xt7ffb4wjp8d https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7ffb4wjp8d/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1935 journals kaes_circulars_279 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 279 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 279 1935 2014 true xt7ffb4wjp8d section xt7ffb4wjp8d * >.    · »
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’ EXt€I1Sl0l1 DIVISIOH
  . THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director
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= .r·» CIRCULAR NO. 279
  Ventilation of Tobacco Barns
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,2:2  ‘ A well-ventilated tobacco burn.
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_i»·· , Lexington, Ky.
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_,~,,. » June, 1935.
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U"   Published in connection with the zxgrlculturul extension work carried
r.<>· . on by co—oper:1tion of the College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky,
_ with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and distributed in furtherance
. Of the work provided for in the Act of Congress of May S, 1914.
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i CIRCULAR NO. 279
e Ventilation of Tobacco Barns
By RUSSELL A. HUNT and JESSE B. BROOKS
Curing is one of the most important operations in the pro-
duction of tobacco. Successful curing depends largely upon
the location and construction of the tobacco barn. In erecting
a new barn or in repairing an old one, the important things to
be accomplished are to construct it as nearly air-tight as pos-
sible and to provide a good system of ventilation. In general a
site should be chosen which is thoroly drained and sufficiently
removed from other buildings to allow free access of air. Since
there are a sufficient number of barns in Kentucky to care for
normal crops, the important problem confronting the tobacco
grower at present is to improve existing structures by adding
" controlled ventilators rather than to construct new buildings.
S Most tobacco barns were built before there was definite informa-
I tion concerning the ventilation requirements for successful cur-
l ing, consequently, comparatively few of them at the present
time have any provision for ventilation in the roof, such as is
_ shown in the cut on the title page, but controlled ventilation is
i an important feature in providing the best curing conditions.
  The amount of ventilation required for a barn is determined
l by the location of the structure and the type of tobacco pro-
` duced. A barn located on high ground and fully exposed to
F the wind and sun requires less ventilation than one in a valley
1 or sheltered by a grove of trees. A barn designed for air-cured
E tobacco, that is for white burley, one sucker or green river,
i needs more ventilation than one designed for fire-cured tobacco.
  In so far as possible, an air-curing barn should be located on a

 `  ts
 
4 Ifeniaeky Extension Circular N0. 279  
i ridge or hill and entirely in the open where there is free circu-   l
T lation of air, whereas a fire—curing barn should be in a grove  j_
of trees or valley, sheltered from the wind and sun.   hf
  A
THE NEED OF CONTROLLED VENTILATION   16
Circulating air is one of the important factors in curing  .. o
tobacco, and the curing barn should be so constructed and ven- g ‘‘~
tilated as to permit rapid changing of air when needed. The  I
tobacco is placed in the barn immediately following cutting, or  `Z.  
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Ridge ventilator on well-located {ire-curing barn.  T th
si tl
after wilting, and the curing may be controlled by regulating  if cc
the ventilation. Watei· constitutes the greater part of the pt.
ripened plant. During the first stages of curing this water Q
is evaporated from the surface of the leaves, and one of the  
most important factors in curing is to properly regulate the · h,
(
rate of drying. lf the leaf is dried too rapidly, it is killed pro ul
maturely, the curing is stopped and the color of the leaf remains is
green. On the other hand if dr iino is too slow the curiui ·
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process goes too far, the tobacco either turns a dark red color ci
or, possibly, becomes liouseburned. The rate of drying of § _ in
tobacco depends on the humidity of the air and its rate of i H,
movement thru the barn, . Q,

  a .
  J
 _ Ventilahon 0f Tobacco Barns 5
l  if The water content of tobacco at· the time of cutting and
E   housing may range from 75 to 90 percent of the green weight.
 Y T An acre of well—ripened tobacco yielding 1,500 pounds of cured
 i` leaf weighs when harvested 8 to 12 tons, including the stalks.
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E   Tobacco barn with insufficient ridge ventilation.
  Of this total weight, by far the greater part is water. To cure
  tobacco successfully, this large amount of water must be re·
   4 moved under such conditions and at such a rate as best allow
i the other fundamental changes to occur. Experience has shown
 ; that the well-constructed barn, properly ventilated, provides
{ the means for regulating the humidity in the curing crop, thru
ug , controlled air movement.
3hc J
t€?`  ` METHODS OF VENTILATION
the  s Many plans have been devised for vcntilating barns. Few
lm have been satisfactory under all conditions. The hinged vcr-
  ‘ tical shutter or side door 10 to 12 inches wide, for each bent,
is · . Y
ll is one of the oldest and most generally used in kentucky. lt
(T · · . · . · ..
me  _ IS effective only when the air outside the barn is moving suin-
JO; Glently to cause some circulation in the barn. It is entirely
OQ ineifective in hot, sultry weather, when there is little or no
0 · ` . . . .
an movement. Practically all barns in the areas producing air·
· cured tobacco are equipped with this ventilatoix
 `
K

