xt7ns17spg0h https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7ns17spg0h/data/mets.xml Kentucky Kentucky Coal Association Governor's Office For Coal and Energy Policy 1991 journals  English  Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Coal Facts Kentucky Coal Facts: 1991-1992 Pocket Guide text Kentucky Coal Facts: 1991-1992 Pocket Guide 1991 2014 true xt7ns17spg0h section xt7ns17spg0h 1991 — 92 POCKET GUIDE I
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Q'},. 'Q Jobs, Energy, fox Revenue, and Economic Growrn
Prepared by the  
Govemufs Office For Coal I
and Energy Policy
and the
Kentucky Coal Association _

 H igh I ig hts
Production
Kentucky produced a record 179.4 million tons of coal in 1990, compared
to the old record of 177.3 million tons set in 1987.
Kentucky was the nation’s number one coal producer from 1973 to 1987,
was number two in 1990, behind Wyoming, and has been one of the top
3 producers in the United States for the last 45 years.
Employment
The Kentucky coal industry directly employed 30,498 persons and indirect-
ly provided an additional 85,000 jobs in 1990.
The Kentucky coal industry paid over $1.1 billion in direct wages in 1990.
Economy I
The Kentucky coal industry brought $3.7 billion into Kentucky from out—of—
state during fiscal year 1990-1991 through coal sales to customers in 25
other states and foreign countries. __
Kentucky coal companies paid over $190 million in coal severance taxes
in Fiscal Year 1990—1991 and induced economic activity leading to $570
million in General Fund revenues.
Many Kentucky communities are dependent on the coal industry.
Coal Markets
Electric utilities are the major market for Kentucky coal, accounting for 77%
of the Kentucky coal sold.
Over 80% of Kentucky’s coal is sold in other states or exported.
Almost all (94%) of Kentucky’s electricity is generated from coal.
There are 20 major coal—burning electric utility plants in Kentucky.
All surface—mined land today is reclaimed equal to or better than it was.
prior to mining. Kentucky received two often national reclamation awards
in 1991 for surface mining.
Coal mining creates valuable lands, such as wetlands, wildlife habitats., flat
mountaintops and industrial sites where only steep unproductive hillsides
had once existed. f
Kentucky operators have paid over $440 million into a federal fund since
1977 to reclaim abandoned unreclaimed coal mines.
From the mining to the burning of coal, our environment is protected by ·‘
stringent environmental performance standards.
Coal Resources
Kentucky has two distinct coal fields, one in Western Kentucky and one in
Eastern Kentucky.
Kentucky’s 91.7 billion tons of coal resources remaining represent 87% of
the original resource.
 
December 1991
This publication ls for informational use only. lt includes some extrapolatlve second and third pany
data as well as some broad estimates. and should not necessarily be construed as offlclal source
data or be construed as advocating or necessarily reflecting any policy posltlon of the Governor s
Office for Coal and Energy Policy or the Kentucky Coal Association.

   Foreword
The Kentucky coal industry is vital to the economy of the Commonwealth.
Kentucky coal means thousands of jobs and millions of dollars in tax reve—
nues. lt generates billions of dollars for Kentucky’s economy.
ln addition, Kentucky coal is an important energy source. lt fuels the genera—
tion of almost all of Kentucky’s electricity and is shipped to electric utilities and
industries in many other states.
Coal has played an important role in the history of Kentucky and the United
States and will play an important role in the future. As a reasonably—priced,
reliable source of electricity, coal should become a key player in a national
energy policy that would reduce dependence on foreign energy.
( The industry has high standards for reclaiming mined land and for workers'
safety. It has greatly reduced its impact upon the environment.
New challenges face the Kentucky coal industry today — fewer mining jobs,
~ higher costs and lower prices, increased competition from other states and
I countries. In addition, unbalanced national and international policies con-
  cerning energy and environment continue to hamper the quest for energy
l independence for our country.
Kentucky Coal Facts was prepared to provide ready reference information
about coal to government officials, legislators, regulatory personnel, media
representatives, community leaders, educators, students, and other citizens.
Each major section of information provides references for those requiring
more detailed information.
This booklet was a joint project between the Governor’s Office for Coal and
Energy Policy and the Kentucky Coal Association, a non—profit organization
of coal producers. Initial copies are available free from either of the offices or
from members of the Kentucky Coal Association. Additional multiple copies
may be purchased from the Kentucky Coal Association.
We welcome your feedback, comments, and suggestions concerning Ken-
tucky Coal Facts.
r
Mike Musulin, Il .rge E. Evans, Jr.
President ¤  cial Assistant to the Governor
Kentucky Coal  overnor’s Office for Coal
Association and Energy Po/icy
A A   Commonwealth ot Kentucky
  ern0r’s Office for Coal
I   and Energy Policy
A KF*llL§l$l£9tit ®

