xt7ns17sr17g https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7ns17sr17g/data/mets.xml Kentucky Kentucky Press Association Kentucky Press Service University of Kentucky. School of Journalism 1931 Call Number: PN4700.K37 Issues not published 1935 Aug - 1937 Oct, 1937 Jul - 1937 Aug, 1939 Oct - Dec, 1940 Jan - Mar, 1951 Aug - 1956 Sep. Includes Supplementary Material:  2005/2006, Kentucky High School Journalism Association contest 2004-2005, Advertising excellence in Kentucky newspapers 2003-2005, Excellence in Kentucky newspapers newsletters  English Lexington, KY.: School of Journalism, University of Kentucky Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. The Kentucky Press Press -- Kentucky -- Periodicals The Kentucky Press, September 1931 Vol.3 No.8 text The Kentucky Press, September 1931 Vol.3 No.8 1931 2019 true xt7ns17sr17g section xt7ns17sr17g *' III * 3 --
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I 'III III II II I in that city 011v; {Iommittee WhiCh met home in LincomSepbember 13. at his maketi: y by R' 8' Vane, PrOfess
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3 September, 1931 THE KENTUCKY PRESS Page Three 3 3 ‘ i ‘3 1
—-————_—'——‘———————-——————‘—-——- . ‘ -.3 3 1
v v v .4‘3
3 The Kentueklan-cmzen - Oldest Newspaper : 1-: 1’
3 3 3 ~ 3 1
By Eleanor Swearingen the date of the first publication some— pany. In February a year later, F. L. ’ . 3 I ‘ i
The “Kentuckian-Citizen" has the where from the first to the seventh of McChesney and L. T. Fiser became the " 1 3 3
distinction of now being the oldest April of that same year. This copy is publishers. The politics of the paper 3 . ‘1 3 3‘
newspaper of continuous publication in said to have been quite a curiosity. changed. From then on the “Citizen” 3: 3 33 3 3 3
the country besides being of unusual It was printed on foolscap paper and has been a consistent advocate of , 33 3 3 3 13
importance in the development of Par- the pages measured seven by Democratic principles. Fisher sold his 3;“ ‘33 3 3 3
. is and Bourbon County. twelve inches. This must have been interest in 1873 to William A. Johnson. 3" 33 3 i 3 i 3
The facilities for obtaining news smaller than the ordinary size for in Mr. Johnson remained with the pa- 33 33 1 3 1
were unsatisfactory and exceedingly the same issue the following reference per until 1878 at which time he dis-‘ ‘1 3i 3 3 1 .3
difficult. A post office was not estab— to the paper used can be seen, “We posed of his interest to F. L. McChes- 3 33 ‘3 1 3 3
. lished until 1795 in Paris and there was are this week reduced to the necessity ney. 3 3 3 3 3 ‘
no regular mail and little local news. of printing on writing paper, in con— The history of the “Western Citizen” 3 3‘ 3 3 3
The activities of the Indians were the sequence of having been disappointed is only a part Of the study Of the pres- 3 3 3‘ 3 3 ‘ .
