xt7fqz22db9d https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7fqz22db9d/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.  journals kaes_circulars_004_546 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 546 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 546  2014 true xt7fqz22db9d section xt7fqz22db9d P L A N I - B E D
Russell A, Hunt
Ira E. Massie and
George A. Everette
Circular 546
Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture ond Home Economics
College of Agriculture and Home Economics, University of Kentucky
I and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, cooperating
FRANK J. WELCH, Director
U Issucrz an iuriherancc of We Anv of Max F and Juv 3V 1914

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Soybeans growmg on permanent plant-bed sites add fertility, improve soil
structure, and help control weeds and diseases
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Plon for ¤ surplus of strong, vigorous plunts
CAUTION: Peirmztiieiit pl;ii1t—het`omide. liettttise s;ttisl':t<‘toi‘y hlzttla root l`()l~l`CSlSl2llll
vztrieties have not heeii lllll`()(lll(]C(l. ()i1 those l`;trms. however. zt
stiituhle plzmt~l>ed site may he seeded to n summer` legume, then
plowed in late summer or curly lztll. smd the site trezited in the
same mzmuer zts where permuiient plztiit-heds ztre retoiimieitrletl.

 V  
(ZONTENTS
Page
Choose a Fertile, Well-Drained Site .....4......4,4.....,4...........4..,....... 5
Use Disease—Resistant Varieties ...,...4 . .................4,....,.4..A.4........,. 5 A
Plan for a Surplus of Plants ......4,s.... V .....4,...........4.............,.....4..A 6
Kill Weed Seed in the P|ant»bed Area ...,.............,...........,..,....4 .. 6
Fertilize for Vigorous Growth of Plants ..,,...4.......4...........r..........., 9
Sow the Seed as Soon as Weather Permits ,..........,.......4....4..r........ l l
Box the Plant-bed ..t..... ., ...... . ..4,...,.......4.,..,.4........................... ll
lf Heavy Freeze; Occur .,.....4,....t.......44.....t...,..4.....,..4.r.,......,.,..r. l3
Control Wildfire and Angular Leafspot ...... , ......,.,,..4.,..4....4..... l3 U
Control Mosaic .. .4...,......t. . .......,. . ....t .. 4....,.   ..,......4.r.........,.. l5
Control Blue Mold ..,..........   ,. .. ......,,.4.t . .....,......................,. lo
Danger of Blackleg in Wet Seasons .l.4. . .,,. . ...,.. . ........,.............. lo
Pull Weeds No More than Necessary .   .t..     A ...4,......,........ l7
2,4 D lniury     ..., . ..., ... . ,..,   ..... , 4... . ......t.....,... l8 ,
Water the Plant. in Dry Weather . .,tt   .,..... . ....t. . ,....4............. l9
Control lnsects , ,...,. .. . M 4.. . ., ,.... . ..... . ,.,,........,.. 20 "
Summer Management of Permanent Plant-beds ,. .... .. ..,. . ...,.,,. 23 V

 U
Tobocco P|ont—Bed Monogement
By Russell A. Hunt, Ira E. Massie, and George A. Everette
Plenty ol healthy. vigorous. stocky plants should be ready lor
early transplanting il high—qu:tlity tobacco is to be produced.
linough plant-bed area should be prepared to provide. at two
pullings. the plants needed lor the entire crop. The lirst plants
pulled from beds are usually lree ol tnosaic. but at each successive
pulling there are likely to be more tnosaic plants in the lield il a
susceptible variety is grown. Vigorous. stocky plants are essential
in getting a good stand.
Choose o Fertile, Well-Drained Site
Select lertile. well-drained land high in organic matter lor the
bed. preferably with a slight southern or eastern slope. lree lrom
shade. especially in the lorenoon. An ideal place lor growing
plants is in an open lield.
ln the past it was recommended that a new plant-bed site be
used each year. but with the advent ol root rot-resistant varieties
and because blue tnold does not occur olten. it is recommended
that a permanent plant-bed site be ttsed in areas where there is no
black shank. .\lthough there are no satislactory black root rot-
resistant dark tobaccos available. steaming and methyl bromide
treattnent will destroy the black root rot organism. .\ permanent
bed site tnay be used lor dark tobaccos il one ol these treatments
is used.
Immediatelyalter setting. disk or plow the old plaut—bed and
{ seed it to cowpeas or soybeans. using I2 to I5 pounds ol seed in
a bed Sl x lllll leet. ln late .~\ugust. or early September. plow or
disk the legume crop and treat the plant bed lor weed control.
This practice destroys all live roots in the soil so the wildlire
bacteria have no place to live over winter. ll the beds are ditched
to keep water lrotu the surrounding area lrotu overllowing them.
and are treated at the proper titue with bluestonelitue in the
spring. there should be no trouble lrotu wildlire.
' Use Disease-Resistant Varieties
lnsolat as possible. use disease-resistant varieties. (Ihoose a
burley tariety resistant to black root rot. lhe varieties are Ky I6.
J

