xt7mw6694n65 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7mw6694n65/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1939 journals kaes_circulars_003_334 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 334 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 334 1939 2014 true xt7mw6694n65 section xt7mw6694n65 l
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  First Year — Tree Planting   J
  ”; E ‘
j CIRCULAR NO. 334 l i
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Beginners in Forestry. ~ I V4
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or UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY I  
{ Y COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE    
 I EXIQIISIOII DIVISION  
 ? THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director l .‘.»4»  
A = "`""— wifi
· { Lexington, Ky.   Tl.;
’ June, 1939 {Y: l
[ { ****—* .‘;·.·.:;
  Published in connection with the agricultural extension work carried On by C0-  
Q   °¤€l'¤·t10¤ 0f the College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, with the U. S. Depart- lv"}
.{” ` mem Of AEYICUIKUTG. and distributed in furtherance of the work provided for in the  
2   Act of Congress of May 8, 1914. l >*
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Y ¥ .  [ FIRST YEAR—TREE PLANTING li 
j   OBJECT 5
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j j The object of this project is to teach boys and girls the methods -
j ’ V j ol planting forest trees and how to maintain them.
1 A_:Y' “
  ll REQUIREMENTS .  Ld
    _ _ _ _ _   appro
    l. Boys or girls l2 to 18 years old, inclusive, may enroll in this _i kept .
  .l l”`O.l€Ct· j  plann
Y .`~' if,
j :   2. Each member IHUSI plant 1000 or more trees of commercial value.   ajld aj
;     o gu
g     The plantation must be protected [rom damage by fire and  j mum;
    livestock.   impiy
*   . . i 
jQ Q_  4. A complete record must be kept, of the work done, including  
IF fl species of trees planted, number of each kind, number ol hours 3  B
l . . .  __`— J
j _ j worked lll planting, cost of trees and labor, and care alter plant-  ,: j jc
. _ . at S UC \'
y I in .  . . 4
j — »- { g   lound
?__     A narrative report on blank form must be submitted to thc Q  which
j` `   l County Agent on or beliore December l, containing the lollowingt   erodet
if J   I . . . , . .   not s<
gr gg . a. A map of the plantation, showing its location on the larm m  . WOOd_
    V relation to member’s home and any roads leading to or by it. 5  Wm jj
ff` _.,.·_,   b. 'lhe record ol work done, including items in paragraphl  V
L` =:·i> . ‘° 
jg age.  A above. ‘  
  c. The reasons for selecting the planting area, the nature of the   hi
Q-\.5~._s§s work done and the kind of trees planted, the reason for the  · P. H ‘
; ;—¤·_ ‘ . A . .  _ kinds
j}._;.;; · choice of species and what final results were obtained. 5  Team]
‘   . . . . -;_ 
Eggjjj » 6. As the pro_jects are progressive, new project members undertakllig ey  Y€€0m
 I the work must start with the first—year project.   which
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 g Circular N0. 334 g ;
 if FORESTRY PROJECT FOR 4-H CLUBS t   i
  First Year — Tree Planting {  
 v; 1 1
 ; By WILLIAM E. JACKSON ;  
 ; ; 9 i 1 V Q
  Land which will grow annual crops or maintain pasture without , · r    
  appreciable erosion, is considered agricultural land and should be i  
  kept in such crops and pasture as long as it is profitable, \iVell— i i , I if
 . planned forest-tree crops should occupy every acre of poorer soil   V4
 i` and all land found unprolitable for cultivation. ln restoring a piece 2  
  of gullied or worn-out land to productiveness by tree planting, con- i 5
` structive work is accomplished, which gives the workers a feeling of  
{ inspiration and satisfaction, that their task has been worth while. · ;j_ gy
V-  CHOOSING THE PLANTING SITE i i  
I . . . · i 5S  
Before ordering trees, the club member should make a careful  
—. study of the farn1, so that the most suitable planting site may be _ V IQ;
{ found. Sites should be conhned to abandoned fields or pastures. el J
' . , » t . l
r which are usually the poorest soils of the farm. Badly gullied and E {
 T eroded areas in open fields should be given consideration Hrst. Do _ , i i
  not select a site in existing woodland, no matter how open the '  
` woods may be; if stock and fire are kept out of the woods, nature V y
,  will usually take care of reforestation. i ' V,·i i j
  PURE AND MIXED PLANTATIONS  I  
  A pure plantation is made up of only one species ot tree; a mixed f    
  plantation is made up of two or more species. ln nature, several  
 " kinds of trees crow to ·ether and it has been found that, for many i .,i
. . e . S . . . 4 i aq
 K reasons, this kind of stand is best. Mixed plantations are to be · g,
 i reconunended as a precaution against insect and fungus enemies,  
 J, which may attack one s >ecies and not others, and mixed >lanta-  
j - . ’ I . . I mi
 ~. tion will more completely utilize the area planted; therefore club Vqfi
  members should try to plant mixed forest.  