3 chief topics of interest at this time, in receiving a supply of the usual ent “Kmtuckian-Citizen”. The other 1 3 3 3
3» who made travel exceedingly danger- size”. A copy of the paper published part we are interested in is namely, 3 3 3‘ 3 ‘3 13
ous. In the old newspaper files you in 1811 contains four columns to the “The Paris True Kentuckian". It was 3 3 ‘ 3‘
will find on record the account of how page, and measures nine and a half by not established until 1866. A joint- ,3 ‘ 3’ 3 3 3
the travelers returning from Virginia fifteen and a half inches besides the stock company with JOhn Craddock as 3 3 1. 33
would advertise weeks ahead for per- margin. It is generally believed that editor and publisher, was responsible 33 3 i 3‘
sons to accompany them through the this was the original size of the pa- for its establishment. “The True Ken- ‘3 3 -' 3
3 “wilderness", as it was then called. per. (Perrin's History) tuckian” was the successor of “The 11>] ‘ 3 3
3 The first newspaper in Paris was the In 1808 the “Citizen” was purchased Flag”. which had at one time been one 353 311 3 3 3
3 “Kentucky Herald”, published in 1797. by Joel R. Lyle who had before been of the leading Democratic papers of 3: 333 1 31
3 There is some dispute as to the pub- an instructor in the ”Bourbon Ladies’ Kentucky. Because the “Kentuckian” 33 3 3‘ ' . 3 3
lisher of the “Herald". Mr. A. M. Academy and Boarding School”. Lyle was from the first a Democratic paper 33 33 . 3 3
Brown, editor in 1855 states that James was not then a practical printer but it received liberal SUpport. Colonel 1 33 3 '
Stewart was the original publisher. acquired a knowledge of the business Craddock was ably assisted in making {3 3 33 3 3 33
1 (Perrin’s History of Bourbon County.) through long years of association with a success Of his paper by JOhn W- Hits, ,3 3 331 3 3 3
3 Other authorities (including the Bour- the paper. He continued editor until one of the best newspaper men in the 3 ‘ 13 1 3 3
bon County Historic and Progress Edi- the summer of 1829, when a severe state, and by an efficient corps of re- ‘3 3 33‘1 ‘ , 3
l tion of 1928 of the “Kentuckian-Clti- illness compelled him to resign his porters. The subscription list rapidly 3 . 33 .3
3 zen”) states that Daniel Bradford, post to his son, William C. Lyle. His increased and its columns soon became - 3 33“ 3 3
brother of the editor of the Lexington, name was used for the business, how- overcrowded with advertisements. “The 333 . 3‘3 : ’1 3
“Gazette" edited the “Herald” in 1797. ever, until January 1, 1832. For sev- Paris True Kentuckian” had the larg- 3} 3 333 i 3: 3 1
However, the publication continued but eral years prior to this date, the news- est circulation 0f any county paper in 31 Q 333 ‘3
one year. The important fact is that paper was published under the name Kentucky and as a newspaper had the 3‘ 3‘ 17 1 3 3
3 in March, 1797, the Legislature passed of Lyle and Keenon. Adam C. Kee- most remarkable success of any jour- 3‘ '1 3'3: 3 3
I an act by which it recognized the non, of Frankofrt, for many years the nal in the state. Colonel Craddock 3 33 3 ‘ 3
“Herald” as a medium of publishing public binder, was the partner osten- was later assisted by Charles Fother- 1 3. i 31’
3, laws or notices requiring publication. sibly. His brother, John C. Keenan, bill, who continued as a valuable mem- a 3 3 ’
No other paper was published in however, because he was a practical ber of the staff long after the consol- 33 1 311 33 3
Paris until 1808, when the “Western printer received the profits. Mr. Kee- idation of the “True Kentuckian" and 3, 1 33 33 3 3
Citizen” was estableshed by Messrs. non had learned the business in the the “Western Citizen". ‘ 333 33‘
Grimes and Johnson. (Perrin’s His~ “Citizen” office and in 1817 published An editorial published in the “Citi- 333‘ 3 3
tory). The Historic Edition of the the “Guardian of Liberty" at Cynthi- zen” about 1882. is of interest to mod- - 333 .3 3
1 “Kentuckian-Citizen" gives Joel R. ana, which continued for a year or ern journalists. It said, “Mr. McChes- ’3 333
3 Lyle credit for the establishment of two. J. L. Walker, in April, 1828, en- ney is too modest to say that the 1 l3; 333‘
3 the paper and the date of establish- Iered the office and learned the trade. ‘Citizen’ is a gobd paper, but we have 3 3 3 3‘ 33 1
ment as 1807. It goes on to say that On January, the first, 1832, he and no such conscientious scruples, and 3 3 31 33
3 Lyle purchased the printing outfit of William C. Lyle became the owners of take this opportunity to tell the people :1 :33 3131 3
