xt7n5t3g041s https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7n5t3g041s/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1897 journals kaes_bulletins_066 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.66. text Bulletin n.66. 1897 2014 true xt7n5t3g041s section xt7n5t3g041s KENTUCKY L L    
L AGRICULTURAL EXPLRIMLNT SLATIUN   %   R
L L
STATE COLLEGE OF KENTUCKY.
L BULLETIN NO. 66. · L L  
E T0BA000. Wt;
__  

 i l    · — lj `.
  i. i .
  . E ` KENTUCKY
Q  
  . Agricultural Experiment Eétatwn.
` BOARD OF CONTROL.
p   . ° A. P. GOODING, Chairman, Mayslick. Ky.
V, A . J. B. KENNEDY, Paris, Ky.
; A HART BOSWELL, Lexington, Ky.
I ` V ` J. K. PATTERSON, President of the College.
by 'r`.C ' I ‘ M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary.
. A ‘ STATION OFFICERS.
M. A. SCOVELL, Director.
·. ` A. M. PETER,
Chemists.
, ‘ H. E. CURTIS,
l Ql H. GARMAN, Entomologist and]Botanist
I. ' I
Qi" _ Tl C. W. MATHEWS, Horticulturist.
{ ‘ R. J. SPURR, Superintendent of Field Experiments.
J. N. HARPER, Dairyman.
’*· l V. E. MUNCY, Weather Observer.
(gl MISS ALLCE M. SHELBY, Stenographer.
  ln. Address of the Station- LEXINGTON, KY.
NOTICE.
L _ The Bulletins of the Station will be mailed free to any citizen of
Kentucky who sends his name and address to the Station fo1·_,that
L purpose.
. Correspondents will please notify the Director of changes in their
. post-oiiice address, or of any failure to receive the Bulletins.
* A ADDRESS:
KENTUCKY Aomcurxrunxi. Expsnimimrr STATION, Z; rl
' LEXINGTON, KY.
0

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BULLETIN N 0. 66. ` {
? I
TOBACCO. l
Test of Fertillizers.
BY M. A. SCOVELL AND R. J. srUBR. —
_  , II
l `G
The test with fertilizers on tobacco is a continuation of ‘ X
our work of last year, results of which we published 1  
in Bulletin No. 63. _, l
It has been shown from our experiments heretofore i
y that phosphoric acid, or phosphoric acid. and nitrogen, Q
· without the assistance of potash compounds had little if
any effect on increasing the yield of tobacco on our {
land. Therefore in our plan of experiments no plots  
I were reserved for applying phosphoric acid or nitrogen ‘
alone or the combination of the two. T
‘ Plots 1, 2, #1 and 5 contained 1-10 acre each. Plots Sa 5
and 3b, 1-20 acre each.
The plan adopted was as follows:
Plot 1—Received 20 pounds of crude nitrate of potash
from tobacco stems and 21 pounds dissolved bone.
2;
{

 H- ·` i .`
  ’ 2 4 Bu//c/irz N0. 66.
    6 Plot 2-16 pounds of sulphate of potash.
    Plot 3a-No fertilizer.
    _ Plot 3h-No fertilizer until July 24th, when ten pounds
  . of nitrate of potash was sown broadcast.
i . Plot 4-48 pounds double carbonate of potash and
T 3 i magnesia.
é — , Plot 5-20 pounds of crude nitrate of potash.
  The nitrate of potash used in the experiments was
_   Q obtained from Henderson, Ky., and is a by-product,
i A T 1 ` resulting from concentrating the extract of the stems or
V mid-ribs of the leaf of tobacco.
i The analysis showed this by-product to contain 41 per
_ ; cent of potash and 11i; per cent of nitrogen, showing it to
` be nearly pure nitrate of potash. On the plots receiving
i   the nitrate of potash 8.2 pounds of potash was applied and
_}   y 2.3 pounds of nitrogen as nitrate. The dissolved bone con-
?" _   tained 28. per cent. of available phosphoric acid, so that
l plot No. 1 received 6.7 pounds of phosphoric acid. Sul-
phate of potash contained about 50 per cent. of potash, so
¤. ‘ that plot No. 2 received 8 pounds of potash. The double
¤— carbonate of potash and magnesia contained 20. per
éilh cent. of potash, so that plot 4 received 9.6 pounds of
' potash. As plot 5 received the same amount of
nitrate of potash as plot No. 1 it received 8.2 pounds i_
of potash and 2.3 pounds of nitrogen as nitrate. The
ten pounds of nitrate of potash ,were applied to plot 3b
Q. · after it was seen that without the use of some fertilizer
i the crop would be a total failure, in the hope of demon-
E strating the fact that even after the tobacco had made a
— poor start it could be greatly improved by the addition
· of a quick responding commercial fertilizer.
The season was a fair one for tobacco so far as the
0 weather was concerned but the tobacco worms were
' unusually destructive. Our field notes show that from
‘ ` appearance the tobacco on plots 1 and 5 was the best,

