xt7rbn9x2808 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7rbn9x2808/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.  journals kaes_circulars_004_544 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 544 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 544  2014 true xt7rbn9x2808 section xt7rbn9x2808 S P R   Y CIRCULAR 544
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.  y J, C. Rodriguez     UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY '
and W. D. Armstrong   1;,, College of Agriculture
$· ` { and Home Economics
A   I, Agricultural Extension
' A A' Service
.   /   '

 C O N T E N T S
Page
Praitiite ()r¢·|1artl Sanitation ..............................................,..,................ EI
'I he I’reparatiou ol` Your Spray Program ..............,............................... ~l
'Iilie Miller .\metulmeut anal the I·`ruit Grower ......................,........... 5
Spray Selieilules lor (loiumercial I·`ruit Plantings, IEI57-58 ................ Ii
Spray Program lor Young l·`ruit Trees not Yet Bearing .................... T
Rel`ereu<·e notes ou Insects and Diseases, and Rodents ...................... S
Insect Pests .,......................................,.......................,.........,............. 8
Iusectiiriales .................................... . ...........................,......,................ I2
.\ppIe Diseases ..............,................................................................... 29
Peach Diseases ...............................................,..........,..................,...... 32 _
()tl1er Diseases .................................................................................... ESI
l·`uugi<·iamait·. ou-\. .\rauiit<· Flfl- *·l¤··¤·\ I·—‘=·l *1-··¤
Ami i)l.m(.mH ill. (.1api· Illailt Rot _ ‘
IT. Paratlriou Flulgilidm
ISI I)u·Iilrui   _ .
lll UX Z39 aiul ()tlu-r l)iuiimS   l·‘I’ILllLll)IlIl\ (Illllll
l`». ()llIl1|I(l \lou~<* .i1iickin¤· (rates Iree
_ 5 l B l >.
, of worms
·l. Screening the packing shed
5. (jollcctiug and renioyiug dropped lruit periodi-
. cally
Carrying out these practices thoroughly will supple-
3 ment your spray program and make it more ellectixe.

 THE PREPARATION OF YOUR SPRAY
PROGRAM
l`he spray programs recommended in this circular repre-
sent the combined experiences and observations of state ento-
mologists, horticulturists, and plant pathologists from Ken- 1
tncky, lndiana. lllinois, and Ohio, and U.S. Department of A
.\griculture specialists at the Federal l·`ruit Laboratory at
Vincennes, Indiana. These workers meet annually at Vincen-
nes in a Fruit l’est (Zonference to discuss research data and
growers experiences, as a means of bringing about improye-. A
ments in your spray program.
Note: _'
(at (Lertain reference numbers ("Rel. .... ") are noted throughout the
spray schedules. Take time to study the references. They are '
found on pages T to |·1 and 28 to H8.
thy Spray service work is carried on in the main fruit sections of Ken- · '
tncky. I·`or help with your problems, consult your spray letters,
your county agricultural agent, or the Agricultural Experiment
$tation, llniyersity of Kentucky. Lexington. \  
ot y ll you have only a few trees or wish to use only a minimum sched- `
nle, see Kentucky l{stension Circular 52l, "Sprays for the l-lome
l·`ruit Garden."

 THE MILLER AMENDMENT AND THE FRUIT GROWER
This ZIIIICINIIIICIII allieets all growers who use pestiride materials in
tontrolling insects 2lll(l plant diseases (also weeds and rodents). Tl1e
law establishes procedures [or the Food llllll Drug .»\dministration of
the U. S. Departtnent of Health. Education and \t\t'ell`are to set ofhtial
limits (tolerances) on how lllll(`Il residtte of a material can remain on a
crop when it is oflered for sale. This law requires that food shipped
A in interstate eoinntertte be pure illlll wholesome. 2llI(l the grower, by
virtue of tl1e tolerances established for each material. can with reason·
able assuranee produce such lood products without Ill!/,1II`(I to the con-
sumer. Growers should be aware ol` their responsibility and apply
only approyed materials at approved dosages lllltl directions.