  
Acknowledgements  
 
Kentucky Government Agencies
Governor’s Office
Department of Local Government
Cabinet for Human Resources _
Department for Employment Services
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet
Department for Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
Public Protection and Regulation Cabinet
Department of Mines and Minerals
Revenue Cabinet {
Transportation Cabinet
Coal Haul Highway Section ·
U.S. Government Agencies
U.S. Department of Energy
Energy information Administration
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Railroad Companies
CSX Transportation, Inc.
Norfolk Southern Corporation
Paducah and Louisville Railway
TransKentucky Transportation Railroad, Inc.
Tradewater Railway Company
Kentucky C0al Association Officers
1991 1992
Donald P Brown Chairman Robert Anderson, Jr. ·
Robert Anderson, Jr. Vice Chairman Raymond A. Bradbury
Raymond A. Bradbury Secretary John W. Hughes
Mike Musulin, ll President Mike Musulin, ll ,
Bill K. Caylor Vice President Bill K. Caylor
Other Contributors
Members of the Kentucky Coal Association
Special Acknowledgements
Special thanks to those who daily did the typing, composition, artwork,
typesetting, etc:
Krina Fry Graphic Designer
Tears Molohon Typing
Joan Richardson Computer Compositions

   Co ntents
Highlights ..................................... front cover
Foreword ............................................. 1
Acknowledgements ..................................... 2
Contents .............................................. 3
History ............................................... 4
Types of Mining ........................................ 6
U.S. Production ........................................ 7
Kentucky Production .................................... 8
County Production ...................................... 9
i  
Employment .......................................... 10
Empioyment/ Productivity ............................... 1 1
, Safety! Training ....................................... 12
Employment/ Wages by County .......................... 14
Severance Tax by County ............................... 15
Tax Revenue ......................................... 16
Economic Impact ..................................... 17
Coal Prices ........................................... 18
Coal- Low Cost Energy ................................. 19
Uses of Coal ......................................... 20
Kentucky's Four Market Sheds ........................... 21
Kentucky Coal Shipments to Electric Utility Plants ........... 22
Distribution — Utility Coal ............................... 24
Exports .............................................. 26
Transportation ........................................ 28
 
Reclamation .......................................... 30
Post Mining Land Uses ................................. 31
( Air Quality ........................................... 32
Acid Rain Legislation ................................... 33
Clean Coal Technology ................................. 34
By—product Development ............................... 34
Water Ouality/ AML Reclamation ......................... 35
Coal Origin and Properties .............................. 36
Coal Properties — Improve ments .......................... 37
U.S. Comparisons ..................................... 38
Resources ........................................... 40
Energy Equivalents and Conversions ...................... 43
Frequent References ................................... 44
information Assistance .......................... rear cover

 History  
I
1 701 _ Coal was discovered in Virginia.
_ First recorded U.S. coal production (1748).
_ April 13, 1750 Dr. Thomas Walker first recorded
1 750 Q person to discover and use coal in Kentucky.
Q Lewis Evan's map showing coal in what is now the
1 755 - Greenup County and Boyd County area of Kentucky.
First commercial U.S. coal shipment (1 758).
1 760 I .
_ First commercial mine opened in Ky.—near
1 82Q the Green River and known as the "McLean drift
- bank" near Paradise in Muhlenberg County.
- 328 short tons mined and sold in Kentucky.
1 830 _ 2,000 tons of Kentucky production.
= 10,000 tons of Kentucky production (1837).
""‘° -
- 100.000 tons of Kentucky production.
1 850 - 150,000 tons of Kentucky production.
- Lexington and Big Sandy railroad proposed.
I Kentucky Geological Survey established.
I Pre—CiviI War Kentucky production record of
1860 - 285,760 tons.
- Surface mining begins near Danville, lll. (1866).
- Post—CiviI War Kentucky production decline to
1870 1 50.sez ms.
= First train off the Big Sandy Railroad (1872).
- Coal mined with steam—powered shovel (1877).
- One million tons of Kentucky production (1879).
1 880 Mechanical stokers introduced.
I Mine Ventilation Law. —
- First train from Williamson, W.Va. to Pike County, Ky.
Coal mining machines come into general use.
- N&W Railroad's first mine at Goody in Pike County.
1 890 .
I Miner Pay Law.
United Mine Workers of America formed.
- Machines developed to undercut coalbeds.
- 5,000 kilowatt steam turbine generates electricity.
1 900 china Lanai Law.
- Edgewater Coal Co.'s first production in Pike County.
! First train off the Lexington and Eastern Railroad.
- Independent Geological Survey established.
1 910 First train from the Cumberland Valley Railroad
- Fordson Coal Co.'s first production at Pond Creek.
- Pike-Floyd Coal Co.'s first production at Betsy Layne.
Sources: Energy information Administration, Coal Data: A Reference, 1989.
Ky. Dept. of Mines and Minerals, Annual Report.
Willard Rouse Jillson, Coal lndustry in Ky., 1922.

