xt7rjd4pp44g https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7rjd4pp44g/data/mets.xml  United States Housing Authority 1939 5 pages, 30 [that is 35] leaves: illustrations, map; 27 cm. UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Library Program libraries and the Federal Information Preservation Network. Call Number FW 3.9:20/rev. bulletins English Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Works Progress Administration Housing Publications Dwellings -- Heating and ventilation -- United States Public housing -- United States Selecting a Method of Heating/United States Housing Authority July 1939 text Selecting a Method of Heating/United States Housing Authority July 1939 1939 2019 true xt7rjd4pp44g section xt7rjd4pp44g rm: ' ' g " .. , v‘
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’afD/ Tjuw A UNITED STATES HOUSING AUTHORITY
‘ BULLETIN NO. 20 ON POLICY AND PROCEDURE
g UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY

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~ 7 ' ' (Substituted for Bulletin No. 20 dated March 8, 1939)
SELECTING A NETHOD OE NEATING
A. Objective

Heating systems for lOWerent housing involve a variety of considera—
tions, with one basic purpose — the provision of suitable heating at the
least possible cost. Economy of capital costs is mandatory under the
United States Housing Act which states that ”projects will not be of
elaborate or expensive design or material and economy will be promoted
both in construction and administration." The Act further requires that
rents (including the cost of heating) shall be within the financial reach
of families of low income. Since the heating expense may represent a
very material portion of the total rent, or total expenditure for rent
and household operation, economy in operating expense of the heating sys—
tem is essential.

E, Determining 5 Heating Method

The individual tenant~operated heating unit should always be given
consideration and, under conditions favorable to its use, this type should
be the first tentative selection. As compared with the project—operated
group or central plant, the individual tenant—operated unit has the fol—
lowing definite advantages:

1. The responsibility for fuel consumption is placed squarely on
the tenant. It is obvious that when he pays directly for the fuel con—
sumed, he will not be wasteful in his use of heat and will adjust it to
his actual needs.

2. Tenant operation is substituted for the paid labor of others.

3. Simple, small individual plants are likely to be lower in first

~ cost than large, frequently complex, project—operated plants. Under
favorable climatic and fuel conditions the small heating units are likely -
to cost the tenant less in operating and maintenance expenses.

There are conditions, however, under which consideration must be
given to the project—operated plant. In such cases, its capital cost and
annual expense should be estimated and compared with the individual plant
77420 H—l

 ‘I' j r
costs, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two types should be
compared and weighed before a definite decision is made. For example.
flats and apartments do not lend themselves readily to individual tenant—
operated plants except when gas is available at a low rate. In very cold
climates with a long heating season the more efficient performanca of the
larger project—operated plant may result in definitely lower operating
expense. The project-operated plant or plants may have a distinct advan—
tage in the anthracite regions (indicated in Zone 8 on the attached map)
since such plants may often be operated with the smaller sizes of anthra—
cite coal available locally in large quantities, whereas individual units
may require the larger, more expensive sizes. The types of fuel avail—
able, possible methods of fuel purchase and distribution, the cost of
project labor contingent upon different types of fuel, and other factors
must be analyzed before making a final decision.

For purposes of general consideration the country may be roughly
divided into three heating zones, as shown on the attached map. In the
warmest of these, Zone I, no heat other than that produced by the cooking
stove should be needed. A water~heater may be provided in conjunction
with the stove, or a separate'water tank may be provided in the bathroom.
In the next cooler area, Zone 2, a space heater in the living room should
usually be sufficient and, except under unusual conditions, no considera—
tion need be given to the project—operated plant. For two—story row

‘ houses, the space heater may be supplemented by a simple duct arrangement
to direct the flow of heated air to the second floor.

In Zone 3, the most northerly, where a living room space heater may
not be sufficient, various methods of heating may be considered and care—
fully compared. Preference, however, can generally be given to tenant—
operated heating units except when analysis shows that costs strongly
favor the project—operated plant.

Because of the technical considerations involved it is usuallylim-
portant to have the services of a qualified heating engineer in the prepa—
ration of this analysis, and in the final choice and the design of the
heating system. An initial investment in qualified technical advice may
pay for itself many times over in more accurate and dependable operating
and maintenance estimates, greater speed in the preparation of working
drawings, and greater operating economy and efficiency.