the “Kentucky Herald" and continued the business and conducted it under of Paris and Bourbon County that in 3 3333 3 ‘
3 editor until 1829, when ill health forced the name of Lyle and Walker, but it the ‘Citizen‘ and the ‘True Kentuck— , "3 ‘3‘
his resignation. The reason for a was edited by A. M. Brown. ian’ they have two as good newspapers 1, 1‘33 333
3 contradiction as to the paper’s estab- Of one thing the authorities mm as may be found in Central Kentucky, ‘ .3 3 ‘1 I
3 lishment dates back to the early de— nected with the “Citizen" are sure of and if they don’t support them well, 1 3 33 333
struction of the newspaper files by fire. is of the politics of the newspaper. In they deserve to be ‘bumped’. This is 3 ‘ 1 ‘ i 3
In early times, printers had to make its earlier years, the “Citizen" support- not an advertisement, but a gratuitous 1 I 13 3 3
3 their own ink, an art which few of ed the views of the Republican party expression of sentiment—The Editor." 1 ‘ , 133 3 3
. them understood. While some print- rather than those of the Federalist There were certain noteworthy news- 1 I ' 33 ' 3
er‘s ink was being made, the fire party. In the year 1812 it was a warm papers in Paris that gave the “Citi- 3 , 3.3 3 3
spread to a bundle of old papers and advocate of war with England. The zen" considerable competition at this 1 31 ’3 3 ‘3
before it could be extinguished, many paper took the side of the old court time but none of them lasted very ‘ 31.? ‘1 3
3 of the early files had been destroyed. party in the hectic struggle between long. The “Instructor”, published by , ; 3 3,33
It is therefore an impossibility to as- the Old and New Court Parties. Mr. Lilly, in 1817, was here but a year until ; 33 ‘3
certain the exact date of the first is- Adams and Mr. Clay received the sup- it was moved to Millersburg. Another 3 ‘ 3 3 ‘
sue. port of the “Citizen" in preference to paper, “The Paris Register”, survived ; " ' 333‘ 3 3
The oldest number seen by A. M. General Jackson. Whenever parties only a year or two (1827-1828) and it ‘ 313 13 3
Brown bore the date of Thursday, became divided under names of Whigs was a New Court, Relief, and Jackson 1 3:1- ‘3 3
November 3, 1808, and was the thirti— and Democrats, the paper consistently paper. Mr. Thomas Clay, one of the ' 3,33 313
eth number of the first volume of the advocated the principles of the Whigs. proprietors, was the brother of Green 3 333‘3 1
3 paper. Supposing that a number had In 1867, the “Citizen" was taken Clay of Bourbon County. The “Ken- ‘ 1 ’3 1 1
I 1 been issued each week it would make over by John R. Johnson and Com- tucky Flag” offered the greatest '3 3
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2 33 :.
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£.§E=:EEE}E'j; .' g; Page Four THE KENTUCKY PRESS September, 1931
{213157}? E -. ————-—-——-—-—-—-—————~———————-————-————————-—-—- -
E ”'51": l E E
.IEE‘EEE . amount of competition. It was estab- was in 1922 that the present owner, Of course there is no audit bureau
i iljsEE ‘E‘ lished in 1854, by Samuel Pike. Col. A. s. Thompson, and Silas E. Bedford of circulation attached to the radii).
E "EEE‘V l ‘3 Pike was recognized as an experienced each acquired interests in the paper. and nobody can tell at a. hazard, how .
g :EE'j-‘EE E I editor and journalist. Under his cli- Mr. Thompson was the editor and in many possible customers listen in on E
l: 31.31:“- : rection the paper became one of the the later part of the year he pur— any program. BUt the idea 0f talk— .
’ E 1, leading Democratic papers in Kentuc— chased the interests of both Mr. Bed- ing direct €098 over With the merchant
i El? 5' ‘ E ‘ ky. Selucius Garfield became editor ford and Mr. Lilleston and became the and he buys time—and an idea.
E- ' Ei'fg' :E E and received the services of Samuel sole owner. He has continued so un- D068 your advertising solicitor ever
= [I E , .. 3% Williams, who afterwards became the til the present time and is assisted in talk service, 01' give service to adver-
E ' , E managing editor of the Louisville the business by his son, G. C. Thomp- tlsing merchants? Does he take along
EEEE.3'1E1EE.E ‘ E “Courier". Judge Cassidy, of Mt. Ster— son. with him an idea that he has thought ;
E Egg. 5 - :E ling, and Judge Bergess conducted the The present aim of the “Kentuckian” out specially for one store? D085 he
EE EEE E E paper for awhile but the real editors is, “to emphasize, the fact that Bour- ever help the merchant to write an ad,
tfi; E E of the paper were Col. W. E. Simms bon County is the ‘Garden Spot of the or polish it, or even rewrite it? .