.» #1*
 V' SELECTING THE PLANTING STOCK  
 y l"<>1`CSi trees may be divided roughly into two groups; tTOI1lf€l‘S  
  (UW ]>111t‘ litmily, evergreens) and deciduous or l)1`0atl-lC21\'C(l Il`€€S,  
 U ·   l

    
 
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I   4 Kentttc/cy Extension Circular No. 33} "
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I   that drop their leaves each year.* Because most species of the latter _\
  group have hard, durable wood, the term, hardwoods, is used lim g'  dc {la
5 1 . . . . . . . . 5 `
I   lor that group, as distinguished from the conifers. Trees ol beth ble _
ng . . . . . . _ Qi .
. gl rou us are used lou reforestation. The choice of 1l]CllVl(lll2ll s >ec1e» .
- I g .I . . . · stock
3 · A of either group depends on the character ol the planting site because . In ll_
· I . . . _ 1
{ tree l ld I l t d l e be t ted to their rowth g
; I. ssiou Jeyane 1n>acs s Slll .
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5 . II ,  :2 ,;*$%$=l systems, which handicaps them in with- g?    2,
Q _ standing the shock of transplanting. From the standpoint of ex- `i·  
Q- .   pense, nursery stock is cheaper if the planter considers quality of    
Q.   Q , stock and the added advantage of quicker growth.     ¤ 
      Members Can Grow Their Own Seedlings   X i` if
  ji; Q Locust seedlings, if desired, may be produced at home with as    
  little trouble as ordinary garden crops. The seed bed should be YQ """"”
    Q located in the near-by garden area, preference being given t0 fl   mstgrii
  northern exposure. A light, sandy loam in a hne, workable state, is  
   _, the most satisfactory soil; heavy soil may be lightened by the addi- ti: 
  tion of sand and well-rotted humus. ‘  f
  » Locust seed should be soaked in lukewarm water for about Yi   _
  hours, before planting. The seeds should be dropped about   ‘ _ qf
  inch apart in shallow drill rows, which should be about 18 inch   Qi [llc
 ;_ apart. The seeds are then covered to a depth of about one-half inch  s ll ”l“’*
   ` with the soil well-hrmed down to prevent drying out, After the seed- it  m thc
Ev ·,_` C}j¤$I.  lings show thru the ground, the soil should be lightly cultivatttl   Qnislm
  _ __`Q    . The seeded area should be kept free of weeds and watered if nC<`<15·   QM I]
    sary. If the seeds are planted in late April or early May and ha\‘€¤   ‘m°)f
  _i normal growing season, the seedlings should reach a height of IW]   H2
    or three feet by the Fall planting season.   limlm
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VQ  Forestry Project for —/-H Clubs 7 I A
I - I  Marketing Locust Seedlings by Members   I
1   . · yall nursery for vrowin >‘ locust seedlin s for sale, mi lit well 3
A sn s s ti t
·   p,·(,\~t; a successful financial project for members to undertake. A -   I
- (mmntttiitv nursery plot could be established and run by two or 5 l   I
· more members [01* profit and at the same time meet project work * » ‘ `
5%  ,—e(Inii~enie1its.· This type of cooperative club work has already been l I l
if  undertaken in a [ew counties in the State. The nursery work has Y I
S . · · » ‘ · 1 Z
 ; been found instructive and profitable by the club members under- . A I
  taking it, as well as establishing a near-by source from which farmers i ’  
I   could purchase seedling trees. _ I _    
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,_   m-.le';?Zi?;¥t%?4?z’£;»»§*t>¢;;§.~}/iéei.I *>   F·   {   · Ti"' i ~—s~.$QYi:¢ ****5 l   _.