 Ky 2t}, Ky SI5, Ky 4lA, Ky 57, and Ky 58. Ky 57, and Ky 58 are
highly resistant to black root rot. Ky 26 is more resistant than the
moderately resistant Ky I6 and Ky 4IA. On land infested with
lnsarium wilt use Ky 255. lli liusarium wilt injures Ky 35, try Burley
l IA or IIB. \\’here mosaic is a problem, use Ky 57, Ky 58, or Ky
35. Burley 2l and Ky Gl are resistant to black root rot, mosaic, and
wildfire.
The table below gives the comparative disease resistance of
many ol the common varieties ol` burley tobacco now generally
grown.
RELATIVE DISEASE RESISTANCE OF BURLEY VARIETIES '
Dashes signify no appreciable resistance to the disease
M Wi as W Black I·`usarium rniriiklack T 5isi·tiwi{`J
Varietyn i Rrtgt Rot Mosaic \\'ilt \\'iIdfire Shank Root Rot
Ky I? 7 Medium ~——— -—-- ~—~— ---- ————
Ky 4I.»\ Medium ———— -——— ——»— ---- \ledium—High
Ky 35 \Iedium—High High Medium Slight --—- ·~——
Ky 26 High ——~— -—-— ——~— --—— —»——
Ky 57 High High ——~— —-—- ——--- Medium
Burley IIA Medium ———— High ———» Medium ————
Ky 58 IIigl1 High ———— ---- ---— —---—-
Burley IIB Medium ——-- High —-—- Medium ————
Burley 2l Medium High --—- High ——-- Medium—High
Ky til High High --—- High —--— -——-
Plan for a Surplus of Plants
It is desirable to prepare enough plant-bed area to have a sur-
plus ol` strong, vigorous plants. Provide IOO feet oli bed, 9 feet
wide, or 75 l`eet ol bed, I2 [eel. wide, lor each acre ol` burley to be
set. l·`or dark tobacco, prepare 50 feet oli bed. El leet wide, or the
equivalent, lor each acre to be grown.
Kill Weed Seed in the Plant-Bed Area
'l`o|>acco plants are so small when they lirst emerge they can—
not stand the competition o[ a heavy growth ol weeds. \Veeding
the lied is a slow. tedious, and laborious job and it is likely to in-
iure the young tobacco plants. \\'ild{ire and mosaic oliten occur
lollowing weeding.
The best wav to >revent weeds in the Jlant-bed is to em lo
, l I P Y
some method ol killing the seed m the plant—bed site, prior to the
sowing ol the tobacco seed. _
I)on`t attempt to destroy weed seed in plant—bed sites when the
soil is wet. regardless ol the method used. Neither chemicals nor
heat penetrates wet soil: consequently. il` the soil is wet, poor re-
6