   History
— World War l increases demand for coal; Kentucky
- production 20.3 nrmann tons (1914).
_ Short·flame or "permissible" explosives developed.
Mine Safety Law (1914).
1 920 - First pulverized coal firing in electric power plants.
_ Federal Mineral Leasing Act (1920).
42.1 million tons of Kentucky production.
- All—tlme high U.S. employment of 704,793
- bituminous coal and lignite miners (1923).
First dragline excavators built especially for surface mining.
- Stock market crash (1929).
1 930
= Walking dragline excavators developed.
_ - 47.7 million tons of Kentucky production (1936).
1 940   _ World War ll—coal production in Kentucky rises
  `“`’°`   to 72.4 million tons for the war effort.
.     Auger surface mining introduced.
    Kentucky Coal Association founded 1942
  Republic Steel Co. first production——Road Creek, Ky.
  Post—war Marshall Plan—pr0duction rises to 88.7
  million tons in Kentucky.
  Continuous underground mining systems developed.
1950   ` .  nn Kentucky Water Contamination Legislation.
  , A pl   82.2 million tons of Kentucky production (1950).
  *_· · Vi   Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1956).
  ` . · .   Railroads converting from coal to diesel fuel.
  "   Roof bolting introduced in underground mines.
1 960  "" Railroads began using unit coal trains.
  First longwall mining with powered roof supports.
  · 4.     Kentucky Surface Mining Legislation.
  ',’—`_° C   Kentucky coal production exceeded 1 00 million tons.
  ' g ·   National Historic Preservation Act (1966).
  —" ·'   C&O Railroad to John's Creek constructed ·— Pike County.
  " .' `   Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act (1969).
1g7()   ;· '  - Federal Clean Air Act (1970).
    Kentucky Coal Severance Tax established (1972).
  Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1 972).
  Kentucky becomes the leading coal producing state.
  . ,   Endangered Species Act (1973).
  • »}» I   OPEC oil embargo; coal production and prices rise.
  4 (   Federal Coal Leasing Amendments Act (1976).
1 980   `· ·V _·  _ Federal-Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act (1977).
  ' r   Congress enacted the National Acid Precipitation Assess·
  V, L r   ment Program (NAPAP) Study, a 10 year research program,
,   · `· ,   which invested $550 million for the study of "acid rain".
  ‘ ° ..   Industries spent over $1 billion on Air Pollution Control
  Equipment during 1980.
  OPEC cuts oil prices for first time (1983).
  _ {   U.S. Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program estab-
  · . I   lished. $2.5 billion in Federal matching funds committed to
1 985   1 ` ' ‘  - assist the private sector to develop and demonstrate improv-
  T _ _   ed clean coal technologies.
    ;   Ky. Supreme Court ruled the unmined minerals tax on coal
  `. . ·_   is subject to the same state and local property tax rates as
  . ‘_ ‘   other real estate. (1988)
  ‘ ]· ·   TVA 160—MW Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion
  Unit comes on une (teas).
1 990   Wyo. displaces Ky. as the leading coal producing state.
  . »   Federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. -
  I Y .   Kentucky record production —— 1 79.4 million tons (1990).
  . ‘   U.S. coal production exceeded 1 billion tons for a first time
  ~ . .‘,   record of 1.029 billion tons. (1990)

 Types of Mining  
Kentucky has two distinct coal fields, each containing numerous deposits
of bituminous coal of various characteristics and mines of every type and size.
By the use of large draglines and shovels, the excavation of two or more coal
seam deposits (multi—seam mining) is possible in the large area surface
mines ofthe gently rolling Western Kentucky coal field and in the large moun-
tain fop removal mines in the steeper terrain of the Eastern Kentucky coal
field. Both the Eastern and Western Kentucky coal fields have large, modern,
and efficient underground mines (of various entry types) utilizing improved
mining methods with increased mechanization — continuous miners, longwall
mining panels, or both.
  Of Kentucky’s 179.4 million surface
tons of 1990 coal production,   ;_i__
109 million tons were pro-   .__V;_ _
duced by underground min-  
ing methods and 70.4 million  
tons were produced by sur-  
fece nfinin9 nnetncde-   ,.,, .. c. . ,. .   . .....   .
A breekdcwn cf the different    
3:.-1.-2-·i;i .—‘_-     ·.   ·
types of surface and under-   ·i·ri»i¤·fi··=·ii····· e ·e···n·e· j   ···r·_ jg _  
· ·  :.:;1·?;a-ii .-.-‘. i   `.-‘;   -·.-*  
Qmund mmmg nfetneee Used  
in Kentucky ie ee fclicwei  
 