E E“; i and John G. Craddock, who took Earth,’ and to give to its subscribers The merchant is always up against
E " 33;} - E? ‘ charge in 1857. Craddock continued all the news in a concise but correct the problem of selling goods, just as
E 1‘; 'gi j. : publication with R. W. Clayton (1858) form. to print nothing that would be the publisher is up against the prob-
gi. EE‘ - E E who was later succeeded by W. W. unwholesome reading for a child, and lem of selling ads. If the publisher 1
53E if-‘EgE 31;. E . Pike. Mr. Pike published the paper to sponsor only those movements which can make it any easier for the met-
ll EE L13}: '1 E : until the fall of 1861 when the war are for the uplift of mankind.” chantto move that stock, then he has
15‘ El EsE E E ” forced him to suspend publication. The importance of the “Kentuckian given real service with his advertising.
EEE E E‘ El ‘ In the latter part of the nineteenth Citizen" lies in the fact that the paper That kind of service continued. con-
El l‘EfiéEg‘ ‘3‘: E century several papers all of short ex— holds the undisputed claim of being sistently will bring ads to the news-
‘EE :E'EEEEZ'EEE' E E 1 istance were started. They were: the oldest newspaper in the United paper, business to the merchant, and
EEEiE. "E , .E‘. E E “Saturday Night", published in 1875- States of continuous publication. Be— prosperity to the town—South Dak- .
EEE-E‘ E E E 1376, by G- R. Keller, 9. weekly. About sides being recognized in every state ota Rural Press and Print Shop. EE
EEI.‘ : : ‘ E 1878, Louis S. Howell eldited. the USU:- in the Union, the “Kentuckian-Citizen" ,__________._
if: i ; E; 1 day Courier". In Ju y, 1880. Jo n bears the distinction of having
EEE «EE i . E E Gnlilmntgs andf GEES F886 0031116??wa 1:le far the largest circulation of any page:' RIGHT WHERE YOU ARE!
’ty‘iii, : E l Du ica ion 0 e “ our on elm i- published in Bourbon County. It is ,—‘
EEEEEEE E E E can". In October, 1880, G. R. Keller not only a valuable “landmark in the (A Worth While Editorial Selected by .
,E WEE-E . E E i started the “Semi—Weekly Sun", which past" but is of unestimable historical “Eh” Nati‘mal Emma} W10“) .
ElEi‘EEi EEG: E E‘. ‘: continued for tWO years. AbOUt 1882, value in the development of Paris and R‘ght where you are, If youll get-up E
E Ell .E'. E i: ‘ . . E 1 Bruce Champe established the “Bour- Bourbon County, and git, and hustle and rustle and do E
El EEE'EEEEE ‘E - ‘ : E; E borl News", which has continued until ___________— AndEput your heart in 1t» and never say
EE liEE ‘E E E the present time. The existance of George R. Averill, Birmingham quit— There’s plenty of good things
El EEEEE E i E the “Citizen” in view M such compe- Mich Ecentric' I believe a news-E for you! -
El il‘Ei‘uElE ‘1 E zition with all these papers should a er" has thrée dEstEn t f t. The prizes are waiting right there to
‘EllllEN-..' . E : E 'justif its resent re utation. pEp - c unc ions. be got; you’ll find them wherever
EE - EEME ‘1, E . . y . p . p . . First, to chromcle accurately and con- ou are
EE‘EEE‘JEEEE E1 2 : Perrins History PuthhEdEtms ac— structively the social educational and y ’- . .. ..
“Eli i . . 1 count When the Paper was 5““ km“ political life of the communit ' » By pmvmg ‘f you re 9‘ ”'getter' ”r
El ‘EETlE‘EE ‘E E as the “True Kentuckian": “The ‘True - - - y m “Ot- A “flash-in-the-pan"—or 3
EE EEEEE EE EE E . E k which it Circulates. Second, to set “star'”
E. .EfEil __ E ., ;: E Sfigfigcfifilsgsthgoglg «Eli-gin! 8:23;; forth in its editorial columns its own ' l
2 - ("E'l E ii ;; \ , i " ' ' l
. . w my 13;;taftitmi‘fitdm’t?$13.12: .. creams m... n...
E EEEE'W E . E seventy-fifth volume. The men who publicist for the business and profes- “hard times," .
‘ EEEE‘E'l : ii founded lt' like the men who mm the sional life of the community, with the And .1} ow things are hopelessly ,
“it ’ WE foundations Of our Clty’ have passed idea of bringing both pleasure and punk, . .