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Plunt-bed with plustic gus-proof cover in place und the edges properly
sealed with soil.
stilts will be obtained. In addition, soils burned or steamed when
wet may become s0 hard that the tobacco plants can’t grow well.
For wildhre control, fall treatment is superior to treating in the
spring.
Before trying to kill weed seed in the soil. plow the soil and
work it thoroughly so that only a very light raking will be neces-
sary before seeding. Deep stirring after preparation will likely
result in a weedy plant—bed.
Beds 1nay be prepared by steaming, burning, methyl bromide,
calcium cyanamid. or by drenching with Vapam or allyl alcohol.
lixcept for calcium cyanamid, any of these soil treatments may be
used either in the fall or in the spring. (laleium cyanamid for bed
treatment should be used only in late summer or fall. Usually
fall treatments result in slightly poorer weed control than do
similar treatments made in the spring, but the prevalence of suit;-
able weather, better soil working conditions, and higher soil tem-
peratures in the fall are factors which usually more than offset
that disadvantage.
\Vhen burning, have the soil thoroughly prepared and dry
enough for good tillage. Use enough wood to heat the soil to a
depth of 3 to 4 inches. Usually 30 minutes burning with fairly
. large wood will provide enough heat to kill weed seed near the
surface. Burning with a small amount of brush for 10 to I5 min-
utes is worthless. Burned beds may be seeded after the soil cools.
Too heavy burning results in areas in the bed with few or no
~ plants.
7

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V,/;._   -·- · · 1/”_.v4;' l.}v_.J I`; I   oi, `.
I;-A ‘ VL 'H:     ‘ no- # ,
Releasing methyl bromide beneath gas-proof cover, using special applica-
tion equipment. 4
Sioinning is mu- ol ilu- most ('ll`(T(`ll\'(Y nu-llu>l ln-:1l`sp<1t diseases. \\'lu-n using
su-;un. I)l`(‘I)1Il`(' ilu- site- llunwxuglily ;uul ut c:u‘l1 "scl" li-Luv ilu- pun
in pnsilimi lor ;ippmxiin;u<-ly 25 niinutcs. with ilu- su-;nn l)l`(‘$Slll`(?
in ilu- l¤»ilc1·;u lllll in 125 puuiuls. Su-;uningn1;1y lu- (lone- in lizill
in spring wlu-iu-xx-r ilu- soil is (ll`h` cnougli lm- u-in-laing. sL‘L‘(llI1g
nm) l)(‘(l()ll('1llll`Illll(‘1Ill(’l`IlI(’SUll (ll`l(`5 cnuugli lm- rzilging.
\\`lu-n using nu-tliyl l)l`()llll(lt’. luivc ilu- soil Kll<)l`()llglll}` I)lll\`('li·
in-<>ui zis nu>ist us il mn lu- sul`;-ly n‘l`<)lIll(l(‘ gals lm- lllll squzirc li-ct. into slizillmv puns or
trmiglis. using ai spi-a‘i:illv (l('Slgll(‘(l :ipplii‘;un1-. l;(‘(lS ll`(`2ll(‘(l in the
spi-ing inns- lu- su-n<»ns. l·`i>ll<>n‘ pi`;-cziiitiuiis nu-niimu-il on ilu- lzilycl _
lint-lullx. (Fm- num- uniiplm-tc insn-iuiiiins. su- Kciinu-lay lis-
li-nsiun(Xiu-11l;n‘5ll(l§.
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\\’hen using \`;1 mm in >l;nn-liotl ire >;1r;ni•>n. tho ··‘r<>unout uno wook prior tu
the time ol treatment. Soil tompor;nuros sluinhl lio 50 l·` ur
warmer. ut the time ol trezuntent. In oxtromo clry wo;nhor. when
the ground is dusty. :1 ligln appliozttion ol wzner to tho hotl uro;1
:1 lew days prior to trozttinent. ikillnweal hy ll light raking nr tlisking,
is helplul t0 obtain penetration ol the solution. i·\ll olotls slmnltl
l>o either broken up or rukotl ufl tho l>oo
onnugh ol the solution to ponotrnto tho soil 21 ,/»* Q to fl inohos (loop.
\`;t mm uncler<>‘<>es zi ohomioul rozrotitm in tho soil. rolo;tsin·>· at toxio
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gas which kills weed seecl.
\’np;un muy he usecl in plunt-l>en in tho lull or in
tho spring. l·`nll ztppliozttions ure not quite so orlootiro in o<>ntr<»l»
ling weecls zrs spring uppliontitms. hut the ztclvztntztgo nl hzrring het-
-rsi __f.’ :¥7‘kY` S A   ~~— _‘
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F·»?‘-§%‘·J€i¢~*rT*i·*:·f’%‘*i#>*t:gr»»7 £2é:·¢;.»>”$j‘ ' ~·`?L»??;~*»#':$~·,*L4f/·’·$*1j§¥;,~’;»=
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,·»n; —“o, ·"  t,. .    
Drenches for weed control muy be upplied with u hand
sprinkler or by power equipment.
{I