‘°°° "’""'"9 TVi°°S eurece , ,    
cmd.  
Type Mines Tons IF  
eeeeee     svc adtrtrt    
eeeeee Mnne eie eee  
Augei ""'"'“9 83 -9   .,.,__...,._....___ . ............_._....._,...,....__....,..,._._...     ,.._. .
Underground .  
Ueeersreene -     ‘·ii‘    
eeen eee niet * eee ieee B25 .  ..at   
Longwall  
     _. ¤·‘      
State Tcteie * 1.769 179-4   ·‘-·‘  
* Underground Room and Pillar Underground  
Vames Include the Longwall ..·‘     E
mining estimates-   '‘``i j 'L';   .er- z  
** Leeeweii efiniee ticeree ere eef   ‘fi}'   ...,... ‘
reponed Separately and Values are   ’·‘’  
eeiiefetee fren enene eeneve ev   lefe    
fee Gevefeete etfiee fer eeei eee  
production (6.6 mllllon) and
employee estimates (600) usually _
Include 2 conventional mlnlng Underground   .;;
sections used to support the =.     _ _A_:  
development of the longwall § QE      EI   ;:V___:_V;_    
.. .. ._.. . . . . .   . . . .. ._.. .  . .       _...,.._ . _....  . ........._,._ . .__,.._,.....__ . ...  
eeerceer kv, cept. cr Mines and  
Minerals, Annual Report  
1990. ` ""—"‘
Govemor`s Office for Coal Sourcet Energy information Admlnlstratlon, Coal
and Energy Pollcy. Datat A Reference. 1989.

 Kentucky and U.S. Coal Production,* 1970 -1990 (millions of tons)
  Unlted Kentucky as
Year Eastern Western Total States % of U.S.
1970 72.5 52.8 125.3 602.9 20.8
1971 71.6 47.8 119.4 552.2 21.6
1972 68.9 52.3 121.2 595.4 20.4
1973 74.0 53.7 127.6 591.7 21.6
1974 65.4 51.8 137.2 603.4 22.7
1975 87.3 56.4 143.6 648.4 22.1
1976 91,1 52.8 144.0 678.7 21.2
1977 94.0 52.3 146.6 691.3 21.2
1978 96.2 39.5 135.7 665.1 20.4
1979 104.1 42.5 146.5 777.9 18.8
1980 109.2 41.0 150.1 829.7 18.1
1981 117.9 39.7 157.6 823.8 19.1
1962 111.2 39.0 150.2 838.1 17.9
· 1966 95.6 65.6 131.2 782.1 16.8
1984 117.3 42.3 159.5 895.9 17.8
1985 113.3 39.0 152.3 883.6 17.2
1986 112.7 41.2 153.9 890.3 17.3
1987 119.9 45.3 165.2 918.8 18.0
· 1988 117.5 40.3 157.9 950.3 16.6
1989 125.7 41.6 167.4 980.7 17.1
1990 126.4 44.9 173.3 1,029.1 16.8
* This ls the offlclal U.S. DOE number for Kentucky. State and federal numbers wllll dlfter.
please see page 8 for details.
United States Leading Coal Producers**
1990 Mllilons
Rank State or Tons
  ..__......._   1 Wv¤¤1¤¤9 1842   ..... . ............. . ........... . ...... .. ........._..........._..... , ....... . ....._............. . ......   ....._. . ...... . ..._.... .. ...........................
976   3 W°$* V"9’“'6 *667  
  4 Pennsvlvanla 69-6  
  5 illinois 60.4  
m   ..-.     -·_.      
`6 675   illinois
2 600   Pennsyl-
=   vania
g   West
3   i¥‘   
9 375  
‘ °-   1
  -‘i=  
0  
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
** Wyoming was not one of the top flve coal producers untll 1978, when lt surpassed Vlrglnla and
Ohlo, but ls Included before 1978 to show Its rlse to the leading coal—productlon state.
Sources; U.S. DOE — Energy information Administration, Coal Production, 1977- 1990.
U.S. Bureau of Mines. Minerals Yearbook, 1970 ~ 1976.