1 El: ‘ Ii away and it is one of the few old land— profit to the buyer and the seller They’re mourning the shortage 01
EE 5 I E? marks Of the paSt' In its day it has Havng outlined these three major mckles and dimes, E
i“ E 95; :1 played no inconspicious part in the functions of a news a er I set u th 131“? that kind 0f junk is bunk!
‘4' E4‘ EE E1, ‘ history of the town and county and necess « p p -’ - p 8 And while they are buzzing about biz
. : : . . ary organization, including pro-
who, ; -. : whatever may be its future, its past, at . . being bad,
E EEEEE E E E E ‘. n perly trained human beings and mod- n n i
E ”1E a i i ' “ least, is secure. ern mechanical aids and then let the The wise ones are hopping about,
i lit} 4 E “ 1 It was in 1886 that the “True West- . . . ’ And capping the prizes right here to
; ElEEEEE, E E E E . , ,, u entire organization go to work. Then
._ IEEE {iii E! E . ein Citizen and the True Kentuck- WORK WORK and more WORK be had—
‘ 'EEEEifilE i: E E : i V ian" were merged into ‘the “Kentuck- There is no substitute for WORK. E And putting old “hard times" to
Eli'Eiq'rEi i; . v. . ian-Citizen". Colonel Craddock was rout!
.E E; ‘1le E : j editor and a few years later became — :
' EE: E E the owner. The “Citizen”, because its WHAT DO YOU SELL? It’s always hard times, if you’re think- E
E E ‘i EE E.- EE El political principles were not in accord . — ing that way,
' E‘E Er? 3 EEE.‘ E E with the views of a majority of the Some publishers sell white space. And prospects are gloomy and
EE— El: E3} . El 1 people in the county, welcomed the Some sell circulation. Some sell white blue,
,lE E’E'E E ‘ . j consolidation as a wise move. The space, circulation and Service. What But, while the sun’s shining, if you
I: E» ' “Kentuckian-Citizen” has continued do you sell? . will make hay,
5E? EEl‘EEil: E : Democratic in politics to the present The radio can bring to the news- You’ll get what is coming to you! .
E1? EEEEEEE» E E 3 time. papers a valuable lesson in salesman- Don't let hard times floor you, and E
i- ;E ; rl . After Colonel Craddock’s death the ship. A radio salesman comes into steal your good rep: i
.5; EEE : . E E ‘. paper was leased to Mr. Bruce Miller your town and sells time to the mer- Don’t dream about “green fields ‘
:l EEEl-EE E . E . (1:199), A few years later Mr. Miller chant. He sells more; he sells ideas. afar;" ‘
if I" SEE ‘: i ‘E ‘ purchased the plant from Colonel He sells the idea that the merchant We.know you're a winner—now show
E; EE :3? E ‘ :3 Craddock’s administrator. Bruce Mil— can talk directly to the proapective us some pep—
i; EgE EE E ler continued in charge of the paper customer and convince him the only Make-good on the job where you
E: EE‘JEE‘ EL 1: E. ‘ until 1921, when he disposed of the place to buy is at the radio advertisers are!
