xt7qnk361p0s_657 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7qnk361p0s/data/mets.xml https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7qnk361p0s/data/88m6.dao.xml Inland Steel Company 185 Cubic Feet archival material 88m6 English University of Kentucky Copyright has not been assigned to the University of Kentucky  Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Wheelwright Collection Coal miners -- Housing -- Kentucky. Coal mines and mining -- Appalachian Region -- History. Company towns -- Kentucky -- Wheelwright. Community development -- Kentucky -- Wheelwright. Coal mines and mining -- Kentucky -- Wheelwright D (General) text D (General) 2016 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7qnk361p0s/data/88m6/Box_122/Folder_19/88m6_122_19__2149.pdf section false xt7qnk361p0s_657 xt7qnk361p0s INLAND STEEL COMPANY
INTER-COMMUNICATION BLANK
WHEELWRIGHT, KY.
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 From Collier’s 1
The trick of exploiting DDT for the immediate benefit of your own family is to
use the right form of DDT for the various species of insects. Government and other
users who have had longest experience with it have worked out the most satisfactory
methods SO far. Here they are:

To control household pests: DDT solution of five per cent may be either sprayed
or "painted" over screens, on walls and ceilings, around porches, the underside of
porch roofs and chairs, corners, baseboards, electric wires and light fixtures, and
other assembly points for pests. One application of a five per cent DDT oil solution 4
at the rate of one quart of DDT solution to one gallon for each one thousand square H
feet will give a residue that will remain effective for several months. If a weaker
solution is used the treatment should be repeated several times to form a deposit of 1
DDT. If the solution is sprayed, the sprayer should be held so that a visible film is I
deposited on the surface being treated. I

For mosquitoes: Treat their breeding place with a five per cent oil solution.

One or two quarts should treat an acre of water, and should be effective for several ‘
days or perhaps a week or two depending on the weather. The Army sometimes soaked a

bag of sawdust in DDT solution and sank it in the water; this released the solution

slowly for Weeks.

For flies: DDT is only a supplement to the Old weapons: destroy breeding places
like waste, screen the house thoroughly. Then if many flies continue to enter the house
use a DDT spray on kitchen walls, screens and ceiling, but not on tabletops and other
places where food is prepared.

For bedbugs: Spray five per cent DDT solution over mattresses, bed frames, behind ’
baseboards (as much as possible) and in crevices. One such treatment is reported to i
have been effective for a period of nine months. ‘

For roaches: These are tough because they have a much more impervious shell than
flies or mosguitoes. But DDT solution should work if it is strong enough. One expert I
thinks dust would be better. For this, a fine powder consisting of ten per cent tech—
nical DDT in talc or pyrophyllite is used.

 i For moths: A DDT spray on closet walls and clothes to be stored will kill moths
‘ and their larvae for some time. But DDT will not give off a continuous moth—killing
‘ gas -- it must contact the insects.

For fleas: These pests usually enter your house on a host, like dogs or rate.
Since you don't want to get rid of your pet dog, best thing to do is use DDT dust on
him, but carefully. Never use an oil spray.

For mites: Sometimes called red bugs or chiggers. Some species of these mites
carry scrub typhus. DDT is not very effective against chiggers. It is fairly good

i against chicken antes when used as a five per cent oil spray.

I, For lice: For control of head and body lice, the U. S. Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine has found ten per cent technical DDT powder in talc or pyrophyllite

j to be highly effective. It will not kill the eggs, hence a second application after a

i week or ten days is advised. The Army has kept its men free from typhus by the use of

. this powder and has cleaned up civilian populations by applying the dust with hand or
power dusters.

‘ From Department of Agriculture

DDT is suitable for use as an insecticide only when properly prepared. It is not
easy to formulate an insecticidal dust from technical grade DDT. However, many manu-
facturing concerns are equipped to grind it with talcs, clays, sulfur, or other mater-
ials into fine powders that contain DDT in various strengths.