The following list ol` residue tolerances applies only to the decidu-
ous fruits and strawberries grown in lx€lllIlt`I(y. Growers are urged to
follow the directions on the l]l2lHllI`iI(`Illl`CI"S label at all times.
FINAL SPRAYS
. TOLERANCE BEFORE HARVEST
MATERIAL (parts per million) (days)
i\I`2lllllI(' l M
l&II(1 5 60
_ liordeaux mixture exempt
(Iaptan 20 I
- (lopper. fixed exempt
· llllill T .·\]1plt·s fffl
l’ea¢l1<·s l2
(Lrapes I5
' I)l‘Ill('It)lI (Systox) 0.75 Apples Bl
l)it·hlone (;l’l1ygon) ft Not alter bloom
llieldrin 0.l l)(‘2l(ll<‘S. l’lums -lF>
. 0.25 Apples 35
I 1 I‘i(‘II)illIl 7 (I
(ilyodin 5 U
l.t·ad :trst·natt# 7 1'»f)
I.ind:tn<· lf) fill
I XIZIIIIIIIIUII S .\pples Llllll
_ ' y Strawberrie~ IL
I)(‘1l(`ll(‘S 7
Nlaneb 7 ff)
Xletlroxytltlor l·l 7
Nicotine 2 If)
t)yex 3
I’arathion l lf)
· Ryania exempt
Sulfur exempt
|`l)l: 7 30
Xineb 7 O
[iratn T U

 S S h d I f C ' I F 't
 
Plcmtm s I9S7-58
I
By J. G. Rodriguez and W. D. Armstrong
Suuesslul spruyiug or dusting involves rrorrczxl linzing, thorough _
upplimulion. uml the use ol proper uml sullicient muteriuls. ‘
llere ure some points to watch in doing zi good job ol` spruying or
dusting:
I. Iiccp trees well pruned so that spray materizils can penetrate uml "
so thut good tirculution ol uir will hasten drying.
2. Spnuy thoroughly, puying special uttention to the centers uml tops
oI'll1(·ll`€cs.
T3. Use mist slrruys; uyoid driving Zl solid streum ol spruy into loilugc I
or lruit ul mlose runge. This is importunt when upplying pre-
liurycsn. spruys ol` lime·sull`ur on peaches: use smull disks.
·l. l)on'1 upply lime»suI|`ur or bordeuux mixture in slow-drying ·
wcuulier. N<·y<·r upply lime-sullur when temperuture is 900 F or
ulnox<·. _
5. Neyer use lime—su|l`ur on [onuthun or Golden Delicious ulter the
l»re»piuL spruy. .
li. I)on`| use un oil spruy sooner thun ll) duys ulter u sullur slnruy.
Neyer use sullur with oil.
T. I)on`n |\|(‘4>l1<‘ <·ls<‘ (‘\]>(‘l`lH1(‘lll. ‘
Ill. .\lu‘uy» use 1lu·uim»um ol unliyc llly_I`('(llCIlI ()[. One early spray and one "post»barvest" spray applied
A in _]une should serve this purpose.
. V Young grape vines need protection against leafhoppers and other
leaf-injuring insects and this can be proviclecl by a l)lTl` spray when
injury is noticed.
.·\ll young fruit trees are subject to winter damage from orchard
mice and rabbits. Rabbit injury can usually be easily prevented by
wrapping the trunks of the trees in ()ctober with olcl newspaper or
by placing a circle of hardware cloth or screen aronncl the fl`€(* trunks.
i Protection against tnice is cliscussc·cl unclc·r l{c·|c·rc·ncc· ls').
To keep young trees growing and healthy, examine them often and
provide at once any protective measures that are needed.

