,  ,   2 ‘_ V` 3     . 0
{M , _ .1 I _ _  V ·-·~V A   ,VV‘     .V V V   V gg  ·
·VV~—··~*’“ mi;-‘<;`    I   ‘   V ··= · V
‘ I   V A I V, > __ _. J`=x ;¤‘;·2  »V·2,;;+_ · VI ?"*~;.:_ Q ’U  .
. V ‘   ,f·   ' JIU.   .· ‘ ` I E 2 VV
· I         :·- . yf I I r r   ` ·-» ¤ ;
I .¢  ‘       _,‘4_   V V V A EVE  
.. .   .   V i- ‘·., >   ’     ·   · I °»  VV
_ ,,   _ ___   V x V yl. ,...V» < _ . $-< O V
.; W ' ,‘ .V   _I V . I ,· ·_ ' _ _ V '·•-4 ,
V  ”   ·é€·;r_f=   ·_   T ‘’—· ."   '   VV   V-   ¤ ¤  ·
_'x ~ 7 I `».;§V.V.‘ js   I ._   ky V     · . · V Uzj  V V W M 3 gf,  V
JA I   Iv?. I   Z ._ VI I v_   3 M   _ ._ kg; { AM   Ig; i da - I
V ~_ I   Y J ,._· _· V =V yV·{jgfV'   'V ·,·§   +-1 Q1  V
· V"‘···» · ·*     I-‘‘     V:     V V . s  VTV V · g »=  
V   I   w V ‘VY¤TL‘f.‘   ,VV `I1’VI$§I2€»`?‘ V     > O U =
~ I . . V‘¥¢I?··%1V‘   . ‘,§·YVI"—   i;Z·.?I . ¢V'¤· —V.·   L ' 4V   V ’ · V 3
¥ V•V    . · .—   *··V I··’ ·       .5 V   ” O V
I         CV/_‘;·i;;i _·     .,»   :,V,~_;,·:y V  wl *4;  kl   5 lr » ,5 E  I
       V-           V·=_·VV     ... .
·  €_,VVV..~ ·-.V ::15%-;_i.·V_$_   Iv Vgy;   _  v‘,2j.,` .¤ _ { 
I ‘¢ V V II·}~jZI I,‘V     ,;,, VV ,.’·VV‘. VI.: V     V. V i a; I
I   gi; gig; V.·. ;     ’gjVVV;·:·Q;?»_V¢· &  V   ¤ mf; V` 
Hf ZJ'.,VI 'x· {JV-•_·`.;.¢,   '.' ' °- '
V . I:.     ·IV.”’ *~f~,   · V ’ " R   j· I V ‘I 5 P   E ~;
 ·,I.'y,—¤—   »V_· ,·; V·;V · V VV  ·» ;~_ . 4; . .
  I I   V .·—> 2 L     ' n V ' z.   V- ° ·’ M1 1
. Ig,       V·   ·, _..V   w     . ; 0 :1  ;·
I I   1`*xV ·‘;;·¤ .··.—   .·   V     I": V
? I ‘   4* .{,‘I· 'T';2 .    .     .V ' VT V` ‘·~    *5*:5  ir
I ,· ·-’,V;¤Q *¢:;;=—‘ M     _,·. g yy  ·;` VV;»<~¢3% .V.._. 2     I ··  v ._: 
I     Vs:·=¥.·= V`VIV  i  .  Iii: 4  X  V Ql=V     ' E3 3  
I ‘   I_I._ •rI;¤ ‘·*  I/':   I   'VVV §_  I JL `; I ' QV F}    I gd.  