Such mixtures will be available for dusting. With the addition of a wetting
agent these powders may also be m’xed with water for use as sprays. DDT is only very
slightly soluble in water, but it can be dissolved in various petroleum oils, xylene,

' or other solvents for making spray solutions or emulsions. V
i Only a small quantity of DDT is needed in insecticides, and usually from l/lO to
. 10 percent of it in dusts or sprays is sufficient, depending on the intended use.

DDT is not effective against all insects and that against certain insects it is
much slower in action than some other poisons now in use, such as pyrethrum or rotenone.

The proper formulation to use against each pest, the rate and time of applications,
and whether or not DDT can be expected to give more satisfactory and more economical

 results than other available materials have not yet been worked out for many insects.
Care should always be taken to avoid applying larger dosages than required.

DDT is harmful to honeybees and to other beneficial insects, as are a number of
other insecticides. Used indiscriminately, DDT may interfere with adequate pollina-
tion of important food or seed-crop plants and destroy beneficial insect parasites and
predators that ordinarily keep certain injurious pests under control.

DDT is highly toxic to fish and certain other cold—blooded animals, but is much
less poisonous to warm-blooded animals. Under certain conditions its use experiment-
ally has resulted in some killing of insect—feeding birds. DDT is poisonous to warm- _
blooded animals when considerable amounts are eaten. The Food and Drug Administration _
of the Federal Security Agency has indicated that on the basis of available data DDT I
is somewhat less toxic than lead or fluorine. No effective method for removing DDT
residues from plants or produce has been worked out.

At this time DDT insecticides cannot be recommended for use on grain, forage; or
other crops that are to be used as animal feed because of the possible danger associated
with residues. As in the case of lead, arsenic, and fluorine, care should be taken to
avoid residues of DDT on fruits and other parts of plants or plant products to be used
as human food. In oil solutions or emulsions DDT is readily absorbed through the skin
of man and animals. Persons using it in this form are urged to take special precau-
tions to avoid repeated or prolonged exposures to the material in oil solutions.

Some injury to squash and other cucurbits has resulted from light applications of
the material. In preliminary tests DDT in soil at the rate of 25 pounds per acre was
found to retard the growth of bush beans, lima beans, soybeans, hollyhock, onions,
spinach, tomatoes, strawberry plants, and rye, and greater quantities to retard the .

I growth of certain other crops. In most instances, however, it would take several years ' :

to accumulate injurious amounts of the chemical in the soil from applications and dosages I
that would be used normally on crops for control of insect pests. The rate of decom-
position in the soil has not yet been determined.

Flies in Housesz Barnsz and Outbuildings. -- A residue left by a spray containing
DDT is probably more effective against houseflies or stableflies than any other treat—

.

 ment. On ceilings and walls of homes and barns where flies rest a deposit of this
new insecticide retains its toxicity for several weeks or months.

A 5~percent DDT suspension made of wettable DDT powder and water may be applied
as a spray to any surfaces where flies are observed to rest, such as walls, doors,
screens, ceilings, cross beams, and lamp cords. Flies enter open doors and windows
and rest on the walls and screens, especially at night. When these places have re—
ceived a residual treatment of DDT, the flies die in l to 3 hours.

In preparing the spray, make a paste of wettable DDT powder and water and

3 then add sufficient water to give the desired concentration (2.5 pounds of 50— per—

: cent water-dispersible DDT in 3 gallons of water). Early in the fly season a 5—
percent suspension is desirable. During the late summer or early fall one can use
a 2.5—percent suspension with excellent results for a couple of months or longer.

The use of a kerosene solution (7 ounces of technical DDT dissolved in 1 gal-
lon) has also been found very effective for this purpose, but when used at this
dosage it may become a fire hazard.

It is important to use a coarse or wet spray so that as much of the material
as possible will remain on the surface treated. When the water or oil evaporates,
the DDT remains and acts as a residual insecticide that kills flies and other insects
by contact.

A knapsack sprayer or a power sprayer with nozzles adjusted for large droplets
is recommended. In small rooms a hand sprayer can be used. The dosage should be
about 1 quart of spray to 250 square feet of surface. The water spray will leave a
light visible residue on the sprayed surface, which might be objectionable in homes.