 Ky. Production  
Kentucky produced a record 179.4* million tons of bituminous coal in 1990,
breaking the old record of 177.3 million tons set in 1987.
Kentucky Production
zoo
too   Surface A  
too   »1»·   r».» .  
V? l.» =·‘ .   U"d€'9'°U"'d .    
M0   i i  K    
E 100 T°t°’  
.5    rsi     0 0
E 00   llll     *r·  0     ~ 0 . ‘
E     :l.e.l     lo’.·   ‘—»`»»`‘`   »`»~ * Y .»».‘»   “
00   `” `  F;    _»e-» 5   .·‘» »  JY »»“'ir 0 i_°'· · i..`     l*;` TI A “_.—,·`‘ 3 *1.,»»'¤— A  
  0·»»_ :   a‘_*l   ·1». `’»¤,i» ¢ ·“`i   i`*Y:.·.Y;  ‘ .»’»e H ..»l—  Q. »»»· A »l·tL     »‘,‘», I   V Q  »>    ’
20    s`1 s e ` 1   1 tt    t~0 0j L  s0 s 5 0 00l     si_ is e i s 0ssr
0   »»i`—‘»»y     -’»_».    l»-‘   .°»:   .·``   ’`,»_·   —`»_   0
toso toss tooo toos to70 tors tooo toos tooo
Kentucky’s most noticeable production trend is its increase in Eastern Ken-
tucky underground production — from a low of 28.1 % of total Kentucky pro-
duction in 1977 to the 1990 level of 45.5% of total Kentucky production. The
Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement Act, enacted in 1977, was the
major factor in this change.
Number of Licensed Mines in Kentucky
sooo
4soo .
4000 %
if   `’`°. 0        
E   ».....     ‘
3 2000     i`rE   ’`l_—   :°i;    
§z¤¤¤    Q   l    .. ..    
.2   ·0·’j   ;¤r— ·.».     ~»=‘’-          
·' *500   osla   `.. t   i-t.   t-ftt.     ,0‘»   ..:t1 g;   `
*000   tteiti    , tY E 0_,,—   0 t fg. _.00.o   0;  tt0 tj ` t      .~0t .,    or .t—r    . r   
500  .}..2 »_:`    
tooo toss tooo toos tom to7s tooo toos tooo
* Source: Ky. Dept. of Mines and Minerals, Annual Reports, 1950- 1990.
Note; State production numbers differ slightly each year from Federal U.S.
DOE—Energy information Administration (EIA) production numbers.
due to minor differences in their methodology (i.e., clean coal versus
raw coal). Please note whether Federal or State numbers are
referenced when using a value in this publication.

   ounty ro uctron
1990 Tons Produced and Number of Mines
Productlon ln Tons Number of Licensed Mlnes
Coal Fleld Surface Underground Total Surface Underground Total
Eastern Ky. 49,393.390 81.577,417 130,970,807 860 799 1.659
Western Ky. 21,026.997 27.375,465 48,402.462 83 27 110
Ky. Total 70,420,387 108,952,882 179,373,269 943 826 1,769
1990 Productlon By County and Type of Mlne
Underground Surface Total
County Mlnes Tonnage Mlnes Tonnage Mlnes Tonnage
Eastem Kentucky
Bell 28 2.756,152 38 1,727.478 66 4.483,630
' Boyd — - 3 401,537 3 401.537
Breathltt — — 49 5,425,181 49 5,425,181
Carter 1 10,000 2 21.007 3 31,007
Clay 4 211,473 24 1,455.357 28 1,666,830
_ Cllnton 0 0 O 0 0 0
Elliott 2 100 10 133,854 12 133,954
Floyd 90 6,122,603 62 5,680.966 152 11.803,569
Greenup — — 3 719.936 3 719.936
Harlan 131 13,224,107 39 1,114,809 170 14,338,916
Jackson — — 5 99.735 5 99,735
Johnson 9 816,817 12 73,077 21 889,894
Knott 53 4.470,693 73 4,059,289 126 8,529.982
Knox 68 582,242 30 564. 886 98 1,147.128
Laurel - — 7 94,137 7 94.137
Lawrence 2 14.202 2 168.893 4 183,095
Lee — — 5 96,961 5 96.961
Leslie 20 6.628,734 21 1.545,015 41 8,173.749
Letcher 59 6.771.269 81 3,895.950 140 10.667.219
McCreary — — 2 5,557 2 5,557
Magoffln 6 550,322 24 1,407,913 30 1.958,235
Martin 39 8.628,393 34 4, 302, 369 73 12.930.762
Morgan — — 1 10.000 1 10,000
Owsley - — 16 300.535 16 300,535
Perry 24 3.963,269 98 8,042,293 122 12,005,562
Pike 233 26,029.253 141 6,528.944 374 32,558,197
Pulaskl - — 4 266,161 4 266,161
Rockcastle —— - 3 19,046 3 19,046
Wayne 0 0 O 0 0 0
Whitley 30 797,788 68 1,157,377 98 1,955,165
Wolfe — — 3 75,127 3 75,127
. Westem Kentucky
Butler — — 10 1,226.708 10 1.226.708
Caldwell — — 1 0 1 0
Chrlstlan 1 0 3 998,329 4 998,329
_ Davless —— — 12 1,509,673 12 1,509,673
Edmonson 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hancock — — 1 42,096 1 42.096
Henderson 1 1,136.696 2 1,564,339 3 2,701,035
Hopkins 7 3,766,861 21 6,895,726 28 10,662,587
McLean — -— 4 221.072 4 221.072
Muhlenberg 4 3,419.827 12 3,715,816 16 7,135,643
Ohlo 1 390.835 10 2,291,504 11 2,682.339
Union 8 11.563,717 1 34.772 9 11,598.489
Webster 5 7.097,529 6 2.526,962 11 9,624,491
Totals 826 108,952,882 943 70,420,387 1,769 179,373,269
Source: Ky. Dept. of Mlnes and Minerals, Annual Report, 1990.
  Pike County was the leading coal producing county in Kentucky with over
32.5 million tons of production in 1990,
  Union County lead the production in Western Kentucky with 11.6 million
tons.

