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crzoww ow §··’?»m&¢¢z‘¢ae SOIL
, By HAROLD F. MILLER cmd IRA E. MASSIE
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-60
CIRCULAR 575 (FILING CODE; I-2)
NIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE
' ` AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS .

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Greater Profit from Burley Tobacco P
Grown on Productive Soil ,
By HAROLD F. MILLER and IRA E. MASSIE ~
A well-fertilized sod of a deep—rooted grass and legume, when _
turned under, results in an easily crumbled soil, readily penetrated  
by tobacco roots. Such a soil furnishes a large reservoir for water l
and results in a rapidly—growing, early—maturing, higlr-yielding to- r
bacco that is highly satisfactory to the manufacurers.
Heavy fertilization of tobacco land year after year has in-
creased irrcome over growing burley tobacco on old, depleted sod _ A
land. However, continuous tobacco frequently results in de- (L
teriorated soil structure, increased danger of manganese toxicity, V te
and increased losses from such diseases as black root rot and T G,
black shank. Long continuous culture of the same land for to- _ G.
. bacco tends to lower yields and produce lower quality leaf with I tt
harsh smoking characteristics. an
You should not contrast yields obtained under continuous cul- _
ture to those obtained on unfertilized, worn—out sod land. y L
Rather, you should find out what tobacco will do following a ` S
well—fertilized sod.
The purpose of this publication is to show the importance of r U
maintaining good physical properties in tobacco soils as a means U
of insuring the continued production of profitable burley crops. lf
_ vs
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES S‘
liertilizers alone will not insure maximum prohts from your  
‘ tobacco crop. Besides having plenty of available plant nutrients,
your soilniust have good physical properties if highest returns
are to be obtained.
lt is desirable that sand. silt, clay and organic particles in
your soil be combined into units called aggregates. If these par-
ticles remain together when wet they are said to be water stable l sl
and the soil remains porous, allowing water and air to move   n
through the soil readily. The grouping of the individual soil par-
2

 ticles into aggregates forms secondary soil particles like those
shown in Fig. 1-A. If these soil units are not water stable, they
i separate into individual grains of sand, silt, and clay when wet
  and appear like the material in Fig. l-B. The fine clay and silt
  particles will seal off the openings to movement of water and air.
  rv ~ rr   ,· - ` V ·' iv     V     J
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V (Left) Fig. I—A.— Units of soil ma- (Right) Fig. I-B.- Same soil as
terial consisting of sand, soil, clay shown in Fig. I-A with the aggre-
.  and organic particles. These units gates broken down into the sand,
` are called aggregates, and make silt, and clay fractions slows down
l the soil more permeable to water the movement of water and air in
_  and air. the soil.
, Under these conditions much of the water will run off instead of
  going into the soil to be used by plants.
F Most of the dry matter of a plant is made up of three ele-
F ments——carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These elements are ob-
I  tained from the air and water. The air is taken in through the
Y  leaves, but the roots must also have air or the plant will die. The
e  water used by the plants comes from the soil. In the ideal tobacco
. soil, air and water move readily. VVhen dry, the soil rapidly ab-
  sorbs water from rainfall. XV hen the soil is saturated, water grad-
{ ually moves out and lets air enter.
  HOW TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
I OF YOUR SOIL
Poor soil structure cannot be corrected rapidly. On eroded
. slopes where the top soil has been lost, many years of costly treat-
ment are required to restore full productivity. More fertilizer is
i S

 needed o11 each crop to produce satisfactory yields. All this in- S  V
creases cost of production. · 
The most Jractical and economical method of maintaininr
1 . J
or improving the physical condition of your soil is to grow good _ pp,
grass-legume sods. The fibrous root system of the grass will per- g  
meate the soil thoroughly, while the larger roots of the legumc {p   
nenetrate the soil Jrofile to reater de nth. \Vhen such sods arc f   # 3
l l 1 ,  _ W
plowed under for tobacco, the old root systems die and add or-   .,,;Q
gZ11]1C matter to the soil. The Cll3.1`l1]€lS left 11] the soil as these old    4.  
root systems decay aid in water and El11` movement during the 5   
growth of the tobacco crop. The return of farm manures and    
crop residues, control of erosion, and drainage where land tends    
to be wet hel) further to im Drove the l1 sical condition of soils. i   
l l Y .   
Since you Cllllt rapidly improve the physical properties of soil,    
make your plans for your tobacco field at least three or four years ;  
in advance. Select the area and establish a good grass—legu1nc Q  I 
sod with proper liming and fertilization practices on the pasture .
and hay crops. i 
Proper fertilization of the sod will, i11 addition to improving ~;
soil structure, l1]C1`€2lS€ the fertilit of the soil and Jrovide more `
. Y I » ..,.   ,1..,., .
. feed for livestock. \Vhen a de11se sod with an extensive root v_  
system. as shown in Figs. 2 a11d 3, is plowed ahead of tobacco,  
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F1 .2.—A dense r¤ss—|e ume sod im roves h sicul ro erties ofthe soil. 1
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 the soil will take up and hold water so essential to plant growth. i`
Plan for two consecutive tobacco crops and a cover crop before ‘ I
returning it to a meadow field. Tobacco should not follow an . _ .
unproductive pasture having a restricted root system as shown    
in Figs. 4 and 5.    
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Fig. 5.- Grass without proper fertilization does not have an extensive    
root system.    
ADVANTAGES OF ROTATIONS FOR TOBACCO .   
• Structure of the soil is improved by growing a dense and vigor-    T 
ous grass—legume sod which has been properly managed and ‘.   t
fertilized.    
 Q §,;_Tl
. • There is less danger of a build-up of a soil—b0rne disease as   .2;%
. . . i   
shown in Fig. 6 when rotations are followed. »&   
• The tertihty level of more fields on the farm will be increased    
‘ by proper fertilization of all crops in the rotation including to-    
bacco. i   
• The hazard of erosion, as shown in Fig. 7, will be reduced since    
more water can get into the soil with less surface run-oft.    
_   @2;/
• Tobacco produced following a good sod is more desirable in    
cigarettes than toluacco produced iu continuous culture.   Fig_
  gra:
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  might have been prevented by rotation of sod with tobacco.
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Q  Fig. 7.- Productive top soil is lost by erosion. Prevent this by growing a
 ¥" grass-legume mixture that will produce a dense sod.

 Prepare your fields for tobacco by proper fertilization and
management of sod crops so a dense sod can be plowed before
tobacco. Tobacco grown on productive soils will mean greater
PROFITS for you.
(Zoopcrative Extension \Vork in Agriculture and Home Economics: College ot Agriculture
and Home Economics, University of Kentucky, and the United States Department ot
Agriculture, cooperating. Frank j. \\'eleh, Director. Issued in furtherance of the Acts ot
May 8 and june 30, 1914. 1 M 1 bl