* Qil sprays should n9: be used on animals, and they are not recommended for

, ' general use on buildings. They offer an opportunity for DDT to be absorbed by the
skin, and on buildings they increase the possibilities of a fire. Because they pene-
trate porous surfaces such as concrete, brick, or soft wood, oils are capable of
transporting DDT into the walls, where much of it is not accessible to the flies and
other insects. On the other hand, water sprays made of wettable DDT powder remain
on the surface, where the treatments afford full advantage for killing insects.

 Bedbugs. —- DDT is the perfect answer to the bedbug problem. When properly ap-
plied as a 5—percent spray or as a lO—percent powder to mattresses, beds, and chick-
en houses, these places will remain free of bedbugs for 6 months or more. Wettable
DDT powder may be used in water as a spray. When a 5—percent DDT solution (7 ounces
of technical grade DDT in l gallon kerosene) is used, about 3 liquid ounces is needed
to each full—size bed.
This is enough material for a thorough and careful treatment of the mattress,
pillows, springs, and Joints in the bedframe. The spray should be forced into each
Joint of the bed and both sides of the mattress should be lightly treated. ,
After a few hours of drying the bed may be made and used without fear of injury i
to the occupant. One and one-half ounces of lO—percent DDT powder is sufficient
for treatment of a full-size bed. It is applied to the same locations as recommended
for the spray. It is not necessary to treat walls, because the bedbugs must come
to the bed for meals of blood and are killed when they come in contact with the
residue of DDT on the bed.
It is advisable to wear masks when applying the spray to avoid irritation due
to kerosene or to excessive inhalation of DDT. The risk is not great. Some ventila—
tion is necessary during treatment and, of course, one must be careful not to use an
oil spray near a fire. GASOLINE MEET ygygg DE EEED.
Brown Dog Ticks. -- DDT may be applied as a lO-percent dust (l pound of tech-
nical grade DDT milled with 9 pounds of pyrophyllite, talc, or powdered soapstone)
to the cracks and crevices about baseboards and to floor coverings infested with brown
dog ticks.
Ticks filled with blood remain in their hiding places and are not easily killed '
I by the treatments. When they shed their skins and when the eggs hatch and the ticks ‘3
V are ready for a meal of blood, they are very susceptible to DDT and will be killed
upon crossing a treated baseboard or rug.
This species of tick is the only one that is found in large numbers within
homes. It attaches only to dogs and carries no disease--at least to humans. The
dust kills the ticks slowly; hence it should not be cleaned from.fabrics, floors, and

 other surfaces for about 2 weeks. After that time the powder can be taken up with a
vacuum cleaner and a second treatment made later if necessary.

This powder may be dusted on dogs, about l/h teaspoonful being sufficient for
the entire body of an average—sized animal. Cats should not be treated with DDT
dusts, because they lick themselves and can ingest enough of the poison to make them
sick.

A S-percent DDT—kerosene spray (k ounces of technical grade DDT in l gallon of
kerosene) is also effective against the brown dog tick when applied to walls, floors,

’ the lower side of rugs and in other places where this tick hides. 93; sprays must
8 not be used on animals, and should not be used where there is any chance of causing
a fire in a building.

Ether Bests in Houses. —— A 5-percent DDT spray may be made by dissolving 7
ounces of technical DDT in l gallon of kerosene. A wettable powder may be dissolved
in water for a S—percent DDT spray, but this will show on furniture and walls and
should not be used inside the home. It can be used on white—washed walls, about
kennels, in poultry houses, and in barns. A lO-percent DDT powder can be applied to
cracks and crevices of the house and the surplus material wiped from the floor with
a cloth.

For mosquitoes a S—percent DDT solution can be sprayed on the walls, ceilings,
and screens in the same manner as against flies, with excellent results. Mosquitoes
landing on treated surfaces will eventually die. Malaria mosquitoes can in this man—
ner be prevented from,biting twice; hence the treatment offers a good control of mal—
aria and other mosquito—borne diseases.