 °* ,
REFERENCE NOTES ON INSECTS AND DISEASES
INSECT PESTS
I. Codling Moth
'I his insect has always been the rrrost iruportant apple insect, since
it is largely responsible lor wormy lruit, It overwinters as a \\’O1`l`H
enclosed in a cocoon lriclclen beneath bark. beneath trash on the
ground, or in various crevices in the tree. Many ol them also Iincl
shelter in picking crates or in variotrs places in the packing shed. {
In the spring, the worms translornr to brownish pupae and soon I
erncerge as bron/e-colorecl nroths. Moth emergence usually starts from
ti to I·l clays alter petal lall and ernergerrce may be over in 2 weeks
or be prolorrgecl I to ti weeks, depending on the weather. Studies at
I’aducah and Henderson show that egg-laying begins from I2 to 2l _P
clays alter petal lall and the hrst worms enter apples 3 to 4 weeks ’
alter petal fall. I·`ull-grown, Grst-generation worms begin leaving
Iruits about june I at Paducah and Henderson, and moths begin
emerging during the second or third week in lune. Heavy moth flight
occurs I`or about a month.
In general, hatch ol second—|>rood worrrrs can be expected about
luly I in \cVestern Kentucky and _]uIy ll)-I5 in Northern and Eastern
Kentucky, or about I0 days alter the emergence ol Hrst-generation
moths, and the lirst second-brood spray should be timed accordingly. _
\c·corrcl-gerreration worms pupate arrcl give rise to a third brood ol
worms which attack apples in latc· .\ugust arrcl Septernber arrcl it is
this brood that olten causes the greatest loss. I
'I`he obtaining ol` good control ol the spring-brood worms cannot
he orer-emphasized, as these give rise to ensuing generations. In some
orclrards, l)I)'l` has been lailing to give adequate control ol codling
rnotlr. Several lac tors may be involved; Resistance ol codling moth to
I)I) I. wc·at|rer conclitions hastening l)l)'l` breakdown, or inadequate _
application. l·`or this reason, the addition ol parathion or malathion 4
is suggested. l'sc· Ilya pound ol l)D'I` (F>0‘/Q,) plus parathion   _
I pound or substitute malathion (2:3%) 2 pounds lor the paratlrion.
I’aratlriorr, used at Ité pound ol the I5 percent nraterial is effective
against codling moth arrcl may be ttsed as a combination spray to ccm-
trol codling moth, mites, lea|` roller, scales, aphids. and curculio. For ·
mite control a second application should be made within 7 days ol
the Iirst.
2. Mites
l Ire two kinds ol mites corrrrrrorr to Kentucky orchards are the two-
spotted spider mite arrcl the liuropean red mite. They have become
serious pests in recent years; the practice ol using DDT in the spray
program (apple. peach. grape. strawberry. etc.`) has increased the mite
infestations, probably becatrse other insects that normally would have
preyed on the rrrites have been elinrirratecl. Both are barely visible to
the naked eve. and both Ieecl on the lower leal surlace. causing loliage

 9
to bronze and drop off. The two-spottccl spider mite turns from a
greenish or hrownish mite to a reddish adult to overwinter and it
oyerwinters on tree trunks, grasses. and clehris; it cannot he killed
with dormant sprays. The European red mite overwinters in the egg
Stage (reclclish eggs); these may he found on twigs and branches. .~\ 3%,
dormant oil emulsion spray kills the eggs it touches. and a dormant
oil spray will getterally delay mite trouhle a mcmth or so. .·\ mite count
of 2 or more per leaf (using a magnifying lens) usually warrants the
starting of control sprays.
Xlalathion. clitnite. detneton. aramite and parathion are all c·ll'c·ct-
. ive miticicles. lt is well to point Utlt that resistance to parathicm has
V heen encountered in some orcharcls. l)imitc· and aratnite are c·llec·tive
only against mites. .\ systemic material is now availahle. clemeton.