 l ’* 5
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{ 1
Tobacco. 5
followed closely by 4 and 2. The tobacco on 3a was    
almost worthless, the plants failing to grow more than Y
i ten inches high. The application of ten pounds of · j 1
nitrate on 3b on July 24th, soon had a marked effect on l 2
l the appearance of the tobacco, but the growth had been   '
too much stunted to produce good tobacco.  
The stand was almost perfect on all of the plots, there- l    
9 fore no correction is made for the few missing hills found y T
P, in the plots. The tobacco was grown in rows three feet  
Y apart and the plants were set two feet apart in the rows.
The following table shows the kind and amount of
T fertilizer used and the yield of tobacco calculated per _
”° acre for each plot: ‘
g Table I. TOBACCO—Test of Fertilizers.
1- _________1___________
it . hkrglizer Used.  f Tobacco in lbs. per acre.
.1- $18;. Nm- ptiZSa.lI€tZTé?'?t`§£? Lugswrash Tm 1 j·
*0 l` @§QY§tI.ZIi Et" 1§>`     E40 me ‘ ·
lg ' Nitrate of Potash .. 200   1 > ·
BI` 2. Sulphate of P0tash.. 160   350 l 205 140 l 203   060    
Of 3b. 1Nitrate of Potash ap—` `     l  
Of p , plied July 2+ .... , 100 100 120 i100 1200 580 V
is V 33. INo Fertilizer ....... 0 l200 l100 l200 500 '
19 4. `Carbonate of Potasb l   `
gb and Magnesia ..... 480 215 I 105 12335 315 1000 E  
GY   . 200 2193 195 lsaoo 310 1200* ` 1
H-
ZL The yield of plots one and five and even four and two ey
>H is satisfactory, indicating as the results of last year did, n
that by applying potash fertilizer, and especially potash
116 with nitrogen, on our land, we can produce a satisfactory
T9 yield of tobacco. The quality of tobacco raised, how-
~II1 ever, for two years in succession is not of thc highest
5% grade. Last year the leaves were not only short but
Q

 t 5   g ` I
  A   6 _ Bu/lciin [V0. 66. 4
    j Y the tobacco was deficient in body and the color was off.
    This year our tobacco was better, the body good, the
    color fair, but the leaves were short, but the proportion
  —t of trash, lugs and inferior grades was so great that the
° crop must be considered of inferior quality.
i ` L
l A Notes On Tobacco VVorms, from Observations
'— l Made In 1896.
r ii i ———
  il
_ `§ V · ny ii. GARMAN, ENTOMOLOGIST Ann Boranrsr.
gl Probably not oftener than once in a half century do
L 4, the tobacco worms become as abundant as they were in
Vi the"summer of 1896. They were present on both tobacco i_
i and tomato in myriads, and proved so destructive that
some fields of tobacco were abandoned, and in the fall
_ presented only a wilderness of` stems and midribs of
i· ` leaves. In such fields as many as five worms, represent-
  ing both species, were frequently observed on a single ~
l plant. Their advent was so sudden that before the seri-
‘ _ ousness of the outbreak was realized, tobacco that had
‘ been the pride of its owner, and showed scarcely a mu-
_ tilated leaf`, was severely injured. It was near cutting
i _ time when they became most abundant, and some grow-
‘ _ ers pref`erred to cut their tobacco as the best means of