' The annoyance from sand flies in homes can be reduced by treating screens with

:3 a S-percent DDT oil spray. The screens and wall or ceiling surfaces near lights may
be sprayed or treated with a cloth. This treatment should remain effective for sev-
eral weeks.

For cockroaches a lO—percent DDT powder is about as good as sodium fluoride for
treating their hiding places. It lasts longer than sodium fluoride, but as in the
case of that material, about l week elapses before there is a marked reduction in the

 I
t
number of roaches present. A 5-percent spray containing DDT may be used as a sup- 1
plementary treatment on the under side of table tops, drawers, refrigerators, and
shelving.
For fleas in houses lO—percent DDT powder may be applied to the sleeping places of
dogs and cats and in holes and runways used by rats. It may be used beneath rugs, on
floors, and even on soil that is visited by flea—infested animals. One—half pound will
treat 1,000 square feet. One may also use a 5-percent DDT-kerosene spray on similar 1
places as well as to the top surface of rugs. Use l quart to 250 square feet and apply
as a coarse spray, for fine sprays will drift to the walls where they are ineffective
against fleas. 1
For ants in buildings apply a S—percent DDT—kerosene spray behind and beneath .
baseboards, behind window sills and frames, about sinks in the kitchen and bathroom,
to all table legs and chair legs, to both sides of pantry shelves, and to any cracks 1
and crevices leading to the outside of the building. Not all species of ants will
respond to the treatment, but many of them can be controlled for several weeks with a
single application of the spray.
The general use of DDT over extensive forested areas cannot be recommended until
the possible detrimental effects to beneficial insects, fish, and wildlife have been
determined.
DDT should not be applied to extensive forest areas at rates in excess of 1 pound
per acre. This low rate is not practical except by the use of airplanes or other
special equipment. Because of the hazards to fish, beneficial insects, and wildlife,
such applications should be made only by or under the direction of experiencedentomol- I
_ ogists who are familiar with these hazards. «‘1
, DDT has been found effective against such insects as tip moths, the white pine fg
weevil, and the locust borer, but more information is needed before it can be recommend— §1
ed for their control. It has proved effective against some aphids, but in general the ”
results against these insects have not been nearly so satisfactory as when nicotine or “
other standard materials were used. . 1_
The recommendations given below can be made at this time. Although commercial 1%

 preparations are available for these purposes, a typical formula for use against
forest and shade tree insects is suggested as follows:

One pound of technical grade DDT dissolved in 1 quart of solvent such as xylene,

; to which is added 1 to l—l/2 ounces of an emulsifying agent. For a O.l-percent DDT
emulsion add 100 gallons of water.

Defoliating Insects. -— In limited applications emulsions containing DDT may be

1 used to protect shade trees and ornamentals against many defoliating insects, includ—
‘ ing the locust leaf miner, boxwood leaf miner, cankerworms, gypsy moths, sawflies, elm
. leaf beetles, the catalpa sphinx, evergreen bagworm, mimosa webworm, and others.
. For the tent caterpillar it is only necessary to apply the spray to the branches
of wild cherry and other host trees a few days before the eggs hatch, or to spray the
‘ nests very lightly as they form. For cankerworms, where the female crawls up the tree
T for oviposition, and for the gypsy moth, where the young crawl up the trunk of the
; tree, good control can be obtained by merely spraying the stem of the tree for a few
feet above the ground. This method of treatment may be useful when power equipment is
V not available to reach the tops of tall trees.

Emulsions are recommended for use against defoliating insects in strengths of l/2
to 1 pound of DDT per lOO gallons of water. DDT is not harmful to forest and shade
trees, but many of the emulsifying agents burn the foliage and care must be exercised.
Emulsions can be applied by means of the ordinary hand knapsack sprayers or by power
Sprayers; the surfaces should be wetted until the material begins to drip from the
foliage.