 ter weather in the fall, coupled witl1 a better physical condition
of the soil, more than offsets the slightly better weed-kill in the
spring. Fall-prepared beds may be seeded as soon as weather per-
mits in the spring. \Vhen using spring—prepared beds, wait 3 weeks
or longer after Vapam is applied before seeding. Since Vapam is
retained in some soils for a considerable period, it is desirable to
rake the plant bed area LIGHTLY to break the crust one week
before seeding. Vaparn is poisonous. Users of Vapam should care-
fully observe the safety precautions printed on the label.
\Vhen using allyl alcohol, or materials containing it, work the
bed until the soil is thoroughly pulverized. The soil moisture
should be high and the surface moist before treatment. If soil is i
dry, water the bed lightly the day before treating to make sure
the surface of the seedbed is damp. The soil temperature should
be 50°l·` or warmer. Apply (S to 8 quarts of allyl alcohol in 175 to
200 gallons of water to each 100 square yards. Plant beds may be
seeded in 18 to 20 days after application. Do not harrow or disk
the soil before seeding. Allyl alcohol is poisonous and should be
handled with extreme care. It. should not be allowed to come in
contact with the skin and futnes from the concentrate should not
be breathed. Observe carefully the safety precautions printed on
the label.
llse calcium cyanamid only on soil that drains quickly. Have n
the soil thoroughly pulverized, with enough moisture for good
tillage. .—\pply fyi pound of calcium cyanamid and 2 pounds of 20-
percent superphosphate to the square yard and mix with 3 inches
of soil. Rake the surface sntooth. Apply 2% pound more of cal-
cium cyanamid to the square yard and rake lightly. \Vater the
bed, using 1400 to 500 gallons for a bed 100 feet. long. At seeding
time prepare the surface with a hand rake. but don`t stir soil deeper
than l inch. Recommended dates for using calcium cyanamid are
.»\ugnst l0-October 15. Beds treated with calcium cyanamid
should he seeded March 20 to April l. In case the plants begin
to turn yellow they should be heavily watered.
Fertilize for Vigorcus Growth of Plants
' l·`ertilize beds which have been steatned or treated with methyl
bromide. Yapam. or allyl alcohol with a complete fertilizer. such _
as 8-88. or l-I2-8, at the YIIIC of 25 to 35 pounds for a bed 0 by 100
feet. and rake in lightly. For a burned bed. use 25 to 30 pounds of
l0