 Employment  
The Kentucky coal mining industry has a current work force of approximately
30,498 people directly employed in coal mining jobs. The Western Kentucky
coal field employs approximately 5,586 persons, while the Eastern Kentucky
coal field provides 24,912 direct mining jobs.
Kentucky’s Coal Mining Work Force, 1990
U Eastern Kentucky Coal Field
Surface — 7.505
Underground —· 17,407
Total - 24,912
Western Kentucky Coal Fleld _
Surface — 2.095
Underground - 3.491  
Total — 5,586 _
1 5 @?¤ ¤g@W .
 “ e¢& t»‘?°
5 w *9e¢»·$
S
~ew& `W *& *$—$°
¢ AN { W`
W »··* *· v ww b
94 ¤»·*¤& ·* '°q
E9 9; @@9 J A  f
,.... ., ° ¤d._...   5 g ¢ f
 1 *·*i5 ,_ U___ ¤ Q  
“ ¤ WEP A #  JAM
  Eastern Kentucky averaged 82% of Kentucky’s coal mining work force
and accounted for about 74% of Kentucky’s total coal production in 1990.
  Western Kentucky averaged 18% of Kentucky’s coal mining work force
and accounted for about 26% of Kentucky’s total coal production in 1990.
  Due to continued productivity gains, Kentucky achieved a record produc-
tion during 1990 while maintaining nearly level employment.
Kentucky Coal Mining Employment, 1979 -1990
Western Kentucky Eastern Kentucky Kentucky
Year Surface Underground Total Surface Underground Total Totals
1979 4.949 6,945 11.299 12.999 23,064 35,902 47.190
1980 3.995 7,879 11.874 11,819 22,702 34.521 49,995
1981 4.059 9.499 10.545 19.479 24,032 97.505 48,050
1982 4.120 5.639 9,759 12.319 22.792 95,101 44.990
1983 3.415 4.919 8.333 10.485 17,615 28,100 99,499
1984 4,022 4.053 9.075 11,327 18,474 29.901 37,876
1985 3,421 4.294 7.715 10.516 18.583 29.099 36.814
1986 2,327 4.297 6.624 8.718 17.312 26,030 92.954
1987 2.945 4,905 6.950 8.740 16.900 25,640 32,590
1988 1.925 4.999 9.219 8.261 19,095 24,949 30,559
1989 1,970 4.199 9.099 8.034 19.599 24.620 90.959
1990 2.095 3.491 5.599 7.505 17.407 24.912 30,498
Source: U.S. DOE — Energy information Administration; Coal Production, 1979 — 1990.