‘ Insects Attacking Logs and Woodwork of Buildings. -- DDT can be used very effect-

(1 ively against this type of insects. For carpenter ants spray floors, baseboards, porches,

it and other places where the ants are seen crawling with l to 5 percent of DDT in kerosene
or other light oil, taking precautions not to use the oil spray near a fire.

For freshly cut logs, to prevent attack by Ambrosia beetles and wood bores, spray
the bark surface very thoroughly with a 5-percent DDT solution, wetting it down so that
no portions are left untreated. For termites 5-percent of DDT in kerosene solution or
in emulsion can be used as a soil poison in the same manner as recommended for other

 I
materials. . ‘
Thus used, DDT has been found to be effective as a soil poison for more than two I
seasons, although it is generally considered necessary to test soil poisons for a period
of 5 years to determine with a reasonable degree of certainty their practical effect- I
iveness. I
Sucking Insects. -— DDT has been found very effective against leaf hoppers, tree 2
hoppers, and spittle bugs on shade trees and ornamentals. For this purpose sprays con- I
taining DDT in strengths of l/lO to l/2 of l percent may be used. I
Detailed recommendations for the use of DDT to control fruit insects are not I
given here, as for the most part there will be little reason for such use during the I
remainder of the l9u5 season, and more detailed and reliable recommendations can be I
made when the results of experimental work now under way become available. I
DDT in dust and spray form and as an aerosol will kill a number of common insect I
pests of vegetables. It has shown little or no effect against others, including the
Mexican bean beetle, the tobacco hornworm, the turnip aphid, the melon aphid, the cab— I
bage seedpod weevil, the red spider mite, and the tomato russet mite. .
Tests conducted to date have shown that most of the common vegetable plants are i
not adversely affected by low strengths of DDT applied in dust or aerosol form. How—
ever, some injury to squash, pumpkins, melons, and other cucurbits may be expected even
when this material is applied at strengths and dosages that do not affect other types
of vegetables.
It appears probable that DDT in proper formulations will serve as an excellent
remedy for several common potato pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle, the potato
leafhopper, the potato flea beetle, the potato psyllid, and possibly aphids that affect .
potatoes, as well as the tomato fruitworm, the pea weevil, and the pea aphid. When
I available in aerosol form, DDT should provide a convenient and effective method for I
controlling many of the pests found in greenhouses.
The following recommendations for the use of DDT in the control of vegetable in—
sects can be made at this time:
Cabbage Caterpillars. -— DDT will control all species of caterpillars that com—
I

 ‘1

I monly attack cabbage in the southern producing areas. A dust mixture containing 2

a percent of DDT in pyrophyllite, talc, clay, or sulfur, used at the rate of 20 pounds

; per acre and applied at intervals of 10 days to 2 weeks, is recommended.

! The first application should be made as soon as the caterpillars appear on the

1 plants. As DDT is poisonous, its use throughout the growing crop period is attended

F by a residue hazard. Therefore, applications of this material should not be made to

a the crop at the time that any part of the plant which is to be marketed or used as
food is exposed.

"L In the case of the early Jersey-Wakefield variety of cabbage, which is marketed

‘L with four loose leaves, the danger period is about 30 days before the head is ready

I for the market. The recommendation is that treatments not be made after the center

§ leaves of the cabbage plant cease to unfold and begin to form in a small compact head.

i

. If this application limit is observed, stripping the outside leaves from the

‘ cabbage before it is marketed should remove all danger of harmful residues. Although

‘ there are some indications that the cabbage aphid is more numerous following applica—

i tions of DDT to cabbage, it is questionable whether these aphid population build—ups
are any greater than when arsenicals have been applied.

Lygus Bugs on Sugar Beets Grown for Seed. -- DDT will control the several species
of ligus bugs that attack the seed stalks and seeds of sugar beets, and it has some
effect in keeping down populations of the larger plant bugs, such as the Say stinkbug.
The dust should be applied at the rate of 30 pounds per acre. Either a ground machine
or an airplane may be used in the application. Pyrophyllite is recommended as the
diluent, as this is the material with which all the experimental work has been done.

,1
i

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