 i  
6 Kentucky Extension Circular N0. 27.9   `V~”
. The round, metal, roof ventilator, in general use, improves   aio;
` curing conditions when used with the side—d00r or vertical ven-   ers
tilators, just mentioned. The usefulness of this ventilator de-   um
pends upon the number placed on the barn and the size of the   I ppc
openings. The most common sizes are the 16" and 20", and a  J pr(
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few harris have ventilators 24" in diameter. The ao nroxiniate  Q  
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amounts of opening provided by the 16", 18" and 20" circular    eg
ventilators are 1.3 sq. ft., 1.8 sq. ft. and 2.2 sq. ft., respectively.  ;  
The common practice is to use only one circular ventilator to  i :1,,
each vent of 12 feet, so the amount of ventilation provided is vy
inadequate unless natural conditions are favorable for curing.  j ;~»;_
_ _ _ _  “ esti
Experience has proved that satisfactory ventilation for the   .
various types of tobacco, suitable for all barns, is provided by  ·
the ridge ventilator, supplemented by horizontal ground ven- we
tilators. For the air-cured tobaccos it is advisable to providr p im
the vertical side-door ventilators also. The vertical side-do0l`   of
ventilators are not recommended for fire-curing barns.  · CO]
Comparatively few barns have any provision for controllwl I  s
ventilation in the roof. However, bv the use of barns with the ; ..
. I sai
full—length ridge ventilator and the horizontal doors extendnw  . th,

   B
  Ventilation of Tobacco Barns 7
S  iT along the entire length of the sides, near the ground, many grow- T
.—   ers have cured their crops successfully. The ridge ventilator is
e-  · undoubtedly the best type of top ventilator so far designed, for
e   providing the proper curing conditions in all tobacco barns. It
a  , provides a continuous outlet opening at the top of the roof,
 T from one end of the barn to the other, and when used with the
* horizontal ground ventilators, permits of satisfactory control
 F of air condition and movement. The ridge ventilator is recom-
l  T mended because it is simple to construct, easy to operate and,
` {  when constructed according to the specifications herein recom-
l mended, provides sufficient opening for thoro ventilation.
i l ·
  USE OF VENTILATION
  . After the tobacco is hung in the barn the water is evap-
gall   orated from the surface of the leaves and the relative humidity
  1 of the air in the barn is increased. Since air of high humidity
  is lighter than drier air, the moist air rises. In warm, dry
Wl
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by  T Ridge ventilator partly open.
"‘?H` weatlier, opening the doors of the ridge ventilator and the hor-
V“l`i V izontal ground ventilators, or the vertical shutters on the sides
iw 1 of the barn, usually is all that is needed to provide good Curilln;
conditions.
JUN I  During rainy or foggy weather, when the air is ractically
the · - p
I I  I S9-tlll'&t(3Cl with moisture, ventilation alone is ineffective. Undef
dm?  _ these conditions some artificial heat is needed. A small in-

 1 .
· 8 Kentucky Extension Circular N0. 27.9  y
p crease in temperature——that is, lO° to 15° above the outside   Thcs
t€IIlp(3I`3.I}l1I’€-—tlSSlSliS Cllflllg in two WQYSZ First, WBJSIH ai?   Wan
holds more moisture than cool air; for example, a rise in tem.   Stan
perature of 200 practically doubles the water-holding capacity  ~
of air. Second, as soon as the air is heated, it rises and passes I _
Out ILl1I’11 ‘I3l1€ Tldg`6 VB1'llZll3.iZOI‘ Opélllllg', C?1ITyl11g` 21W3.y (EXCESS    
moisture. The air which enters thru the bottom openings be-  L- .
COIIIGS \V21I’IIl 3.Ild COll'ElI1`ll€S tllé pTOC€SS.  i Wmg
LOSS OF WEIGHT IN CURING i `
Tests made at the W€Sl€l’11 Kentucky Substation at Prince- i `
ton, with iire-cured tobacco, indicate the rate of loss of weight  
in curing tobacco, due to evaporation of water from the plants.  I ·
LO352|N WEIGHT or iozmccc PLANT FKUM \N\\.TINF: Tnmoucn CUIZING _ i,
mo Hannan or 5 vans xw F¤\n<.LT¤v·i,-¤ yroximatel two-thirds of the oricinal weight
D it  1 y D D
are <·  WHS lost bv the eva ioration of water during the first ten days
I •, I O
acco gi the tobacco was in the barn. This would mean for each acre
932. M  of fire-cured tobacco housed, there would be an average loss of