   E m ploy IT1 9 ht / P I‘0d U Ctlvlty
Kentucky Coal Mlne Employment, 1979 -1990
60
55 Kemvckv T¤1¤1  
Surface  
C 45     WKY
‘”   Under round
§ 40     _:::51tt.   9 EK`?
5   :::,   :¤¤__ ..
‘* 30   "°`’‘  
$ WKY  
`   .»_.... .. » ...   - —— --e-—  
_Q_ 20 .»
2 *5 tty
, ‘*' 10 — ·
5
  V
1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Coal Mlne Productlvlty, 1977 -1990 (tons! mIner/ hour)
Eastern Western Kentucky Appalachlan InterIorCoaI Western U.S. U.S.
Year Kentucky Kentucky Average Coal Fleld Fleld Coal Fleld Average
1977 1.71 2.22 1.86 1.36 2.42 5.85 1.82
1978 1.62 1.97 1.71 — - - 1.79
1979 1.54 1.94 1.64 1.33 2.21 5.47 1.81
1980 1.67 1.96 1.74 1.39 2.30 5.64 1.93
1981 1.76 2.12 1.84 1.51 2.35 6.15 2.10
1982 1.79 2.01 1.84 1.51 2.38 6.26 2.11
1983 1.98 2.43 2.08 1.75 2.69 7.60 2.50
1984 2.13 2.61 2.24 1.86 2.80 8.30 2.64
1985 2.13 2.57 2.23 1.90 2.81 8.55 2.74
1986 2.31 2.94 2.45 2.09 3.14 9.27 3.01
1987 2.59 2.98 2.69 2.30 3.33 10.42 3.30
1988 2.68 2.95 2.74 2.44 3.45 11.01 3.55
1989 2.58 3.62 2.78 2.49 3.84 11.63 3.70
1990 2.66 3.46 2.83 2.60 3.88 11.82 3.83
· 5 ————·——·»~ Surface
w€St€fn __ """` " """" Average
K t k 3 4 r···-~——·····——·~ Underground
EI'! UC y I 3
Coal Mine E -
r , , S
Productrvrty, g 2
(0
1979 - 1990 ,5 1
0
197919801981 198219831984198519861987198819891990
5 ·——··~~—~~ Surface
Eastern “ Avmgé ,
5 4 _ Underground
Kentucky lg
Coal Mine E 3
Productivity, § 2
1979 - 1990 § 1
*` 0
197919801981 198219831984198519861987198819891990
Source: U.S. DOE — Energy Information Admlnlstratlon; Coal Productlon, 1977- 1990.

 Safety/ Train i ng  
Safety and health conditions in U.S. coal mines have steadily improved; bitu-
minous coal mining was twelfth on a recent National Safety Council list of the
most hazardous occupations.
.  Safety and health standards are highly regulated by the national Mine Safe-
ty and Health Administration (MSHA) and the Kentucky Department of Mines
and Minerals.
  All surface and underground mines are inspected regularly for violations;
larger mines may have inspectors present daily.
  Miners are highly skilled technicians who receive extensive training, both
general safety training and job—specific training.
Kentucky Gains in Productivity and Safety
5‘Y°a' A"°'a9° _ _ a Underground
Number of Fatalities   Surface
-   ~
1955 1959 The bar chart shows the overall
*960-*964   trend in mine safety improvements
1055-1989   by averaging out somewhat erratic
,970%,74   yearly data.
l975~l979  
i980—l984   1990 ended with 20 mine fatalities,
19854989   the same as the preceding 5 year
*990   a"°’""g9‘
0 15 30 45 00
Fatalities
5‘Y°a' Average 2 Underground
1955-1959   The productivity bar chart indicates
1980-1984   $9*997 ‘mP'9V9'“9"*S 99*** l" U"d9'·
  ground and surface mines, with
1905-1009   . .
__,;_,__,,:V:   ,_;,_ __ steady improvement in under-
1970 1974 ~~·· _ ground mines.
1975-1979   _
1980-1984  
1Q85»1Q8Q   1990’s production was a record for
0 15 30 45 s0 ‘
Million Tons
Source: Developed from Ky. Dept. of Mines and Mlnerals data.
Training for Surface Miners
. New miner training requires 24 hours of training before employment at a sur-
face mine. This includes workers at prep plants, rail sidings, and river termi-
nals, and all contract workers on a mine site must take the training.
  Each surface mine employee must receive 8 hours of annual retraining.
  To obtain a surface foreman certification, a miner must have 2 years of sur-
face mining experience, plus pass a written examination.
  To obtain a surface blaster’s license, a miner must have 2 years of work
experience under an experienced blaster, plus pass a written examination.