  "  V `".;Z , Q   ·'* fr:   ‘ · ';1‘~       ·V qq <1>
, I VV IV _._Im,.V V. V_V·_.   xv;    V   VI 2-  :  
I   ..V·   V e f       L <; V.  . ·· V I   . E.:  
    . T `, _·     Vim,  _, ‘V:·;i  V.’;V ‘ x C1 if
.   1 ‘ ·4’·`L' V ‘¢ "     7•6·' ~ `V ·· M I ‘ ' U "'. F
I     V ii.   __ Ei -. V · ,V·` . ` I Via 5 ` V  ..· m IV
V‘—’ 'i‘:Vg_J ll.? s. `V:;’ ~.     ‘ _   V. MF;  
·   ry; _ '_ _ Y . { V/V E A  
' ` g . ·.  @4 I
I V V _ _ _ V V . .. V <·
V ·q5{A\’8dS LON
. ‘u:uAvu.1g
I

 i . . —
P · .Sprayz1z_gj%r Cad/zazg-Mafh. I23 1
j , [July 30, 133 of which 131 (98 pr. ct.) were injured by codling-moth. i
5 I g ~   9,   Il if  (   H) .i J LA H H `
  Z; /Aug·22, 51u cz 49( 97 ci ) sr n rc is as  
g  4 $5   15, 8 (S H 6(   H) Sl (l Sl it (6 ` `
?gn     29, 2 H (I 2   {I) (L H gl H (K
.,,.. 1 Q ..- —-
Sg lj. Total   G4 H     rl) ct at sa rr st
1 ¤ * , I
BE  9 It will be observed in com arincr these data with those · *1
_ p 6
EE pertaining to N0. 499 that the percentage of injury does
s »~ ,
gg  9 not here become gradually less and less toward the end
    ofthe season. In both rotting and not rotting apples the
5% ij percentage remains high, averaging for the rotting apples
j°’_ Q2 and for the not rotting 96. This fact tends to show
gg _  that the gradual decrease in the percentage of injured
  I  fruit from No. 499 was the result of the spraying.
gi? i Pzkked App/es. The apples were picked from this tree
g   Y  September 29. The whole yield weighed 29 pounds. 176
35  V apples free from rot weighed I2 pounds, 2 ounces, and of ,'
=¤ * . . .
sg  9 these 110 (62 per cent.) were injured by COdl1Hg—1T10th.
- . . i
E5:  i Q4 apples weighing 6 pounds, 1t% ounces showed only I
EE. j  slight traces of rot; 68 (72 per cent.) showed the work of .
  L  codling-moth. Of 546 rotting and useless apples taken J
gg  i, from the tree, 483 (89 per cent.) were injured by codling-
5 Q  ‘ moth. The summary of the examination of picked apples
grg f.  from this tree is as follows:
g L;   Not rotting 176, of which 110 (62 percent.) wereinjured by codling—moth. y
gg _;  Rotting 640, " " 551 (S6 percent.) " " " "
O  - __ ___ l
   ( Total 816, " " 661 (81per cent.) " " " " _
Eng Li  *
E $” .9  Summary.
ig?   I. A comparison of the results of the examination of
E3;   thi? two trees shows that the spraying had a beneiicial
§g`   €ff€Ct in checking the eodling-moth injury, though it was
EE   HOt 3S marked as was expected. The total I1l1II1b€1' of
  ; 31919165 {YOU] the sprayed tree was 1708, of which II77
Ti ‘ (69 P€T C€11t.) were injured by the codling-moth, Whilfb in
r·* Q, '
.: 6
Q'

  ._- I V
{t f
ri
  ' I24 Kentucky Agrz`cz¢llzmzl Experzmen! Staizbn.
Pg IQ
1   . a total of 163,4 obtained from the check tree 1421 (87 per ‘
  cent.) showed the effect of codling-moth work, leaving a
E. difference of 18 per cent. in favor of spraying. The V
r ‘ sprayed tree yielded nearly twice as many sound apples as ,
; _ T the check tree.