 ¤  g
~ ji 
10 Kentucky Extension Circular N0. 279  
800 gallons of water, by the time the leaf was cured. It should  
be borne in mind that these studies were made with fire—cured  
tobacco but results obtained also probably apply to dark air.  3 IP
cured tobaccos, tho not to burley. The rate of loss of weight by  
loss of moisture is shown by the graph on page 8. Starting with  y { U;
100 percent on the Hrst day as the original weight the drop is to · gmpc
18 percent on the 20th day. This graph shows average condi-   com
tions only. The loss of water from individual crops undoubtedly  Q for c
would show considerable variation, according to the size of the  ; 2
plants housed and weather conditions during curing, j used
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I  
.   INSTRUCTIONS FOR BUILDING A RIDGE VENTILATOR ON
7   AN OLD TOBACCO BARN
1   Step 1. Remove the roofing for a width of 24 inches on each side
 Y of the ridge. Metal roofing may be cut with a bolt cutter, heavy tin
° { ships, or Iby using a shingling hatchet as a chisel. lf the metal or
—   composition roofing removed is in good condition, it should be saved
y   for covering one side of the ventilator top.
C   step 2. Remove the sheathing. If 2" x 10**s or Z" x 12"s are to be
Q  used as false rafters, leave a 4" board on each side of the ridge, and
 di remove the rest to 24" from the top of the ridge. See Fig. 7. If 2" x 4”s
A {`—_ are to ·be used as false rafters, remove all the sheathing to 24** from the
  top of the ridge. See Fig. 8.
 wl Step 3. Build the ridge ventilator.
° For barns 24 feet wide, or less, use 2" x 10** false rafters, to give an
  opening 10 inches wide.
 if For barns more than 24 feet wide, use 2"x12" false rafters, to
  give an opening 12 inches wide.
  For false rafters, 2*’x4"s may be used, as shown in Fig. 8, and
  the ventilator door openings should be made 10 inches wide or 12
.. inches wide, according to the width of the barn.
  Cut the rafters for the roof of the ventilator 36 inches long. Bevel
. or undercut the false rafters at eaves at such an angle (depending on
 { pitch of roof) that the doors drop of their own weight when the ropes
 F are released.
 ‘ lf 2"x10'*s or 2*’:~:12"s are used as false rafters, place them as
·; shown in Fig. 7, over every other original rafter, or about 4’ apart.
 ’ lf 2"x4" false rafters are used, place them as shown in Fig. 8,
. over each original rafter or about 2* apart.
 , These rafters are cut and fastened together on the ground, then
 Q Set in place and tied to the original rafters, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8,
 f? with 1" x 6** or 2" x 4" pieces.
 ‘ Step 4. Sheathe the top of ventilator solid, allowing sheathing to
overhang false rafters two inches.
 ` lf using 2" x12"s or 2**x 10"s as false rafters according to Fig. 7,
 5 Dlace a 2"x4** block under outer sheathing board midway between
 2 false rafters to prevent sagging of ventilator top. The 2" X4" blocks
  should be placed in line with the lower 611dS of the false rafters so that
 Q doors close tightly against them.
“ Cover ventilator with wood shingles, composition roofing or gal-
f vanized roofing.

  
12 Kentucky Extension Circular N0. 279 i
Step 5. For the ventilator door, use a l" board as wide as the F"'
" ridge ventilator opening and as long as one bent of the barn. This
should be cleated on the inside and painted on both sides to prevent ,
warping. I
Fasten this board to the roof with 4" galvanized strap hinges, so
that it closes against the ends of the false rafters. (See note below
Figures 7 and 8.) F
Step 6. Fasten galvanized awning swivel one-inch pulleys on the   gI
tie blocks, placing them as high as possible, so as to make the door I 4
close easily. I 0
Fasten a rope, to each end of the ventilator door with screw eyes I 3
or eye bolts or a staple (refer to Figs. 7 and 8). ` Q
Run the ropes thru the pulleys. Preference is given to small   §
awning rope to use around pulleys. From ropes to ground, wire may   `
be used to save expense.
I E
d
INSTRUCTIONS FOR PUTTING IN THE HORIZONTAL INLET I J
VENTILATOR DOORS   5I'
The horizontal inlet ventilating doors at the base of the barn , _
walls on each side should run full length of the barn. For barns 24 I G,
feet wide or less, the width of the horizontal inlet doors or opening I I (
should be 10". (Refer to Figs. 3, 6 and Ga.) For barns over 24 feet . <
wide, this opening should be 12". (Refer to Figs. 3, 6 and Ga.) I E
Figs. 6 and 6a suggest methods of placing the bottom ventilating   5
doors in the iire-curing barn so that the air is directed above the T >
fires. Fig. 6 shows how bottom ventilation is provided by building uI> %|
a tight partition of matched boards on 2"x 4"s which are driven into i
the ground. A door is then hinged on the plates so as to drop and   5
close the space between the outside wall and this partition. Fig. 6a~ I Z
A 2"x4" is cut and notched into mud blocks next to ground so that I 5_
a door can be hinged to it and shut against the base plates as indi- ;
cated. It is well to paint all exposed wood at the base of the barn  
where it is exposed to the weather. The opening of the doors in either ‘
plan can be regulated by use of a chain and two nails. I
INSTRUCTIONS FOR PUTTING IN THE VERTICAL VENTILA- I
TOR DOORS FOR BARNS FOR AIR—CURED TOBACCO I
Vertical ventilator doors are not recommended for tire-curing  
tobacco barns. On air-curing barns, however, three vertical l2" vent  
doors are provided with each 12 feet of length of barn, on each side.  
{Refer to Fig. 1.) I
I
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_ Ventilation of Tobacco Barns 13 '
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 14 Kentucky Extension Circular N0. 279  
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