 l 1  
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  E t
. · Tobacco Worms. 7     i
saving it. On the "suckers" in fields and on abandoned i  
tobacco the worms remained until frosts killed the plants.   T
Large numbers of both species were collected in October, Y · l
from such tobacco, and they were observed in fields `  
until October 12. , T
The good work done by insect parasites and by skunks  
in destroying the worms leads me to think they will not °    
‘ be as abundant next season. Yet from the numbers i ‘
that pupated in our Station Vivarium, there can be no  
doubt but that some pupse are now in the soil of last
seas0n’s tobacco fields. Fall and winter plowing would
break up the earthen cells in which they lie and expose
them to the weather and their enemies. Of course to-
bacco planted in 1897, on land which was badly infested ~
in 1896, is more likely to suffer than it would be on new
land, but since the moths are strong fliers, they are likely
to find their way in larger or smaller numbers to tobacco
planted anywhere in Blue Grass Kentucky. i '¢
The outbreak, like many other misfortunes, taught its » `,
own lesson, and doubtless many of those who suffered .
will be better prepared for such emergencies in the future. T Q
»
THE EFFECT ON TOBACCO worms OF viuuous QUANTITIES L
’_ OF PARIS GREEN. Y 1
' In an earlier bulletin attention was called to the fact
that young worms a1·e more easily killed than old ones, · V {
and that weaker mixtures than those sometimes used in l
the field could be trusted to destroy worms if applied at ‘
` the proper time. In order to satisfy any doubts on this f
point that might arise in the minds of those who use the l
arsenite on their tobacco, worms were kept in the Viva- T
rium of my Division last summer and fed tobacco treated
with mixtures of Paris Green and water, rangeing in
strength from one pound in forty gallons to one pound
in one hundred and fifty gallons. The l'GSLlll3S of these
[

   sg .   ; ’
  .. -   8 Bz¢ZZcz‘z°1z N0. 66. _
  ‘ .__   tests are"given in the three tables following, the tables
  .s 1 constituting equivalent series, and alternating numbers,
if K beginning with No. 1, denoting treated worms, while
  f even numbers (2, 4, 6, etc.,) denote untreated worms and
  constitute checks on the others.
y { · I For every mixture three small worms were used in one
, A   lot and three large ones in another, so that,including all
t ' three series and both large and small worms, eighteen
` , examples were treated with each mixture and eighteen
‘   · ¥ - others were kept as checks, making a total of 252 WO1'II1S
' ; in all. By small worms is meant those from one-third
V to one-half grown. We found it impossible to make up
_ these lots of worms of exactly the same size. The large
·. ° worms proved in some cases to be ready to go into the
· ground for pupation, and some of those that are noted
V   ‘ as persisting until September 19, and finally pupating,
Q.   i . probably did not eat the poisoned food at all. _
` Q T V The tables speak for themselves, but it may be well to
call attention to some of the general conclusions to be
_ . drawn from them.
ik 1. They confirm the conclusion previously reached
  that young worms are more quickly killed than old ones.
T "* 1 Thus the average duration after treatment of lots of y
. small worms was 4.43 days, while the treated lots of
large worms persisted on an average 12.33 days.
2. The length of time required to kill worms increases
. _ as the strength of the mixture used diminishes. The
V average duration of all the lots of worms, of all sizes,
{ treated with a mixture consisting of one pound of Paris ‘
0 g1·een in 40 gallons of water was four days, while the
L average for the lots which had been treated with the
mixture consisting of one pound in 150 gallons is 14.17
Q days. But it must be added that the increase in the
· averages is not a regular one, and that some of the lots
, — treated with weaker mixtures lasted longer than others,