   Safety / Training
Underground Miner Classifications
Training for
C“"*’"‘ und M ners
Years* No. of Undergm I
Experience Underground Miners _ _ _
Regulred Ml¤l¤9 F’¤Sl¤¤¤ cemrieu New miner training re-
10 Yrs. Electrical lnspector* 11 qLlll‘9S 8 mll'llmLlm of 48
Mlnelnspector/Mine Safely Analyst* 571 hours gf training to start
5 Y MI F m H 9081 work as a certified inex-
l'S. 119 OIG all . · -
Electrical lnstructor* 55 r>¤r·¤>¤¤¤¤ mmm-
3 Yrs. Asst. Mine Foreman** 2.938   _
Flre Boss 21   A certified rnexperr-
;'$::Lé°*°' { 2 dg; enced miner must work a
9 Xam my ‘ minimum of 90 days in an
· 1 vt. lsreemcer Worker* seas U0d€lQF0U0d mine and
sr1e1l=lrer/Solid eras1mg* 4,039 pass a written examina-
Dlm Oper./Solid Bi8$IlflQ*         at
Hmsung Engmeew LOSS certified experienced
‘ 90 days Mme Rescue 171 millet-
Oonventlonal Shot Flrer* 12.639
Gas DGMCYIOH 15,307   A rnjnirnurn Of  
Cmmed Mmm 20428 hours of annual retraining
is required to maintain
s eral raining e miner ce i ica ion
_p_e T th rtf t
EMT E M dl 'T h { I 1228 and continue to work at
- mergeney e ca ec n can . ·
Hm Aid mw an underground mine.
    A newly hired miner
* T { I di ddm I f i (experienced or inexperi-
95 S aft? l'€qU f€ fl 3 011 0 y€8l'$ O 9Xp€f GNCB. ·
** includes flre boss and first aid. Gncgd) récelves   hours
of m1nesrte—specific new
miners training.
Source; Ky. Dept. of Mines and Minerals.
Each miner receives new work assignment training of 20 hours minimum
to become certified for each new job classification.
  To maintain certification and qualifications, satisfactory completion of an
electrical retraining class for certified workers is required annually.
  Only certified shot—firers can detonate explosives within a mine.
EMT—An emergency medical technician is required at underground coal
mines employing 12 or more employees, with an additional EMT per each ad-
ditional 50 miners or majority fraction thereof.
  EMT certification requires 110 hours of instruction
and 10 hours of emergency room intern observations
and training (4 written tests) plus 24 hours of retraining
every 2 years, in addition to maintaining a cardiopul- ‘
monary resuscitation (CPR) certification.
  A minimum of 10 hours of First Aid training is re-
quired as part of the new miner training.

 EmpIoyment/ Wages by County  
Coal County Wages and Employment, 1990
% of Mlners as % % of Avg. Weekly
Dlrect Mlnlng Labor or Total Mlnlng Total County Mlnlng
County* Emgloyment Force Employed Wages Wages Earnlngs* * *
Eastem Kentucky
Bell 1,270 12.2% 13.5% 39,240,858 24.1% $594.20
Breathltt 856 17.4% 19.2% 34,489,226 45.8% 774.83
Caner 48 .5% .6% 1,026,348 1.7% 411.20
Clay 167 3.2% 3.5% 4.001,545 7.0% 460.80
Floyd 1.675 10.6% 11.4% 45,210.896 21.3% 519.07
Harlan 3.323 27.8% 30.1% 111,141 ,047 52.2% 643,19
Johnson 354 4.2% 4.5% 9.112,420 10.0% 495.02
Knott 1,065 20.9% 22.8% 29,895,983 50.8% 539.83
Knox 197 2.0% 2.1% 3,636,798 4.1% 355.02
Laurel 279 1.5% 1.6% 8,475.565 3.3% 584.20
Lawrence 103 2.2% 2.5% 2.068.285 5.3% 386.16 ~
Lee 73 2.5% 2.7% 1,380.707 6.8% 363.73
Leslle 1,195 22.4% 23.8% 39.539.657 61.7% 636.30
Letcher 2.051 21.8% 23.6% 61,894,503 49.0% 580.34
McCreary 5 .1% .1% 126,163 0.5% 485.24 _
Magoffln 121 3.2% 3.8% 3.620,460 12.9% 607.19
lvlanln 1,450 47.5% 51.6% 72.736,800 73.0% 964.68
Owsley 13 .9% 1.0% 258.720 4.0% 382.72
Perry 2,239 20.6% 22.2% 79,426,173 37.4% 682.19
Plke 5.794 23.1% 24.8% 188231,201 42.7% 624.76
Pulaskl 60 .3% .3% 2,044.492 0.7% 655.29
Whltley 784 6.9% 7.4% 21 814 405 13.4% 535.09
Sub Total 23,122 — — 759,572,252 · 631.75
EKY Total** 24,045 · — 790,534,392 — 632.26
Fayeffe Note; The cllrect mlnlng employment ctasslficatlorr does not Include 909'43
Jeffefeen most of the admlnlstratlve or professlonal employees ofthe coal com— 1`261 93
panles located ln Kentuc-l