(See Ref. lli in notes for each IIlillCl`l1ll.) Regardless ol the material
used. a thorough spraying is necessary. attcl particular attention should
he given to covering the underside ol the foliage. Except when using
V detneton. the sc-concl application should always he tnaclc· about 57
, clays later.
3. Aphids
The rosy apple aphicl and the green apple aplticl are the most
troublesome. The rosy aphid attacks the foliage and fruit clusters:
the leaves become curled and the small apples fail to grow. The green
apple aphid also causes curling ol the leaves and it is particularly in-
_ jurious to young trees. Both aphids overwinter in the egg stage on
the apple tree and can be controlled hy the use of dormant oil spray
containing a "di-nitro" preparation. Use according to the mantt-
‘ l`acturer's directions. It is important that dormant "di»nitro" prepara-
tions be applied only when this tree is dormant. (See Ref. 19.)
lf the dormant spray is omitted for some reason, aphids may he
controlled in tltc· spring hy using l%l*l(Z. malathion. parathion. or
detneton.
· 4. Scales
4 The San lose and l·`orl>es scales are the most connnon. The over-
, wintering scales give rise to living young ("crawlers") and these. in
l turn, give rise to two or three more generations.
Trees lightly infested show small grayish specks on the surfac;e of
_ the hark which are disk-shapecl and just visible to tlte eye. llnder the
lens. these show a raised nipple-shaped spot at the c;enter. infested
trees show a general lack of vigor and thin foliage which may he yelr
lowislt. ()n apples. they may also attack the frttit. cattsing a red spot
around each scale.
Good coverage is essential to good control in the dormant stage
as in all other sprays. .\ spray containing fl'/Q, oil etnttlsion or emulsible
· oil at the mamtfacturer`s direction will ccmtrol scale insects and red
mite eggs in the dormant stage. .-\pply when the tetnperature is above
lil' l·`. l)N(Z may he ttsecl for thc· control of not ottly scale hut. apltis
and mite eggs. (See Rel. lll.)
Parathion may be used to control scale "c‘rawlers" and if ttsecl in
the suntmer spray program. the dormant spray for scale control may he

 lo
(fllllllllill.(f(l. (See Reference 1,7 on tl1e 11se of parathion.) Nlalathion
is also reco1n111enl()ll per lflfl gallons. l`se tl1e powder if used with
sprays tontaining sttlfur. l’1\l`2lllll()ll is used at tl1e Title ol l pound of
the IB";. wettable powder per lflfl gallons. (See Referentes I5 and I7.)
6. Apple Flea-Weevil
fl l1is pest is becoming of intreasing lllll)t)1`l2lll(`C i11 (jampbell, lien-
ton and lioone tottnties. i11 ll()l`lllCl`ll lientttckv. lt l1as long been a
proble111 i11 \()lllllCl`ll ()l1io orchards across tl1e river lil`(>lll Kentucky.
Spravs of l)l)T applied i11 tl1e pre-pink stage are suggested where tl1e ` ‘
pest is a l}l`()l)l(Tlll. The calvx sprav of tl1is 111aterial is also effective.
()11e pound of l;'»"., |)illiflllll()ll per Iflfl gallons of water will also control -
this pest at the time mentioned above. _]ulv spravs of l)l)T or para-
llll<)ll will also ll('ll) stop tl1est11m11er adults. _ _
7. Plum Curculio
(lurtulio is lll(` most lI`t)lll>l(‘St)lll€ of insetts attacking peach a11d
l>llllll Irttits at1d it also liI`CtlllCll[l§` injures apples. Tl1e adult turtttlio ·
is a QI'Il}lSll-l)l`()\\'ll snout beetle about one·fiftl1 of ill] inch long which
overwiiiters under trash or debris i11 or ll€2ll` orchards or woods. Thev i ·
lt‘stttttt‘ attivitv i11 eatlv spring illltl flv to fruit trees. _]arring records I
for l’adutah. llenderson. lllltl Lexington sl1ow tl1at tl1e first curculios
enter peamh orcliards between tl1e petal fall illlll shuck-fall stage. Thev ·
begin lavtng eggs on peaches between tl1e shutk-split and shutk-fall i
stage. liggs hatch llll(> white, legless grubs which make l)l`<)\\'ll. wind-
ing lllllllCl\ lllltl tl1e s111all fruit. These fruits usuallv drop. T]1e grub
inatures in tl1e dropped fruit 1lll(l soo11 enters tl1e soil for ])lll)Zl[l()ll. .