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. T06tICC0 W0f7}ZS. 9 I I
the worms of which ate more of the poison. In a   i
general way, however, the averages show that worms of y _ ,
all ages fed weak mixtures live longer than those fed r ,
strong ones.   y .
3. \Vhen worms are young, weak mixtures will serve E
as well as stronger ones. The average duration of lots 1  
of young worms treated with mixtures varying from one ’ =
pound of Paris green in forty gallons of water to one i T
pound in 100 gallons was 4.11 days. The average ofthe I
lots of young worms fed mixtures varying in strength
from one pound in 120 gallons to one pound in 150-
gallons was 4.67 days, onlyatrifle greater. The increased
time required to kill the worms does not consequently _
count against the weak mixtures used in these experi-
ments when the young worms are considered alone.
That it is of more importance when dealing with large °
worms, is shown by the fact that the diiierence in average p .!
durations of lots of large worms at the two ends of the W ‘1
series is much greater than in the case of the lots of" X
small worms. Thus large worms fed mixtures varying . V
in strength from one pound in forty gallons to one pound i
in 100 gallons, persisted, on an average, 8.44 days, while il y
. lots fed mixtures varying from one pound in 120 gallons r_
to one pound in 150 gallons averaged 15.25 days.
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  . Q 10 Bulletin ./VJ. 66. _
  ‘ Q_ " TABLE l,—5HOWlN(i EFFECT OF
  ¤ Various Mixtures of Paris Green. Tests Started
r   E,-; 1 e a a a
` $-< _·_—, O
¤ C; ¤¤ ¤c ;= *3 *5 12
` I ~ Z m B ¤»-· ¤ ¤ ¤
1 `F ·¤ ° E'? E? %”
ra ¤ ¤>
Q — A Q-< ¤¤    E   gg IZ I  
¤ ¤· E ·;_ I E. 2 .
·¤ as cg C; I as I I
.............. . ........ . ........ ... ........ I ..... 1 I
.... .. . . ....... . .. ......... . . ...... I . . ~ ....... 2
None alive . .. ........ . . .... .   ........... I ....... 3
2 alive,. ..... .. . ....     .......... . ...... 4
2 alive.. ..... None alive . . .. ..... . .. ........ . ...... 5
3a]ive.. .... 3 alive   .   . ....... , r   6 `
3 alive.. . . . 3 alive  . None alive ...... . .... , ...... 7 `
2 aIive.. ..... 2 alive,. 2 aIive... .......... . ...... 8
2 alive.. .... . None alive .   .. .......... . ...... 9
3alive.. . 2 a1ive.....   .. .... . .... . ...... 10 ·
2 a1ive,1 missfg 1 alive,. . None alive . .......... . ....... 11
3 uIive.. . . . 3 alive,. 3 alive ..... . .......... I ......   I '¢
.... . ......... .. .,.» . .... .. .. . .... . ........ 14 ‘ ‘
........ . ..... 3 alive... 2 alive .... 1alive,a pups. .... . 15 `
.... . ....... 1 alive . . 1 alive .... 1a1ive,a pupa ....... 16 - Q
1 alive.. ..... None alive .... . ..... 4 .......,.. , ..... 17 I
3v.live... .... Balive .... .. .... .   .......... . ..... 18 I
...... . ..... N0nea]ive..I. .... .. .. ......     19 _
, .... . ........ 2211ive ....     ...........   20 ,
...... . ...... . ........      . ......  . 21
........ . ..... . . . .... .  . 6 ..... I ...... 22 ,
........... . . 2 alive .... 2 alive .... None alive . ....... 23 , 1
..._ . ......... 1 alive .... 1 alive   None alive ....... 24 I
...... . ...... None alive     .......... . ...... 25 .
.............. 3 alive .... I ..  .... .. ...., 26 a
.... , .... _ .... 1 alive .... I 1 alive ... 1 alive . .. N’ne ali’e 27  
...... . ..... 2 alive .... I 2 alive . 2 ulive . I1 alive...I28 `