Q, ~ 1 2. The effect of spraying on the rotting of the fruit `
i :3, was imperceptible. The sprayed tree was in fact slightly
’ ";i  more affected bythe rot than was the check tree, the
A   h former having 78 per cent of all its fruit more or less rot- {
yr ` ting, while the check tree had 76 per cent. attacked. A  V
3,. The relation of codling-moth injury to the rotting  L
·_ ` of the fruit is not, judging by these experiments alone,  
, very clear. On the sprayed tree 43 per cent. of the rotting  j
  fruit was injured by the codling-moth, while of the fruit  s
QN g not injured by rot 57 per cent. was attacked by the insects.  F
—' 1 “   On the check tree a reverse result was obtained, 88 per  
—_ i cent. of the rotting apples being attacked by insects, while  7
only·81 per cent. of those not rotting was- so attacked.  
  When, however, the rotting apples of both trees are taken  T
A — together and compared with the not rottingfruit from both  
  it is found that the rotting apples show a smaller per- F
  . centage of injury from the insects. Taken with the re-  °
l sults of examinations of apples made in 1892 the evidence _Q 
still favors the conclusion reached at that time, viz. that  V?
the eodling-moth avoids rotting apples.  
Qj] 4. The question so often asked as to the probability  Q_
, of arsenites sprayed upon apples injuring the health of the  i
E consumer has as often been answered in the negative, but  ·
V it can do no harm to repeat the answer to a question of SO  —_
1 much importance. The tree numbered 499 in these eX-  7
periments was sprayed more frequently than is customary  _
` among orchardists and so received a larger quantity of  if
arsenic, yet chemical analysis of a half dozen apples  
from the sprayed tree showed no perceptible quantity on  
“ the fruit. The copper obtained by Dr. Peter was doubt-  
less derived from the barrels and the tank of the sprayer,  

 Sprayzhg for Cad/25zg-Molh. I2 5 . l
- these having contained at different times during the sea-
son mixtures in which copper sulphate entered as an in- .
_ ` gredient. The statement of the chemist is given below. · V
; Z Laxmcron, KY., Dec. 18th, 1894. l .
 · Prof. H. Garman,
Division of Entomology and Botany,
l DEAR sm: V   l
r The apples which you brought to the laboratory were tested in the
_ _ following manner:
' . The six apples were peeled carefully and the peelings, including the l
' s stem-and blossom-ends of the apples, were digested with hydro-
  chloric acid and potassium chlorate in the usual manner. The solution
{ Q obtained was treated thoroughly with hydrogen sulphide and the re-
, sulting precipitate examined for copper and arsenic, after appropriate
’   treatment to destroy organic matter. No reaction for arsenic was ob-
$4 `  tained, but a very satisfactory test for copper was shown. The quantity
t 2 of copper, l1owever, was exceedingly small and was not weighable.
;_  ` The meat and cores of the same apples, treated in the same way,
t  L gave no reaction for either arsenic or copper.
 · Very respectfully, ,'
F . Arraan M. Paras.
,  K —r  U
n  K ·
h _ ll. THE USE OE ARSENITES ON TOBACCO;. _—
i'  V BY H. GARMAN.
:e   . . . .
It  i The practice of spraying orchards with Paris green
l  V 3.11Cl London purple appears to have become a permanent V
v   acquisition to the intelligent orchardist. It is not many
'Y  l` years since this treatment of the trees was assailed by _
li I €3UtiOus writers and workers as dangerous to health, and _
Ll A by some as of doubtful benefit. Nevertheless it appears {
°VO   to have come to stay. It was shown at the Illinois State
X V Laboratory that a much larger quantity of the poisons
fl;  { could be applied to apple trees than is necessary to check
OS {V the injury of codling-moths, without leaving a quantity
C " OU the ripened fruit suiiicient to aiiect the health of
DH T   . - _,
)t,   l*The greater part of this article was presented recently before the
nr   Plllt0m0l0gical Section of the Association of American Agricultural
" ’ { V colleges and Experiment Stations.

    I
  126 k'em'z¢c/ky Agrzkzalimral Expevimevzt Sialzbvz.