E: EE‘EEE.| E: ' E E entire plant to Lewis T. Lilleston. It store. James Edward Hunger-ford. ‘
ill Eh} l‘” '
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 A V 3 \ .33 We“, _
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3 i ”13; :
September, 1931 THE KENTUCKY PRESS Page Five 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 ——_—_. 3 3- , 3
"" 3, 1 i 3 3
3 . 3
Freedom Of The Press - What Is It? 3 33 .3
i ‘ 3 3
. By MARY LOU RENAKER age Act which established three of— “It is thus seen that in the history 3 . 3 3; 3
There was much controversy regard- fenses—false statements or reports inc of freedom of the press in America 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
ing freedom and the privileges or the terfering with the military and naval five great crises have come that have 3, 3 .3 3 3 3,3
press in the early history Of America operation, or promoting the success threatened to stifle all free spontan~ w 33 3 33
and such rights came only With a of our enemies; causing or attempt— eous expression of opinion—4. In the g 3 ., 3 3 33
struggle. Charles Pinckney introduced ing to cause subordination, disloyalty, Zenger trial, authority, in the per- 337333 3 ‘3 333
a clause to the effect that the liberty or mutiny, or refusal of duty in the 3 son of the states, sought to suppress 3 33: 3 3 ' 33
of the press shOUld be inviolably pre- military or naval forces; and obstruc- the criticism made of public officials, 3 33 3 , 3 3
served; but Sherman answered “It is tion of enlistment or recruting. but the result of the trial was to se- 3 s3 3 3 3 3'
unnecessaryuuthe power 0f congress Where there was an effort to make cure to the people and to the press 3 33‘ 3 3 3 33
does not extend to the press." ‘ this law effective in peace time and the right of criticism. 2. Through the 3 33 3‘ i 3 33
The latter prevailed in the COhStl‘ the court having decided that states Alien and Sedition Laws authority ‘3 3 3 33
tutional convention, and. as a result, retained the right to pass legislation sought to prop up its own position 3 ' 1 3 ‘3 3
the constitution contained no guarantee limiting freedom of speech, most of the though in reality to suppress the press 3 3 3 1 a 3 3
3 of freedom of speech nor of press, states proceeded to pass local sedi— of the opposite political party, but its 3 3 i‘ ‘ 33
except immunity granted congressmen tion acts, many of them more drastic policy in the end resulted only in its 3 3 3‘ 3
for anything said in debates. At once than the national statutes. own dethronement from political power. .3 ‘ .3 3 3
there was at 1301311194? outcry. several Justice Holmes has said: “Only the 3. The effort to prevent the printing 33 3 _
states embodied a declaration of this 'emergency that makes it immediately and circulation of this incendiary liter- 3 3 3 1,
right in their ratification 0f the fed- dangerous to leave the correction of ature grew out of the desire to avoid 3 3 7' 33
mi constitution. In consequence of evil counsels to time warrants making offending a wealthy and influential sec— 3 , 33 3
this widespread demand, the first 10 any exception to the sweeping com- tion of the country, but the effort only 3 333 33
" amendments were appended to the mend ‘Congress have made no law postponed the inevitable day of retri— .3 i ‘ 33
constitution as a Bill of Rights, (Daw- abridging the freedom of speech.’ " bution. 4. During the Civil War period, i 33 3 3 3 3
son—Freedom of the Press, 5343?) the (Eliel—American Political Science Re- the effort on the part of the federal 3 33 ' 3
first being “Congress Shall make no view, Vol. 18, pages 712-736.) government to supress sympathy with : 33 3 3 33
law respecting the establishing 0f 129‘ The abstract theory of the bene- the South brought only criticism I 3 33 »" 33
ligion 01' DI‘Ohlhltihg the free exercise fits of a free press have always pre- against itself and the policy was quickly 3 333 3 3 3 3
thereof; or abridgins the freedom of vailed in America, but it has been repudiated by it. 5. During the recent 3 il ?
3 speech or of the press; 01' the right 0‘ more honored in the breach than in war the effort to supress the press 1 333 3
the people peaceably ‘0 assemble, and the observance. The varying degrees charged with pro-German sympathy _ 33333
to petition the government for a re- of freedom have been confused with or with radical tendencies has met 33:, ,
dress of grievances" justifiable criticism, seditious libel, cen— with a temporary partial success, but , 3”. :. 31
Although some rights guaranteed in sorship, and regulation of the press, the end is not yet.” Freedom of the 3 3 3 33 3 l3; 3 3
the constitutiOIl are not nOW thought popular conceptions of it have been press has at times suffered tempor- .3‘ 3; 3_3333 33 ,
of as vital. freedom 0f the speech is confused with judicial interpretations ary defeat but ultimately it has won 3 3 33 3 , 3
not one of these—in fact it is 0011‘ of it. the day. (Salmon—Newspaper and 3 73 333 3 *3
sidered one of the most important Chafee says that “The controversy Authority, 268-280). 3 1 33,3 ‘3
rights. People have tongues and they over liberty of the press was a con- Mr. Hays says that the press enjoys 5 , 33 3
, will use them. War and the question flict between two views of government more freedom than does any other 333 3 3
of freedom of speech have usually gone (1) that the law of sedition was a pro- civil right. After all, the newspaper i; 3 33 3 3
together in hiStOIY- Since the repudla— duct of the view that the govern- proprietor is free from official restraint ‘