 L E   if 1
  i l 12 Bu!/clivz [V0. 66. -
  t     TABLE lI.—SHOWING EFFECT OF'
  __ Various Mixtures of Paris Green. Tests Started August 26,
ii i _ Used for
. * ¢ ¤~¤   r B s E s
1 Z   .; *5 s ra   .
E · °3 E N 5 A
1 · cs .. EE <¤ **1 <¤
, ‘_.V . A 1 291 1 lb to 40 gals. Small 3 alive.   None alive .. . ......
1 ` . 30  None. .... .. . Small 3 alive,. .. 3 alive., ...........
; 31; 1 lb to 40 gals. Large ·3 alive., .. None alive ...l...· . . ..
~ 321None.     Large 3alive.... 3alive.... ....    
" 331 ‘l lb to 50 gals. Small 2 alive,. .. 1 alive.... None alive. .
1 34 ¤ None. .... .... Small 3 alive., .. 3 alive.. . 3 alive ...... .
‘· A 351 1 lb to 50 gals. Large 2alive.. . . None alive ...........
, 36 1 None .... . .. . Large 3 alive,. .. 3 alive.... ...... .. .
f , e 37 ; 1 lb to 100 gals. Small 3 alive,. .. 2 alive... None alive. .
il 38   None. .... .. .. Small 3 alive... . 3 alive.. . . 3 alive. .....
ix, ·11 ` . 39 1 lb to 100 gals. Large 2 alive.. . . 2 alive... 2 alive. . . . .
· 1 “ 1 40 None. .. .. .. Large 3 alive.. .. 3 alive., 3 alive. . . . .
· 4111 lb to 120 gals. Small 1alive.. .. None alive . . . . .......
42 ~ None, .... .... Small 3 alive., .. 3 alive., . ....
_ . 4311 lb to 120 gals. Large 3 alive,. .. 1 alive... 1 alive .... . .
  44 None. .... Large 3 alive., . . 3 alive.. 3 alive. ..... .
*· 4511 lb to 130 gals. Small 3 alive.. .. 2 alive,. 2 alive .. ...
  46 1 None. ....... Small 3 alive,. .. 3 alive., 3 alive .. ... _
'Q "' 47 ` 1 lb to 130 gals. Large 3 alive... . None alivel ...........
481 None. ....... Large 3 alive ,.. 3 alive... ... ....... ’
4911 lb to 140 gals. Small 3 alive., .. 2 alive., .. 2 alive .. .. .
50j None. .. ... Small 3 alive., .. 3 alive.... 3 alive . .....
5111 lb to 140 gals. Large 3 alive,. .. 3 alive., 2 alive .. ...
_ 52 0 None. ....... Large 3 alive... 3 alive., . 3 alive .. .. .
Q. · 531 1 lb to 150 gals. Small .... . ....... 1 3 alive.... 1 alive .. . ..
_ 54`None. .... ....1Small ........ 1 3 alive... 3alive ..  
2 551 1 lb to 150 gals. Large .... . ....... 1 3 alive.. . 3_alive .. . . .
- 561None. ... .. 1 Large .. ......... 1 3 alive., 3 alive .. ...
\ `

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Tobacco H iarzzzs. _ 13 i ` i
FEEDING TOBACCO WORMS i 1
Except Nos. 53-56, which were started August 27. 3 \Vorms i Y
Each Test.
A ` —» $2 1 is -
O s-· :-· :. s. °
EE .3 .3 Q3 .3 » ‘
g gg E E E 6 %
no ..¤ 3 B B · Z
” 5* Er Sr I1`? ‘ l
**1 an ` an m \ an 7 g
........... i ........ 1 .,...... . ......... . ........ .. 29 1
............ .. ...... . ....... . ......... . ........ . . 30
............ . ....... . ....... . .. ............ . ........ .. 131
............ . ....... . ....... . ................. i ......... .,  
.... ...... . .... .... ··...... .... .. .... . ....... . ........ ..100
............ . ....... . ....... . ................. i ......... . . .134
............ . ....... . ....... . ................. 1 ......... .. 125 -
............ . ....... . ....... . ................. r ......... . . . . B6
............ . ....... . ....... . ................. ¥ ......... . .. 37
............ . ....... ... ... .................. [ ......... .. Iss V
1 alive. ..... 1 alive., . . 1 alive . .. 1 alive ........ I None alive;39
3 alive.. . .. 3 alive. . . 1 alive . .. 1 alive ........   None z1live§4O .‘
............ . ....... . ....... . ................. y ............... 141 “ .
.... n ....... . ....... . ....... . ................. w ............ .142 ~ »
1 alive. ..... 1 a}ive.. .. 1 alive ... 1 alive. ....... None alive 43 ,
3 alive. ..... 3 alive,. . . 3 alive. . .. 1 alive ........ None alive 44   .
2 alive., . .. 1 u1ive.... 1 alive . .. None alive Z ............. . 45 i
_ 3 alive ..... 3 z1live.... 3 alive . .. 3 alive ........   ......... .. 46 1
............ . ....... . ....... . ................. 1 ......... . . .. 47
· .... . ...... . ...... . ....... . ................. ¤ ......... . . .. 48 -
2 alive. ..... None alive· ........ . ................. 1 ......... . . . . 49 ’
2 alive. . . ., None alive ........ . ................. . ........ .. .. 50
2 alive. ..... 2a1ive. . .. 2 alive .... 2 living pupze ......... . . ., 51 {
3 alive,. . .. 3alive . .. 3 alive . . . 3 alive. ....... . .............. I52 E ‘
None alive. . ........ . ....... . ................. . ............ . 53 1 V
3 e1ive..,... ........ . ....... . ................. . ........... V.;54 '
3 alive., .. .. 3 alive .... 3 alive . .. 3 alive. ....... 4 2 Iv’g pupze 55 »
3 alive., . . — 3alive . 2`alive . .   2 alive ........ I None alive 56 >\