  A severely gullied area on which further soil erosion may be stopped by planting a ~ i
l  ; Lust-growing species of tree, such as black locust. _ I j f
s   I  
‘   PLANTING OPERATIONS I
I   Preparation of the Site I l I
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 .7 — . . . ` . 5
t   T he )l2illllll" site should be ne Jared in advance ol the recet if I tt
i   . e _ _ t I
5   of the trees. l he condition of the planting site will determine how I  
I  { 1| Should be treated before the trees are planted. Abandoned fields, I  
_   lll the hilly sections, may contain scattered brush and trees ol llllefl- I  
_ _j  <¤1` Speeies. such as sassalras, briars and sumae. \\fhere it is not dense I . I
'_  .  and the planted trees are likely to grow ahead of` the brush, the I fj
 ¥· . ,. ,· _ _ · ·( ` ¤
I   ldtltl mil do no haini and may in some eases prove benehclal.   I
I   l)l2lllt2ltlon sites on level or medium sloping ground lll2ly l)C I-. if
  l>¥`€|>2\l`t‘tl bv >lowinlantin‘ uides, serve to keeo rass and weeel · .
,. .1 _ g _ l E g l g_ * , si
·— Nl awav from the little trees for at least two tears, until the becom  .
V gi , _ l _ Y C l
, gl better established; they also serve to collect and hold soil moisture. ··
’ il Such furrows should always be run in line with the contour of the °
j _   planting site that is, as nearly level as practicable.
l l Special Preparation of Gullies Before Plantin
l , Ԥ g \t
 ig   \\’here the area to be planted is severely gullied, it may be Sr
    advisable or even necessary to plow off the gully banks to a more  ~ Hg
l . ,
l_ { even slope, and to build brush or other temporary dams in the gully · el
‘l bottoms before ylantin is undertaken. The use ol ulowed furrows `
- sly g . . I (
i   is not advisable for planting in n cl
{ gy R gully areas. Club inembeis i ii
if     _ V; · should consult their counu
l     V- ir .  Agent if they contemplate plant. A
ll z-lil   rr  F2 lug on badly gullied land,  ’ ·
; l   `,;r_ .~_       _`,‘ @9     e`T;,;;f_..; r Care of Planting Stock »
 " f l jT;.?€+’f;  " ,   feiiri   . .. > · ·
  B-ea'? ¢   *:4 . §eg;;_,g;aLa'~;r*w§=.;».¤gé?*,3¢ The sLlCCCss Ol a plantation —
s »- " ‘ ‘ . -     ` ..·?”—.~s%··`.2f"*Q 'YE ··'”£i J ‘
» { _     <     depends largely upon the care
‘· — x .  r é··"‘Y;;  _‘ X`-  sri;} ~;jy“· ,»,~;%"‘;,_;~f . .
l . { 5      __»    taken by the planter lll handling _  
,f_· .~ .; 'ttnwy  ‘Y. h e e z   ,»    eg, _,    _ _ s V
liu I    ·’        .     the trees prior to planting, and .
E; ge _  k r m e  ggyy y  v_ · Ange   _ `
.  2 .     , ;·   _. ._   xi   ‘;~   upon the care taken in the actual _·
  . ‘ 2·;¤_’·rw;,; —,       r   `  grgxe-;k¢;T—;g . n  .