E. Eggtgrs Affecting Choice

1. Desirability of tenant responsibility.

2. Initial cost and its effect on annual expense. The comparative
initial costs of providing space and chimneys for the individual dwelling
heating unit or the project boiler plant or plants must not be forgotten.
77420 H—1 2

 I .h ,
' 3. Annual expense, including maintenance repairs and replacements: e
The choice of fuel used for domestic water—heating and the use of the
same fuel for other purpOSes may affect this item. -

4. Effect on site and building plan: The choice of tenant—operated
heating units requiring delivery of fuel to the individual dwellings may.
control the layout of service drives, and consequently influence the cost
of utilities. Similarly, the requirements of economical distribution Ior
the project—operated plant may influence the layout of buildings.

. 5. Continued availability of fuel and probable trend of its pricey

6. Local practice, acceptability, and availability. -

7. Climate. ‘

8. Labor rates and related factors.

9. Safety and cleanliness of operation.

10, Rate of obsolescence. '

ill. Effect on insuranCe rate. -
Some of these factors relate to the type of system, some to the fuel,
- some to both. There may be other factors in particular cases.
2- E‘:.::2?:?. 2i System? '

In the selection and design of the heating system consideration
should be given to the fact that a continuous temperature of 700 F. in all
rooms is not considered an absolute cesontial for health and comfort.
Since outside design temperatures are reached for comparatively short pe—
riods of time during the average heating season, a temperature range (in—
side room temperature minus outside design temperature) 5“ to 100 F. lower
than that geneiaily accepted for the locality may be used in calculating
heat losses. Eor example, in cities where there is a generally accepted
design temperature of 00 F., the project design range can be reduced
(from O“ to 700 F.) to + 50 to 650 F. Local conditions must be considered-
carefully before reductions in the accepted range are established.

Consideration should also be given to the characteristics of fuels
which affect the feasibility of a particular method of heating. Among

A these are: V '
, Codi requires storage space and means for ugh disposal, and this may
restrict its use for individual dwelling unit plants above the first floor.‘ 4-
7?i20 H—l - 3

 l. A
Gas involves no storage or handling difficulties and. when low enough
in price, makes the individual unit available for any type of dwelling.
One hundred percent check metering may be necessary, howeVer, to insure
economical operation and the initial costs and operating expense of indi~
vidual gas—fired units with check metering should be weighed against the
costs of an automatic project~operated gasmfired system.
Qil requires storage space. For the individual plant, a EOhgallon
drum which is set on a stand outside the kitchen door, may be provided.
1. individual Tenant—Operated Unit «
In Zone 2 and frequently in Zone 3, this should be the favored type.
In climates more favorable to the project—operated plant, the Comparative
economy of total fuel expense and the difficulties of fuel storage and ,
handling must be considered.
The common types of individual units and characteristics which affect
their use are:
’ u . -. . o -
ta) Fireplace or Circulator: When cold weather is ecceSional and
not severe this is the only method of heating which is justified. Fire-
places may be the ordinary masonry type or may have a metal chamber to
permit the warming and circulating of air, and may have ducts to other
rooms. Circulaters may burn any fuel depending upon local practice, avail—
ability, cost, and storage and handling facilities.
(b) Stove: This type does not permit uniform heat distribution or
, temperature control but may be considered generally suitable in Zone 1,
and wherever very low cost and very low rent are the aims.
(c) gravity harm Air: This type is low in first cost, and requires
a minimum of maintenance and adjustment. Basement space is required.
The pipeless variety is very low in first cost, but only partially effec—
tive in distribution. More effective distribution may be obtained by the
use of ducts.
(d) Eorced warm Air: Eistribution is very effective in this type. ,
No basement is required, and when it is gas or oil fired. very little
space is necessary.
(e),gn§ ?iP§ §team with radiators: This type is slightly higher in
. cost than gravity warm air and requires basement space.
L
‘ . Y ‘c n u n u
(f) hot EEEEE‘ Tnis type is slightly higher in first cost than one .
pipe steam and is very satisfactory in operation, particularly when a
steady, moderate supply of heat is wanted. .
77480 H~l . p 4

 l 4

2. Central or Group Projectngperated Elangs

These types may be justified usually only under the following condi—
tions:

(3) Concentration of dwelling units in flats and apartments and, to
a lesser extent, in row houses.