  =i‘ `   g ‘ if 2,
  7} V {
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li , .; » 4 14 Bu!/etizz N0. 66.
    ‘ _ TABLE lll.—SHOW|NG EFFECT OF
    ° Various Mixtures of Paris Green. Test Started
355 "  
  = . E
Q ~ E Z3 S 6 ..2
Q ~ · sv *5 5¢ G0 M
` :2 SD? =;, rz e
* .2·¤ = ¤
2 ‘ J pg 5-if E §’ * E
. <¤ I =
1 57 1 lb to 40 gals. Small.   1 alive ...... il alive .......,
. · 2 g 58 None, i....i Small.   3 alive ..... 3 alive ....... .
°   2 · · 59 1 lb to 40 ga1s.L21rge...... None alive ....   ....  
‘ 60 None, ,,,.. Large. ... 3 alive ...., , , .. ..,. _ _ _ _
1 61 ,1 lb to 50 gals.|Small.   1 alive ...... 1 alive. .......
- 62 {None. ..   Small.   3 alive ......, 3 alive .......
_ 68 gl lb to 50 gals, Large..... 1 alive. ....... None alive ,,,,
._ ‘ _ 64 }None. ....... Large.   3 alive ...... . 3 alive .....  
65 41 lb to 100 gals. Small .... . 1 alive ........ 1 alive ........
, ` 66 §None. ......, Small .... .. 2 alive ....... 2 alive ..... _. ..
1   ` 67 il lb to 100 gale Large .. .. 3 alive .... .. . 3 alive. ....,..
T,)   E 68 ,None, .... . Large .. .. 3 alive ...... :3 alive .....,,,
.` " . ·. 69 `1 lb to 120 gals. Small .,.. .. None alive ... . . .... . . . .
1 ' 70 None. .... . Small .... . 2 alive ......,, . ......... _ . ..
71 i1 lb to 120 gals. Large .. . None alive ..,. . .,...........
4 72 lNone. ...... Large ., ..3 alive .....   ....   ....
=» 73 ,1 lb to 130 gals. {Small .... . None alive .,., . ..,..........
, 74 lNone. .... `Small .... . 3 alive ......., .,_ .... .. ..
gk 75 I1 lb to 130 gals.,Large .. . 3 alive ..... .. 3 alive ........
L V., 76 [None.     lLz1rge .. .. 3 alive ....... 3 alive ...,,,_ .
` 77 ll lb to 140 gals,fSmall .... .. 2 alive ....... None alive .,,,
1 78 None. ....... Small .... . 3 alive ........ 2 alive ........
79 l1 lb to 1-10 g2llS.lL2LTg€ .. .. 2 alive ........ 2 alive .,......
80 fNone. . ..... |Large .. . 3 alive ......,. i3 alive ...... ..
81 a1 lb to 150 gals.:Small .... . . 2 alive ....... *1 alive ........
L . 82 lN<>ue. ....... {Small ..., . 3 alive ....... l3 alive .....  
` 83 *1 lb to 150 gals. Large .. . 3 alive ...... [3 alive ........
  84 None. ....... lLarge .. .. 3 alive ..   I3 alive ....
\ `