1 l
 ji those eating it. To the objection that stock might be
Q   poisoned by eating grass or clover under the dripping
  trees, Prof. Cook of Michigan replied that he had dem-
  onstrated by giving such food to his horse that it would j
.   do no such injury. \/Vhen it was objected that bees
  Y might be poisoned by sipping the poisoned fluids from _
j — · the blossoms, it was shown that the spraying could be `
  practiced successfully after waiting until the petals of
    blossoms had fallen. With the cheap and excellent _
'   V spraying machinery now on the market, there would  
;; ` seem to be no further reason why every one owning an 4 
. orchard should not increase his profits by spraying.
1, A It is not very generally known, perhaps, that Tobacco  `
. I is being sprayed with arsenites quite extensively. I
  The same objections to the practice are being urged as j
ru k   were formerly used against spraying apple trees, and I ,
· ri ki think with greater show of reason in this case. The p
`. tobacco leaf when alive is provided with large numbers ’
of glandular hairs which catch the spray and retain the
’·_ residue from it with tenacity, so that at the end of the
  season there is likely to be a considerable quantity re- '
;   maining on the leaves. Is it not possible that this arsenic `
  will injure the user of such tobacco ? The danger in us-
; ing sprayed apples, it 1nay be urged, is lessened bythe
fact that generally the skin is not eaten, and that even if
_ this is done the possibility of being poisoned can be ob- °
QQ viated by first washing or rubbing the fruit thoroughly.
, Such treatment is not practicable with the tobacco leaf,
* hence the increased danger. Notwithstanding such ob-
_ jections the practice seems to be growing steadily, as will _
L be appreciated when I say that asingle firm at Lexington  p
sold during the past spring and summer goo sprayers to  
be used for tobacco.  T
Now I take it that if spraying tobacco is injurious to  
_ health the fact should be demonstrated and published at  
i once. If it is not calculated to affect the user of tobacco, 5
` F

 >
T/ze Use gf Arsemfes mz T aézzeeo. I27 . .
)€ then let it be known that in the use of arsenites we have
lg a very effective substitute for the laborious process of 1
u_ "wor1ning." It can serve no useful purpose to conceal , .
ld g the truth of the matter. Indeed secrecy practiced in j
ES spraying may justly be urged as evidence that the grower p
m — using arsenites knows that he is doing wrong. The actual ; .
De 1 truth appears to be that those who are unwilling to have
Of = it known that their tobacco has been sprayed are not
Ht 4 afraid of the injurious consequences from using it, but of
ld ‘ an unthinking prejudice which knowledge of the fact
m  , might excite in the minds of lovers of the weed.
Spraying tobacco can only be made a legitimate part
CO I of farm practice by a demonstration that the arsenic left
_y_ on the plants will not injuriously affect health.
215 _ With a view to throwing some light on the subject,
I a preliminary experiment was tried at the Kentucky Ex- ,_
he periment Station this summer, the results of which are
rs 1 herewith presented. °
he Five plots of r-ro acre each had been planted by Di- I
1€ rector Scovell for a fertilizer test, and after the worms be- 3
`$“ gan to appear in july we began to spray with Paris green
uc and London purple. The first application was made july
1S' 27, when two rows in each of four plots were sprayed
he With Paris green in water (1 pound to 160 gallons), 34
1f _ gallons of this being applied to the eight rows. The I
‘b' plants were thoroughly wetted, the Paris green being per- h _
1Y- ceptible on the leaves afterward. At the same date two _
112 rows ofthe hfth plot were sprayed with London purple 5
ll? in water, the same proportions being employed as in the
111 ‘ preceding experiment, and Q}; gallons being used on the
911  t two rows.
to   OH August 3 three of the plots which had been sprayed
‘ with Paris green mixture were sprayed again, the same
to A proportion of poison to water being used, and 25 gallons
at   being applied. The two rows previously sprayed with
zo,
F

  .,,, I j
% · `
%i’{
  128 Kenlucky Agrzkullural Experimerzi Stalzbu.
    London purple were at this time treated to ro gallons of
  the London purple mixture.