(b) Climate re uirinv nearl' continuous heating for four or more

g. b a
months.

The decision between a single central plant and two or more plants,
each serving a group of buildings, will be affected by:

(a) The size, arrangement and topography of the project.

(b) The types of fuel available at low prices.

(0) Labor rates and related factors.

Group plants are usually more desirable than a large central plant.
They can ordinarily be located in basements with chimneys related to the
buildings, thereby eliminating the high initial cost of a separate build-
ing and high chimney. Fuels such as oil or gas may be readily handled,
regardless of the number, size and location of the plants. Group plants
should be interconnected, vherever feasible, to permit more flexible opera-
tion which will result in greater economy in the low—demand months. This

. is particularly important where coal is the fuel used. The site plan
‘ should therefore be arranged to permit nearly uniform sizing of the group
plants and their location for economical interconnection.

A large central plant will usually require a separate building and
high chimney. This may be undesirable from a site planning point of View
or for architectural reasons. The delivery, storage, and handling of coal
and the disposal of ashes, however, may be efficiently handled in such a
plant.

Economic énalysis, Design, and Contract Documents:

Recommendations for good practice in the preparation of an economic
analysis and the design of project—operated heating systems are covered
in the Appendix to this bulletin.

:x)
/
Lila. too 1. MAM
NATHAN STRAUS,
Administrator.
September 25. 1939
77420 H—1 5

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éngNDIX
Economic Analysis 9f Heating Methods.
Design of Project—Operated
Central and Group Heating Plants.
Fuel Consumption Formulae.

The factors which influence the choice of a heating method are dis~
cussed in the foregoing Policy and Procedure Bulletin No. 20, ”Select—
ing a Method of Heating.” Important among these factors is the compara—
tive economy of the various feasible methods. _

‘ The first part of this appendix to Bullcton No. 20 presents a de—
tailed method of studying the comparative economy of various methods of
heating. The second part makes recommendations on practices and methods
in the design of projectéoperated group and central plants, for use by
the designing engineer. The third part contains fuel consumption formu—
lae. These recommendations apply only to central or group plants and
should be considered only Where careful analysis, as outlined in Bulletin
No. 20, has clearly indicated the desirability of project~operated cen~
tral and group plants.

77420 H92

 J - >
PART 3 — ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
A. ggmparative Cost Analysis

Several suitable methods of heating having been tentatively selected
a comparative cost analysis should be made in order to determine Which
will result in the least expense to the tenant. The underlying princi—
ples involved in this analysis are simple and require no explanation.
There are, however, certain common errors concerning which a reminder may
be helpful.

Perhaps the most prevalent mistake is to overlook items of expense
which are indirectly involved in the use of a specific type of fuel or '
heating plant. If, for example, coal fired gravity warm air systems are
being considered, the cost of a basement or other space, coal storage

_ space, chimneys, and possibly additional roads for the delivery of coal
and removal of ashes, should be included.

If individual, group and central plants are being compared, there
should be included not only the costs of boilers, breeching, auxiliary
equipment; and piping, but also fuel storage space or tanknge, construc—
tion costs of boiler and storage rooms and smoke stack, and heat insu—
lation of boiler room ceiling. There may also be the cost_of supply and
return mains, with their supports and heat insulation and trenches or
tunnels to nearby buildings and lines to hot water heaters.

The central plant should be charged with its building and smoke
stadk, as well as complete plant, distribution and return systems, and
possibly cost of land occupied if additional land has to be vauircd to

- accommodate the central plant.

With respect to items such as maintenance and replacement, the ex~,
pense for which may vary Widely, the greatest care should be taken to
avoid estimates which are either unfairly pessimistic or unduly hopeful.

. In general, the present prevailing costs will form the basis of
computations, but unusual price conditions should be discounted and the
long range trend anticipated wherever possible.

B. Forms for Analysis
Convenient forms for preparing the economic heating analysis are
_ attached hereto. These are designed to facilitate separate analysis of
plant and fuel costs.
' 77420 H~3

 4' a.