,» ··‘i ;   `_ ;»l\·:··.r_`*§;;¤ _·A§$_1e_<‘*>>`;.:;;·= planting work. 'l rees should be ,
· —r r · .   r·.»   rye.   r`;  -;*¥j »‘v· rr, . .
  '—’_~ _Q V 1;;   pl} —;   .,·$;§*  _ unpacked immediately upon ar- ·
:  · ’  '   """f»ie,cr·—;‘;_I·· · ¢ xi   QQ. .· "‘—,‘_ ’ . . . . , . _
    al:  { g rival. ll immediate planting is x
l _`·l?.`Q;  ,   . c     * not possible, the trees should ·
l:=€e·_£.   ·.        b ..1 1 d - rr - _ I _ d U. .
l.-   ,   ,,,§?{r§_.,·r ·.g‘\~·_,,,   e iee e -1n in tienc ies UD  , qq
*>‘.·.·· 4..,, *=',:· ,-; ·, M Q  ar · · . · _ sot
 .3§}l  ·        ‘e¤\i.§~ _ Q   ,  rl with sloping sides. ll the trees e
:1, j » ‘,,,e,? gy Q ,   ·    r Y . . ,¢ 
    T     t» ’    X,     are tied in bundles, the buncllex  .
l___;.x;e»·_.       ’  .—       should be opened, the 1`o0l\  _ [0
  _ _ carefully spread out and C01ll· ~
;j·_:—T= Black locust seedlings received from the _ . pl
  ‘ nursery are being "hee1ed ln." If thc trees )l€[€l ' COV€1`€(l W1[l1 hne €21l`lll· . ~
  F` cannot be planted immediately, this care I l . dll
lx;  . _ re necessary to prevent drying er me roots. the earth should be fnrmcd ¤l>0¤*   an
  · · the roots and watered, A llglll- lj; 
    sandy loam soil, located lll El cool, shady place, should be selCCl€¢l  
_?-Yfgrf lor the heeling—in site. lt is particularly important that conlltl ‘ 
    species be carefully protected at all times, lor if the roots once be Q_ in

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Forestry Project for 4-H Clubs 9 1
tlre ’ Come dry enough to cause the 1`€SlllOUS sap to "set”, no amount of Q
me soaking in water will save them. Young conifer stock may be killed y   ,
rose in a few minutes by exposure to drying wind and sun. Many conifer   1 Y
nvs, plantations have been failures because of careless handling of the Y   ` , ·
. . _ I
éeds " Smck before rt was planted. H?1rClWOO(l seedlings are not so sensr- ‘ 4
mrc  ~ tive to drying as the CODll€1`S but they are injured il` not properly n y
urc. "heeled in" and protected. ; , t
thc Spacing Trees In Plantation     4 y g
An approved spacing for forest plantations is six feet by six feet,   A    
which requires 1200 trees per acre. To meet a specihc condition of i ' r ‘
be soil, such as in gully areas, some other spacing may be better, By 1 i    
rorc  · all means, dehnite arrangement of the spacing distances to be used _ 1 i y
ully · should be determined in advance. Close setting gives the trees better g _ r  
ows lorm and qualrty and, lll general, best results are obtained from A ,    
gin .. close planting, but the corresponding higher cost may make this r 1   j
¢ . . 1
bers madvrsable. 1 {
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g _ 4A temporary brush dam constructed across a gully after the sides have been sloped. ·
tlllg  y glgvk-growing trees such as black locust are planted in the gully banks to help hold the ` I ‘
Tees L ` V ‘ 1 .*
l 1 '
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  Il furrows have been 1 Y ~ l ·° · li ~ ` ' *11 1 d`Pt' 1 1 1
  . p oucc s1x ect apart, it wu not re 1 1cu t ·
oots L . _ _ _ _ _ ]
nom.  · to maintain a umlorm spacmg. \~Vhere lurrows have not been   Q
ith . plowed, guide stakes placed at the end ol each row may be used for 1 1 r
L · . · . _ ·_ _ _ _ _ . . |~ i
mm _ dllgnlnent. It 1S scarcely wor th while, however, to spend nrllell Kline 1 ;
  ztnl
g V   or fourteen quart bucket should be provided lor each planting crew.