  It was intended to spray some of the rows a third,
, . { and still others a fourth time, but the weather subse-
V, quently proved so dry that the tobacco " fired " badly and
i i _ Y ceased to grow. Under the circumstances it was thought
L   best not to make further applications.
= i=rl'.T All the spraying was done with the Nixon Com-
’   ’ pany’s cart-sprayer, and one of their climax pumps. I
7 i . The Effect on the Worms-
_ It was no part of our original purpose to determine
'— by this experiment the usefulness of the practice. This `
i had already been settled by the experience of practical ,
1 V growers. The sprayed plants were however closely ,
§,._ j   watched and comparisons made between them and the
` X i   , unsprayed rows, the latter being carefully " wormed "
`· throughout the season. Unquestionably more worms ap-
, peared on the unsprayed than on the plants sprayed with
  Paris green. Throughout the summer the plants sprayed -
  with this mixture were at least as free from injury by I
L   worms as were the others. .
IY The rows sprayed with London purple mixture did not _A
I ‘ seem to me as completely defended against the worms as "
were those sprayed with Paris green, and I thought they I
were not quite as good as the unsprayed plants of the .
  same plot. My experience with the two arsenites was in V
, this case in accord with results of other experiments on Q
E other insects. Whenever the two have been carefully i
, compared by me the Paris green has proved most effec- ·
Q tive. Since the greater cost of Paris green is not an item  i
of much consequence, considering that the amount re-  {
quired in spraying tobacco is small, we may I believe r€·  
ject London purple for tobacco spraying in favor of Paris  
green. The color of the latter making it less apparent  T
I on the leaves gives it the preference of growers, and as  
far as I can learn it alone is used by them. _  `

 l
The Use q' Arseazzres ozz Tobacco. 129 -
}f In our experiments we sprayed two times, it will be re- a
membered, the last one being August 3. The tobacco was i
L not cut until Sept. 7, thus leaving a month between thelast i l 3
__ application and the time ofcutting. During this time the Q
L1 total rainfall, as I learn from Professor V. E. Muncy, the I
lt local weather observer, was 3.67 inches, the greater part . it
ofwhich fell on the 12th, rgth and 26t;h. This is not far
l_ from the average* rainfall for this month at Lexington. ~
I There was thus ample time for much of the Paris
A green and London purple left by the spraying to have
been removed by winds and rains.
ie
is I The Arsenic Left on Tobacco.
T1 V The important thing to be decided is of course the
Y I quantity of arsenic left on the plants at the time of cutting.
13 Wvithout giving details, I will state that if all the fluid ·,
- used had alighted on the plants and none had dripped _
51 from the leaves there would have been after the single I
gd _ spraying of july 27 on each plant of rows r and 2 of plot
' 3 1, 2.0639 grains of Paris green, and as about 50 per cent. of J
JY this was arsenic each plant would have borne I.O_§2Q grain
Z of this poison. This is a liberal estimate of the quantity
Z; { of arsenic which these plants received, for probably not
E . more than four-fifths of the fluid used alighted and re- I
hi 1 mained upon the plants. ‘
in On rows r and 2 each of plots 2, 3 and st, individual A
Ou f plants received 4.0QI3 grains of Paris greenlin the two _
uy  ‘ Sprayings grven these plots, about half being applied A
_c_ , July 27 and the remainder August 3. Each plant is esti-
gm  r mated to have received 2.0456 grains of arsenic.