l‘ill`sI—QCll(‘l`1lllOl} adttlts begin emerging i11 _lllll€ §lll(l continue lllI`Ollgll
[uh. lhese beetles flv to fruit where thev. in tur11. lav eggs. l11 Ken-
tutkv, the setond generation turculio ()llCIl causes heavv losses. si11ce .
fruits ripen preniaturelv a11d drop just before harvest. Second-
generation adults emerge lro111 the soil in .\ugust. These are the
()\(’l`\\`llll(Tl`lIlQ beetles.
The presence or absence of curtulio adults i11 earlv spring (or ans
timer tan be determined bv jarring the trees i11 tl1e morning. 1lll(l tl1is

 ll
practice is widely used by peach growers in Kentucky. This is done
by placing a canvas underneath the trees and bumping the limbs with
a padded pole. The (jurculio fall to the canvas sheet and play dead
for a short time. The border rows are the first rows that are inhabited.
Dielclrin (ls ,,»i’ pound of 50 percent wettable powder) and parathion
(1% pound of the 15 percent material) are very effective against
curculio.
ln apple orchards curculio may be a problem especially in early
, varieties: dieldrin or parathion may be applied in the calyx and first
, cover. (Note compatability chart on page E18.) (See Rel`. notes 11, 13,
and 17.)
8. Orientul Fruit Moth
This insect was not known in lientucky until 1928: it has since
V become a pest of increasing economic importance. This insect over-
winters as a worm, like the codling moth, under bark or trash. ln
spring the moths emerge and lay eggs on twigs and leaves. The hatch-
ing worms bore into the tips of twigs, causing the tips to wilt and
s die back. Later in the season, the worms of later generations (there
are four or five in Kentucky), burrow into the peach usually through
the stem end and feed inside the fruit. Apples also are attacked,
usually in late summer, in years of small peach crops, or soon after
nearby bloc;ks of peaches have been "strippecl."
· Oriental fruit moth is ellectively controlled with DDT, and in-
fested peach orchards should include it in the second, third, and
fourth cover sprays. DDT should not be used within ·l2 clays of harvest
because of the possible danger of harmful residues. Parathion when
used in all the sprays indicated in the spray schedule will also control
this insect. (See Ref. 17.)
9. Peach Borers
n .·\mong the most important enemies of the peach tree are the peach
tree borer and the lesser peach tree borer. The former is the most
common and the most destructive, causing heavy losses in Kentucky
orchards. These species are closely related and, except for habit, are
cliflicult to distinguish. Borers may be iclentihed by the fact that the
, l peach free Inner ulhu/:.s I/ze {msc of I/we {run/sl. from 2 or 3 inches be-
low the surface to about a foot above the surface. while the lesser
jzenc/1 tree borer ulluc/cs f/re 1(/}/)(Z1` [mr! of I/re free {rmi/J. the crotcltes,
or any wounds in the bark. _[e1ly-like gum. including sawc1ust—like
frass, exudes from the borings of either borer and this is an indication
of infestation. Both borers overwinter as small to medium sized
worms in bark crevices or in portions of the trunk in which they feed;
` they resume burrowing and feeding in early spring. The more ad-
vanced ol the peach tree borer laryae attain full growth, about 1 inch,
by the middle of Nlay. They then spin silken. dirt and gum-covered
cocoons on the surface of their burrows or in the soil, and change to
the pupal stage. The first moths emerge in late _]une and continue
emerging through September. They are clear—winged, blue and
orange moths resembling wasps. The moths of the lesser peach [TCC

 12
borer may also be mistaken lor wasps but they usually emerge some-
what earlier. °
Control ol both species may be obtained with 3% pounds of I5 per-
cent parathion per I00 gallons ol \y'21t€l` by spraying the trunk as well
as the lower limbs. I·`or control ol the peach tree borer. apply  uly I,
r\ugust I and September I. Il the lesser peach tree borer is also pres·
ellt, bc·gin the treatments about june I0 or earlier and nrake at least
lour applications at II-week interyals. II a lreayy inlestation ol either
exists. spray at Tl-week interyals. ll only the peach tree borer is present,
and the inlestation is not too serious. l)lYl` may be used. l`se li pounds '
ol 50-percent yyettable I)l)'l` per I00 gallons ol water and spray the 4
trtnrk and crotches. (Iare slroulcl be taken to assure thorough coyerage .