 if i
Tobacco Worms. 15 i 1 1
l FEEDING TOBACCO WORMS 1 Q
August 29. 3 Worms Used for each Test.   1
..: vi 2 SPX in .
S E as iv I /
..¤ J2 .¤ .¤ 7
E E E E ,5 1 {
$3 B 53 3 z
Q4 Q-¤ ¤4 Q4 { ·
<¤ ¤.> l ycu nu [
CD U2 J2 CD . 7
1 alive. ...... . 1 a1iQ ...iTNOn¢;1£re ..   ....   5  
2 alive .. . .. 2 alive ....... 2 alive ..... ... .... .. . 58
......,..... . ............ . ......... . .. .... . . .. 59
.............. . ........... . ......... . .. .... .. . 60
Nonealive ....   ....   .......... .   .... ....61
3a1ive .......   ....   .. .......   ....   62
.............. . . . .... .. . .......... . . . . . . 63
    ......   ....   ..........   ....   64 "
None alive ....   ....   .......     ....   65
2alive .......   ....     . ....   ...... 66
3 alive ...... 3 alive ........ 1 alive .... 1 living pupa . 67 ·
3 alive ........ 3 alive ........   alive ..,.. 3 alive .... . ..... 68
.............. I. . .... . . . ....... . . .   ............   , 'g
...... . . . .... . . . .... . . . ........... . .................... 70 R ‘
.......... . .. ... .... . . . , .......... . ............ 71 ’
.............. . .. .... _ . . .......... . ............. . ...... 72 ·
.............. . . . .... . . . . ...... . . . ..............,...,.. 73 i  
.............. . . . .... . . .. .... . . .... . .................... 74 1
2 alive ....... 2 alive ....... None alive .. ..................... 75 y
1 alive ...... 1 alive ....... 1 alive ..... . ......... . .. ...... 76
· . ............. y . . . .... . . . ........... I ..................... 77 *_
. ............ .         ..................... 78
2 alive ....... 2 alive ...... None alive .. ................ . .. 79
3 alive ..... . .. 3 alive ....... 3 alive ...... . .................... 80 `  
1 alive ....... None alive ... ....... ... ............... . . . . `81 1
3 alive ....... 3 alive ..,.... . ....   ..................... 82 ,
3 alive. .... . .. 3 alive ...... 3 alive ...... None alive .... 183
  ..... 3 alive . .... 3 alive ..... 2 lignglnipce.    

   l   16 Bulleiin N0. 66.
  l-- p _ TOBACCO worms ON DRYING TOBACCO.
  A   T In the hurry to get tobacco under cover a good many
  f worms are sometimes carried into the barn on the freshly
  " cut plants. Contrary to what would be expected they
  V continue to feed on the leaves for several days afterward
X . and may in this time devour the better part of whole
& V plants. The tobacco dries very slowly and the worms
; - , thrive on it, seemingly, for some time, about as well as
; on the growing plants. Growers familiar with this
_ . Q characteristic of the pest take care ordinarily to have
1   pl A ` every worm removed before the tobacco is housed. With -
- r the tobacco crowded in the barn it would be a very
1 troublesome task to remove worms which had been thus
; carried in doors, and tobacco smoke has been suggested
l f as a means of compelling them to let go their hold.
. I p Burning sulphur has also been suggested. Probably the
`_   _ most effective method would be fumigation with bisulph-
  _   ide of carbon, after shutting closely the barn containing
li ‘ the tobacco. Whether these materials would affect the
· flavor of the tobacco or not is a question to be settled by
». ‘ experiment. Our first complaint of trouble of this
» nature was received last summer, though the injury has
  been known to us for some time. I am informed that
‘ I smoke made from smouldering wood is sometimes used , -
but that it is not very effective, and leaves a peculiar
flavo1· with the tobacco that is likely to affect its sale.
_ T\VO Kmns or TOBACCO worms : THEIR DISTRIBUTION.
  l Throughout the southern States a single species of
  tobacco worm or horn worm is known to growers of the
` crop. But a second species very closely related, and in
h I habit, structure and appearance, much like the southern
l tobacco worm, occurs at the north and in some of
e the tobacco growing sections displaces the southern
. species. Ordinarily here in Kentucky fthe southern
` ~