LC-  L fl he two rows of plot 3 treated with London purple
I?   f€Ce1ved 4i.73Q5 grains of London purple per plant, or
tis   L8957 gram of arsenic, considering that the London pur-
lnt  · Pl€ Contained 40 per cent. ofthe pOiSO11·
'gs   — aaaa All ewxieecties..<2€§1¢rs.1>@r¢¤fD¤2A-M Petsgee
  _ ""l’rof. Muncy’s records for 9 years give an average of 3.78 inches,
  the hl§l*€St being 8.78 in the year 1888, the lowest 0.62 inch in 1875. ,

  _  * ‘
xl
  130 Kwzizwky Agm`cz¢l!z¢ral Exparzhzerzt Smlzbvz.
  the chemical examination of sprayed tobacco will show that
  whatever the original quantity left on the plants, but a
_   small part of it remained there at the time of cutting.
_ Y The largest percentage he recovered by analysis was
E ` g from Plot 4, rows 1 and 2, from which arsenious oxide at
i r ` . the rate of .3,29 grain per pound of tobacco was obtained.
r 'Y,.;_T‘ » Considering each plant as producing 16 usable leaves, and j
»   — four plants as producing a pound of tobacco the poison ·
, i— obtained by him is the equivalent of .0822 grain of arse-
J` nious oxide per plant. Since each plant of these rows re- i
A A ceived in the spraying 2.0456 grains of arsenic it follows  A
` I that on the usable part of each plant there remained at ,
Q cutting time only about 4 per cent. of the arsenic origin- f
lg , ally applied to the plant. 4
fY’&_     The plants of plot 1, sprayed but once, on july 27,
{ = I retained on usable leaves only 1.8 per cent. of the arsenic f
V left by spraying.
,, The arsenic recovered from plants sprayed with Lon-  
’   don purple amounts to about 3,.2 per cent. of that applied.  ‘
  When it is remembered that but little tobacco is  T
'QA   swallowed by the user it seems that the small quantities  A
{ it recovered by Dr. Peter show that spraying once or twice, , 
as practiced by us, would not render tobacco in any way I 
injurious’i‘, but I ,would add that I do not think mixtures  
__ much stronger than those we used should be employed,  _
  and that not more than three applications should be made  1
  during dry seasons. 1
Suppose we had used three pounds of Paris green in <
: forty gallons of water. VVith one application each plant Zi
* would have received 12.3,058 grains of arsenic, and if 1.8  .
per cent. of this quantity remained on the usable leaves at  _
the time of cutting, analysis would have recovered from one  Y
plant .2231 grain, which is at the rate of.8924 grain per Q
,. pound. Iftwo applications of this strength had been made,   I
calculating from the results of our experiments chemical  
. *2-3 grains of arsenic constitute, it is said, a fatal dose for an adult.  i

 §
The Use 0f Arsczzzies an Taéacca. I3I i i
analysis might have recovered .9819 grain from the usable , .
part ofa plant, which is at the rate of 3.9277 grains per 3
pound of tobacco. This is a large quantity, and while these J ,
estimates must be considered only as approximations they l
demonstrate clearly enough the general and essential it l
truth that a quart of Paris green in a barrel of water is · "
more than should be used. If last season had been very
· _ wet no doubt less than 4 per cent. ofthe poison would
- have remained at the close ofthe season, but the part of
‘ wisdom is to avoid su ch strong mixtures, since the weather
‘ ‘ cannot safely be counted on to remove the excess.
li ` Apparatus for Spraying Tobacco.
i  i ...----· .     ·»»i»r» I.
    `·_ ,7-"_*ilH|[lIl¤:·». \J`MII||n» ‘
wes ···’   “*’"'  
; i     ·,
 .   ‘``'i``     ·
- ;   gumalllrire%%za·1;at>a€f3s;;~;. i
- » lllelrililrlvllgairl»l1rn4l.l ...r willy}.,gz.!r!l!l¤.l@!I»l i
 · m `'``£   i. ‘‘=~ l ‘.*‘ ¤;»*~*"*;‘:l"l    :3* "
s , lull   ,J  
S · lll RJ R   iii  7W
 ‘ wl ~~...l J Jl wJjJ,l+liMill§¤lli   bl /
r. s  wl w%s2,l~¢P»¤.li .“.~l~ wxwlllr    ll
Y rw i.y,,:ijggg,»1Jpyjiwllwlhlr~l\.jl‘i‘.l·;‘l]lli'i   ll
Z  ¥ E l   k   .