 2()—percent superphosphate and 10 to 12 pounds of nitrate of soda,
or 250 to 40 pounds of a 1nixed fertilizer, such as a »l-12-0, or similar
analysis. Normally a cyanamid»treated bed will not need nitrogen
fertilizer. If phosphate was applied in the fall, no additional
phosphate will be needed in the spring. Potassium needs may be
supplied with an application of 4 to 5 pounds of sulfate of potash.
CAUTION: Don’t use too much fertilizer. lf you use much more
than the amounts above, soluble salts may rise to the top of the
soil in dry weather and may cause the plants to yellow and die.
Heavy watering will help correct this condition.
\Vhere plants are well rooted and show no injury to the crown
but grow slowly and are a uniform yellow. treat the bed with
nitrate. Dissolve ll) pounds of nitrate of soda in a 50-gallon barrel
of water. Remove the cotton and sprinkle the nitrate solution
evenly over the bed, with a sprinkling can. at the rate of 5 gallons
to 18 running feet of bed 12 feet wide, or 2·l running feet where
the width is 9 feet. Follow at once with an equal amount of clear
water to rinse the solution off the leaves to prevent burning.
Sow the Seed os Soon os Weather Permits
Sow 2 level teaspoons of cleaned and tested seed to each l()()
feet of bed 9 feet wide, or   level teaspoons of seed for each
1()() feet of bed 12 feet wide. Seeding may be done as soon as
weather permits, which is usually the last half of February or in
l\’larch. Seeding should be completed by April lf).
To distribute the seed evenly, use a tobacco seed distributor,
or mix the seed with commercial fertilizer, line sand, or screened
wood ashes. \Vhere a seed distributor is used the seed are sown
without mixing with other materials. Going over the bed at least
three times helps to get even distribution if you are sowing the
seed by hand.
Box the Plant-bed
Boxing the bed helps to control cutworms and fleabeetles.
. l’se l" by ti" material and stretch a good grade of tobacco cotton
over the top of the boards and fasten to the side. lf boards are
not available, uniform logs are satisfactory. Tall bottles turned
upside down and stuck in the soil. will keep the cotton off the
ground and prolong its life.
l l

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Cold injury to tobocco plonts in the p|¤nt—bed. .
l 2

 lf Heavy Freezes Occur
Smull tol>ucco plums. while il]>llll`(’(l hy cold weztthei`. 1111* rurely
killed unless the soil lreezes enough to he lioneycomhed. Then
the plunts muy he liltetl or heuyed out ol the soil und die. ll
` heavy freezes occur. remove the camxus us soon us the soil thuws,
trump or roll the soil. disregurding the plums. uml then wuter the
hed thoroughly.
Following cold. windy weuthet most ol` the plums in the hed
muy he ullected with cold in_itnAy. .·\s they develop, the hud leuyes
ol` such lll·l\ll`C‘(l plums ;nAe white. und the purtiully developed leuycs
ure smuller thun normul und white. \\'ith w;nAmeiA weuther the
ullected plums tecoxter quickly und grow normully. except thut
the ullected leuves Zll)l)L'2ll` mottled. with somewhut the uppeurunce
of mild mosuic.
Control Wildfire and Angular Leafspot
Plowing unde1A u legume in lute stmimer. treuting lor weeds in
the lull, ditching the hed to keep sttrluce wuter lil`()lll llowing over
it, plus the use ol; hluestone-lime. will elrlectixtely control wildlire
und ungulur leulispot in the plum hed. ln the spring us soon us the
tohucco plums cun he seen they should he trezued with hluestone-
lime, und uguin 7 to 8 duys luter. ll` weeding is ll(‘(`(‘SSLll`y, hluc-
stone-lime should he upplied immediutely ill-{Cl`. on the s;une tluy.
thut weeding is done. liluestone-lime should he used 1llil(’l` euch
weeding.
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Tobacco plants ready for the first bluestone-lime treatment.
lf}

 In using l)lllL‘hl()Il('·lllIl(T, treat the bed and at least 25 feet be-
yond the sides and end of the bed. Most of the [ailures with blue-
stone·liine are due to its being used too late. The lirst application
should be niade as soon as the plants eoine through the soil.
To I’r¢·j»rm· Iilitm/orte-[Jn:w Atlixlrotes (1) Fill a clean 50—gal—
lon barrel or oil drum Zyl lull ol water strained through a cloth.
(2; ln one container thoroughly mix 4 pounds of fresh com-
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Sprinkle sides ¤nd end of   . , {7 r
pI¤nt bed with bluestone-  Q;     ·
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lime to help control wild-   t;»;;2i‘%g ’ ly   »·.’ .
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mercial hydrated litne in fi or #1 gallons ol strained water. (3) In
another container dissolve El pounds ol powdered bluestone in
about *1 gallons ol water. (4) Pour the lime paste into the barrel
ol` water and stir vigorously. \\'hile stirring. add the bluestone V
solution slowly. (5) Add water to make 50 gallons. Add lé pound
ol` :'>tl»percent wettable l)l)'l` to control cutwortns and {lea-beetles.
.·\pply withottt removing the cotton cover. with an ordinary
sprinkling can. Stir each time the sprinkling can is lilled. Use l '
quart per square yard. l·`il`ty gallons will treat l4() running feet
ol` bed ll leet wide. or HN) running leet ol` bed l2 leet wide. and
ll