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Tobacco Worms, 17   i
worm only is seen in tobacco fields. But the moth or · ,  
fly of the northern worm is occasionally observed about l I
flowers, of evenings, and during last sum1ner’s outbreak ` . l
the northern worms became not uncommon in some ` ;
fields. This is intermediate ground for the two worms   I
and very probably the northern worm is at all times rare l
in tobacco fields of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. 1  
Its moth seems to occur there constantly, however, in I
small numbers. Prof. H. A. Morgan, of Baton Rouge,  
Lousiana, informs me that he has observed some every
season for the past eight years.
Prof. Fernald, of the Massachusetts Experiment
Station, says that the northern worm (P. celcus) is the
tobacco worm of the Connecticut Valley, and that he I.
has never obtained the southern worm from tobacco at
Amherst. The southern worm does occur, however, with
the northern species at New Haven, Connecticut, accord- . A
ing to observations made by Prof. Thaxter when con- . 2
nected with the Connecticut Station. Dr. Fitch, when i `,
State Entomologist of New York, a good many years ago, t
stated that it occurred in the southern part of his State, Q
whereas the northern worm prevailed elsewhere. Prof. , l
Kellicott, of Columbus, Ohio, finds both species common I
· on tomato, but P. cczralivza in greatest abundance. At L
Buffalo, New York, he found P. carolina rare, and P.
eclcus abundant. From my own experience I can say ` {
that the southern worm is common on tomatoes as high l
up as Central Illinois. · But at Lansing, Michigan, ‘
Professor G. C. Davis finds the northern worm Very T
common, and has never collected the southern species l
there. State Entomologist Lugger,of Minnesota, writes
from St. Anthony’s Park that he has never seen P. cam-
Zimz in that State, and even P. ce/ms is not common. In
Canada, too, the southern species is very rare, while the
P. celcus is sometimes exceedingly common and destruc-
I

  .¢ 4 \; .
-V l   18 Bullclin N0. 66. `
  M . . tive. The following with reference to its occurrence
  l   S there is from a letter recently received from Dr. James
  f Fletcher, Government Entomologist of Canada: "The
  i only locality in Canada where these have been complained
° of as a serious pest is the extreme southwest part of On-
, tario Province in the counties north of Lake Erie. About
A · i 1887 the caterpillars of P. calms did agreat deal of harm
; · r in the leaf tobacco plantations of Messrs. Hiram Walker
  _ & Co., at Walkerville in Essex county, and the pupee
I. Q were collected by the bushel." A few examples of the
    A A ` southern moth have recently been collected at electric
light in London, Ontario, Canada, and are now in the
if collection of the Entomological Society of Ontario. In
_ a letter, which I have been permitted to see, f1·om Mr. J.
" Allston Moffat, Curator of the Society, to Dr. Fletcher,
.   the former gentleman writes : "I have the pleasure of
A   ' stating that I have a pair of Canadian P. carolina in the
ile _   collection, taken at electric light in London last summer.
l. I I had one of them on exhibition at the last annual meet- ·
ing, and none of the visitors had ever seen a Canadian
i, specimen before." So that, putting all the observations
» together, it may be said that the northern limit of the
  southern worm, so far as its breeding ground is concerned,
J. P falls somewhere near the south border of Massachusetts _
* and New York and along the north border of Ohio,
Indiana and Illinois. Probably along the Mississippi
River and in the immediate vicinity of the Atlantic coast
QL · the southern worm extends farther north than at inter-
, mediate points, since this is true in general of southern
i insects and to some extent also of birds and fishes.
. Similarly the breeding ground of the no1·thern worm
. may be said to extend southward to the south border of
Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri, but in the mountains
of both eastern and western North America probably
' extends farther south. West of the_Mississippi River
` `

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Taécrcca Worms. 19 1 l
; the two insects are distributed much as they are in 3
5 the East, as far as I have information on the subject. Y j
1 In Nebraska, Prof. Lawrence Bruner finds the northern A p
species much the more abundant, the southern moth and I ,
A worm being rarely seen there. Prof. F. H. Hillman, of I y ,
1 Reno, Nevada, says that P. coleus is by far the commoner  
[_ in that State, and that he has not taken P m_»·aZ/im. ,  
D In the lists published by systematic entomologists ¥
Q both species are said to occur throughout the United ,
C States, but the statements are based upon observations l
B of collectors of moths, and as the winged insects are
1 strong flyers they are likely to be encountered long dis-
. tances from their normal breeding grounds. The species
_` to which the technical name Pb/o_gatbmz!z'a.< mm!/im is p
ti, applied is unquestionably in the main southern in dis- C
8 tribution, and outside our limits occurs in Mexico, South
_ America and in the West Indies. In his notes on Cuban ·
  A hawk moths (Proceedings of the Entomological Society, p _‘
L1 of Philadelphia, 5, p. 69), Mr. Grote does not i