*  l W   'iiiliiiirlWsvliP$ lllit   wi
1’  1              
6 ·   ____   H"}     A
: ........ 1.; hun wa  1 lll.j~l§~{5`i`{l{`57€$}l.?lSllY¤,?‘lll   _; _ J ·
»        
lt   FIG- 2· Gould’s Handy Knapsack-Pump. Price with 3§ feet of   inch
lg _,  h0B€ Zlld Vermorel nozzle, $15, A stirrer or agitator is 1`LlTI`1lSh€d
if for 50 cents extra. Capacity about tive gallons. The tank is made
E j Of 119aVY 00pper and the working parts largely of brass.
al   Tlhé Sprayers most used in Kentucky are what afé
__ f Simwflllles called g;·avi1;atiO¤al_ sprayers. That is to $9·Y
lt. { ·
I

  _  , V
   ,
  132 Kevzizzc/cy Agrzkulizzml Experzbzzerzt Siutzkm.
i   they are not sprayers at all, but knapsack-sprinklers. A
Q form now in the market consists of a galvanized iron tank
  with a capacity of six gallons, so constructed that it can
L   be strapped to the back while in use. At the bottom of
‘ ` `rg the tank on each side is a spout to which a short piece
  ` of rubber tubing is attached, bearing at its free end a
, iw;j· . wooden handle perforated for the passage of the tubing
.   . through it and bearing in turn a {ine rose of the sort used
  » » ,_,_ ,12*
  .-  l  ,
        r‘l__ ____    
· "· t ~ . el ·     ;;. ;.#..·‘-   . ,  7,   .7: ‘ =•
_ _ . -     , gg
{_   » l J  le1;· » mn’1‘|l‘1lll irll l il  _  fw.,  in
` l tli_1¥E l§E;.‘_ll,1   llllllfl  ig "  T pl  ,llllll§'l
. c  l3*l l.·i‘?;.illl  · lll.  ,.Q¤;· y  l= j??i  T
  .  itil  xlll  `llllii ¥`Z?Y T  ,l} lllll / '
   lZ°°*l l·`?»*ll?l      T ll  i` l ll‘ii  lll  \».
  T  l$ir¥l ll3‘=EYlll lll   J  ·  llllfi 5
* . -·‘’ " .   lllll ”    lll   
J ’ s il  l l?  WY T T l  T ll Zllll
*~—, V lilY-W illi lll     llll
  Q    ril ll lll*¤~ ll ii  ll  
- _ z   l· All  `lllf . l  g" lllll Y
..L ‘·\l,_3\— » _ _ _.,, »~'i.., l_   l" `  
_ *~¤ism,,_“\___` ll   m lll llwll  " ` `
' "‘ Mt, ` ‘·== r·.·  
I Fig. 3. Stahl’s Excelsior liuapsack-Sprayer. Price with Vermorel
_ nozzle, SI2. Capacity about five gallons. The tank is made of copper
L and the pump and nozzle of brass. T
on ordinary watering—cans. The quantity of water ad-
mitted to the nozzle is regulated by a wire clamp which
compresses the tubing. The idea prominent in its con-
, struction is to sprinkle two rows of tobacco or potatoes 215
the operator walks between them. This knapsack-sprink-
ler is a great improvement on the perforated tin can dus-

 ""`" I z
 
134 Jfeyzlzwky Agrzk21Zz‘2¢r¢zZ,—Expefz}1ze¢zi Siaizbvz, ,
sprinkler cannot. It permits rapid work, and although
. usually provided with but a single nozzle I believe can be
; made to spray as many plants in the same time as the ‘
1 sprinkler. I