 provide enough material for the plowed area ou each side and
ends of bed for a distance of 2 to 3 feet.
Control Mosaic
Mosaic is a serious tobacco disease for many farmers. It may
be prevented by growing mosaic-resistant varieties as mentioned
in Section 2 above, or by seeing that workers do not use home-
spun or barn-cured tobacco while working in plant-beds. If the
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Wildfire in the plant-bed though mild may cause heavy losses in the field.
The light spots on the leaves (actually yellow) are wildfire.
workers chew. make up twists from a mosaic-resistant variety like
Ky 58 or Ky 35. To prevent mosaic, the pockets of the workers
should be brushed clean and the hands thoroughly scrubbed be-
fore 1. ~.  
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Wildfire often destroys plants in the bed.
Control Blue Mold
l;lll(' IIl()l(l 1l111·s 11111 ()(`(`lll` l`(’§"lll2\l`l}` 111 K(?lllll(`l§y. IIV l)lll(‘ m11l1l ‘
upp1·urs curly i11 y()lll` ll(‘lglll)<)l`ll()()(l. 1rcu1 lllc l1c·1l wi1l1 lVcrl>u111
111· /lll(‘l) ('llll(‘l` us :1 spruy 11r (lllSl. I\\'l(iC u wack, uml uftcr cu1‘l1
Ylllll. l`l`(lIll 1l11r 1i1111· 1l11· (llSL‘2\St‘ is lll`Sl l`(‘})()l`lC(l sprcucling in lllC
ll(‘lglll)Ul`ll<)()(l lllllll 1l11· plums ur1· sc1. Use Sl l1ll)lCSp()()llS 11lV .
l`(‘l`l)2Illl 11r 2 11IV /lll(‘l) 111 l <1‘ull1111 11l` \\'1ll(*l`. uml 1l))l\' 4 to fi <»‘ul-
n 1 ¤
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lV(‘(‘l. li('(lS S('\'(‘l`l‘l}' llll\lI`t‘(l 1ri1l1 lll(,‘ l1l111· 11111l(l Sll()lll(l l11· lllll`ill(‘(l
111 llllhl('ll l`('(`U\`('l`\`. l{(`lIlU\'lllg ll\1‘ 1·11y1·r (llIl`ll\g 1l11· (lily is llCll)l·lll.
Danger of Blackleg in Wet Seasons
lllQl(`l·il(‘Q`V U(`(`lll`S in ll\L‘ l)l2llll·l)(`(l 1l11ri11g 1y1·1 p1·ri111ls 11*l11·11 1l11·
plums u1‘1· ul111111 l`(‘1l(l}` 111 l11· s1·1. l1 is u l1u1‘11·riul S()l.l r111 itllilflélllg
ll`1l\'(‘N 1l1;11 111111‘l1 ll1L‘ *’l`()\lll(l uml s )l`('2l(llIl*" l-l`()ll] 1l11·111 i11111 1l11·
C7 3
s11lV1. l(‘Il(l(`I` s1u|l4. }lVll(` Slilllé muy l`()l 11flV (`UIIl})l(’l(‘ly. 11r 1l1c1lis1·z1sc
muy Sl)l`l'i\(l up 11111· si1l1·. spll11i11g_ it 11pc11. Vl`l11· l`()ll(‘(l ZlI`(‘&l