ol tIrc· trunks; rernoye all trash. weeds. or grasses Ironr arotrrrcl the
tree trunks. ‘
Ihe lall treatment ol j12lI`1l(lI('llIUI`()I)CI)/CIIC tl’l)l$) applied at soil »
Ieyel is ellectiye only on the peach tree borer. .-\pply PDB crystals
about ()c.tober I, when the soil is dry. (Ilear trash lrom the base ol
the tree trunk, rernoye guru il present and place a band ol crystals
around the trtnrk, taking care to allow at least 2 inches between the -
band and the trunk. One ounce ol I’l)I5 is adyisecl lor treating trees
ti years ol age and older and lrom   to 1*.;, ounce on trees lrom 3 to 5
years olcl( clepencling upon the size ol the tree. ()ne-lourth ounce is
the proper close lor I and 2 year old trees. I)o not use more than I% `
ounce on any tree. (Boy er the crystals with about fl inches ol line soil, ~
piling it towards the trunk, arrcl compact the nround with the back
ol the shoyel. Remoye the soil alter I weeks lronr trees less than ·I _
years ol age: on older trees, the mounds rrray be rernovecl in the spring.
I·`or lesser peath tree borer control, paint the wounds with a mixture
ol I’I)II dissolyed in crude cottonseecl or miscible oil. \\l2Il`1Il 2 cjuarts I
ol oil. dissolye I pound ol I’I)ll crystals (il nriscible oil is used, add
water to this nrixture to make up to I gallon) and apply with a paint
brush. Blake this treatment during the late lall or warm winter days I
and apply only to thc: gummy area. l)o not remoye the gum.
`I0. Grcsshoppers
(rrasslroppers olten tause serious injury to trees. particularly young .
plantings. (Zhlordane is used at the rate ol 2 pounds ol the   ,
wettable powder per cure or I cjuart ol ·I5";, emulsion per acre. .»\pply ·
as ground spray between rows. Ioxaplrene. dieldrin and alclrirr are
also ellc-r tiyc· materials; use at manuI;uturers` recommendations.
INSECTICIDES
H. Lead Arsenute
ilhere is less arsenical itrjury yytith basil Ieacl arsenate than the
standard (acid) lead arsenate on peaches. It is apparently less eflectiye
than the standard Ieacl arsenate against the plum curculio. and more
applications at greater strength may be needed to obtain romparatiye
control.

 13
· I2. DDT
This material is probably the safest for codling moth control; it is
also effective against Oriental fruit moth. Only wettable powder is
recommended for orchard pest control. DDT makes for population
_ rises in mites and leaf roller and for this reason, when it is used to
control codling moth and Oriental fruit moth, growers should always
be on the alert for outbreaks of mites and leaf roller. For these reasons,
it is strongly suggested that DDT not be used in apple orchards where
the grower has been getting satisfactory codling moth control with the
4 lead arsenate spray program.