    Method Of Planting  `
i_   The species of tree, the size of the planting stock, the character  .
    of soil to be planted and previous preparation of the planting site,  —
{   should determine the method of planting to be used. \*Vhatever T
fp ;{y method is decided upon, extra care should be taken to place the -. 
tz   l tree well in the ground. Planting tO() deep is as disastrous as not i
  ‘   planting deep enough. Best results are obtained by setting the tree ` 
tg », { about one-quarter inch deeper than it stood in the nursery. The T
    y tl`CC must be set upright, with its roots well spread out in a normal »
  position. The planting hole should not be too shallow, nor the  .
g; ·`,’_ i_Q_ ‘ tree roots too long, or the roots will curve upward. This item of care- ` ..
tj   lessness in planting is one of the greatest causes of loss. After due  Q
 _Z care has been taken in preparing the planting spot and placing the  
  tree correctly therein, tamping the soil firmly about the roots is the  
i *vi`   last detail, and one of the most important.  
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yy  DIRECT SEEDING { dl.
  A Certain trees of the hardwood group can be best grown by plant-   m‘
  ing the seed where the tree is to stand. \\’alnut, oak, pecan and   SU
  hickory trees grown by this method, develop more rapidly than Q 'fl
  _g``     seedling plants from the nursery. Planting spots are prepared bt   Pl
  digging up the ground about twelve inches in diameter. The soil   ht
  { should be stirred sufliciently to form a good seed bed. The spots att   HU
  spaced the same distance apart as for planting seedlings, and threw  _ PL
   i or four nuts or acorns should be planted in each spot. As a 1‘tll¢»  
v`     T
l ` . "

 1,1 1
1 F!
liorestry Project for 4-H Clubs l l 1
ng depth of planning, depending on the soil, should be three to [our A 1
0} 1 11111es the clianieter of the seed planted. After tl1e sprouts have at. y 1 1
IC _ tained ai)OU|i OHC }’€31"S g`1`0W[h, €2lCh S€C(l spot Should be thinned,    
hc taking out the weaker sprouts and leayillg the strongest and most '   ` 1
. · . . . . l _
- ~ 1 —( v one. Tl1e time for d1rect seedtn >1 may be either 111 tl1e Fall
ml stm I r , 1 1 _ .
· . as soon as tl1e 11uts 0r E1C()1`l]S l1ave lallen, or 111 tl1e S >rin . lf the 1 l
lll _ _ 1 1 1
1m latter ti111e IS decided up011 tl1e 11uts or 21C()1`IlS should be kept oyer Q 1 , ‘
jill winter in a sl1allow pit i11 the ground and covered with leaves and   y · 1 1
earth. The 11uts sl1ould be arran>1ed in tl1e 1it b1 >laein¤1 alternate j ' i
` . h r 1
ayers ol nuts and earth. Layers ol seed a11d sand 111 about ec ual _ l 1 1 1
· t . ’ . .   ’ 1 ¥
parts may be placed 111 boxes and stored 111 a cool cellar or building, 1 1 _
lb . or the boxes may be buried i11 well»drained soil 11ntil planting time   1 i i
im P in tl1e Spring. Protection [rom rodents is necessary. ll a11 outdoor 1 ’ ° 1
¢ 1 . . . . . . . l 1 `
hc 1 storage pit IS 111ade, it should be 111 a sl1ady place 111 well-drained soil. 1   !
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due   A good, strong, stock-proof fence should be 1m1i11tained around the tree plantation. {  
pi 1   1
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[hc   Care And Protection Of Plantations 1 1 1
 e Plantations do 11ot ret uire n1ucl1 attention after ylantin , but   J Y
1,  ])l`0f€Cll()Il agamst hre must 11ot be overlooked. Heavy stands of 1 1 1
 _ dry grass and b1`OO