- DDT in the apple spray program should be used only up to 30 days
of harvest. Sprays closer than 40 days of harvest will likely result in the
` tolerance being exceeded. Parathion may be used, however, up to
within l0 days of harvest. Ryania 5-6 pounds per 100 gallons has been
exempted from tolerance limitations and is also recommended for
second and third brood codling moth control. On peaches, do not use
DDT for oriental fruit moth, 2 pounds of 50 percent wettable powder,
· closer than 42 days of harvest. For leafhopper control l pound of DDT
is suggested when not more than 2 applications are made during the
last 8 weeks before harvest. Do not use within 3 weeks of harvest. In
' grapes, do not apply closer than 45 days before harvest.
. `I3. Ryunic
This insecticide is of plant origin. Ryania insecticides composed of
_ the ground stems of Ryania speciosa have been developed commercially
for the control of codling moth and European corn borer. The active
materials of Ryania are toxic to insects both as contact insecticides and
‘ as stomach poisons. Ryania appears to be even safer to warm-blooded
animals than rotenone and has a place in the apple spray schedule in
the late cover sprays to avoid dangerous residues of DDT.
V 'I4. Mclathion
This material is an organic phosphate, but it is much safer to use
than parathion and is recommended to those who do not want to use
r i the latter. It is somewhat less effective than parathion on a pound per
. pound basis, but it is effective against scales, aphids and mites par-
‘ ticularly. Wettable powder of 25% malathion is suggested for use in
fruit spray schedules, at the rate of l to 2 pounds per 100 gallons.
'I5. TDE
This compound is related to DDT. In the orchard pest control
program, the specific use for TDE is for the control of the red-banded
_ leaf roller. There are several formulations but the 50% wettable
powder is preferred because there is no question of its compatibility
with wettable sulfur.
'I6. Dimite, Ovex (Ovofrcn, Corutrcn), Aramite and Demeton
Dimite is a miticide that is very effective against all species of orch-
ard mites. Use the 25-percent emulsion at l pint per 100 gallons of
water.

 14
Ovex (Ovotran, Coratran). This material is especially effective for .
the control of European red mites and is recommended in three early
sprays on apples. Added to the pink, bloom, and calyx sprays at yl
pound of the 50 percent wettable powder per 100 gallons, it should
eliminate the European red mite problems for the season. Two-spotted
mites may be a problem later in the season, however; these may be
controlled with aramite, dimite or demeton. This material is not an
aphicide.
Aramite is another miticide effective on orchard mites. Use at the A
rate of l to 2 pounds per 100 gallons depending on the infestation and l
the amount of residual action desired.
Demeton is a systemic material which when sprayed on foliage is _
absorbed by the foliage and made toxic to such sucking pests as aphids
and mites. This material (may be sold under the trade name of Systox) ‘
is related to parathion and has to be handled as if it were parathion
(see note 17). Demeton is approved for control of mites and aphids
on apples, but because it is so long-lasting only two applications are ap-
proved during the season with the last at least 21 days before harvest. n
lt may be used where green apple aphis and the rosy apple aphis are
evident and applications for their control, in the pink and calyx sprays,
would also control the European red mite and would perhaps remain
effective against an early invasion of two-spotted mites. Use according \
to directions at the rate of ya pint per 100 gallons. See Ref. 17 regard-
ing precautions and correct type of respirator.
'I7. Pcruthion
This material has been used since 1949. It has been highly satis- ,
factory in respect to insect control. Because it is extremely toxic to
warm-blooded animals, its use cannot be recommended without quali-
Hcation. Usage of the material, as outlined in this parathion spray
schedule, is suggested only in cases where safer materials have failed · V
to give satisfactory control.
Each package ogered for sale carries a detailed list of precautions
to be followed; no fruit grower should use or permit the use of para- i .
thion unless he knows and enforces all precautions completely. The .
following are briefly some of the precautions which the user must ·
observe:
Avoid breathing the powder while handling the bags and wash