Following are the items which are included in the attached economic
analysis charts to determine the initial costs and annual operating on—
pcnse:

TABLE I — INITIAL COSTS
Qpntral—ggpup—Building Elants
A. Radiation and/93 Pipe; Unit floaters, Ducts and Grillgséip Duild—
ings. Cost of heating system within the buildings, excluSive of
equipment, auxiliaries and piping within the boiler room. Radiation can
be estimated by reference to Table III of the charts. .

B, Distribution (Yard). 00st of underground piping installation.

C. Plant Equipment. Cost of equipment, auxiliaries and piping with—
in the boiler room. Automatic firing and fuel handling equipment should
be noted separately. Building plants might include one boiler room per
building or one boiler room per two or three small buildings.

Unit Plants . ’

D—E—F—G. Cost of heating equipment for individual plants only.
Items D, E and F might apply to warm air systems or circulators. Vents
under D include fresh air connections. Items E, F and G are applied to
steam or hot water heating systems.

Central—Grouprhuilding ~ Unit Plants (Related Items)

H. Plumbing Connections. Cost of water and drainage required for
heating system.

I. Gas Piping. Cost of proportionate share of gas piping applied
to heating system.

J. Electric Outlets. Cost of electrical work necessary for heating

‘ system. .

K. Chimnevs. Cost of masonry flues, stacks and foundations.

L. Structures. Cost of structures, additional to dwelling facili—
ties, necessary to house boiler and auxilianf equipment for central, group
or building plants; closets, utility rooms, partitions, etc., for indi—
Vidual dwelling unit plants. _

M. Fuel Storage. Cost of facilities for storing fuel. Fuel oil
tanks concerned with the immediate operation of the plant or plants need
not be included here.

N. Thtra Roads. Cost of extra roads required in the delivery of
fuel or removal of ash.

77420 H~3 2

 I s

0. Net initial Cost (Heating). Total of above items, each of which
should include the sub~contractors expense and profit. However, it should
not include general contractor’s added percentage.

P. Gross floating Cost. Net initial cost plus general contractor’s
added percentage.

Domestic Hot Water

Q. to X. (inclusive): Costs of supplying domestic hot water. The
same procedure should be followed as outlined heretofore for heating. It
is necessary to note that when domestic hot water is supplied through
generators deriving its source of heat from boilers used also for space
heating, the cost of the extra boiler capacity and heating distribution
should be included in items A, B and C.

Y. — Gross Cost (Heating plus ngestig hot Water). The summation of
items P. and X.

TABLE II. AEEUAL OPERATING EXPENSE
Heating and Domestic Hot Water

a. through d. Maintenance, Benair and Beplacement. The product de—
rived by multiplying the initial costs from Table I by the factors set up
for the respective items in Table IV. Related items generally refer to
plumbing connections, gas piping and electric outlets. ,

e. The total of all maintenance, repair and replacement expense.

f. Fuel. Formulae have been prepared for estimating fuel consump—
tion which are incorporated in this Bulletin. The influence on the rate
structure in the use of gas for space heatin3 and domestic hot water in
coordination with that required for cooking and refrigeration should be
applied in the analrsis. Where the electric consumption for tho operar
tion of auxiliary heating equipment is a substantial amount, its influence
on thc_cloctric rate structure should be thoroughly considered.

g. Labor. In high pressure boiler plant operation it may be neces-
sary to employ the services of a competent first class licensed engineer.
Local regulations may require such services continuously while the plant
is in operation or for supervisory purposes only. In the latter case a
portion only of the engineer's time might be devoted to the plant. In
any event, it might be advisable to charge at fiill time the services of
second class licensed engineers.

In low pressure plant operation licensed men are generally not re—
quired unless stipulated by ordinance or labor organization.

77420 H~3 Z

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68905 FEDERAL NORKS AGENCY DOCKET NQ———-———
SHEET NO.—______.
ECONOMIC HEATING AMLYSIS UNITED STATES HOUSING AUTHORITY Egg:— T3.—
TA BLE~III CUBIC FEET OF USABLE SPACE PER SQUARE FOOT or EQUIVALENT DIRECT‘EEAM RADIATIWOINiimr
DESIGN ’NS'DE TEMR ONE STORY TWO STORY THREE STORY FOUR STORY 5Ix STORY
””5" . TEMP ,. D’F’T: ., BUILDING BUILDING bUILDING BUILDING EUILDING
Dre. F DEG. I= DEG. F
“um“
--———-m-
m-—_-
“a .7
. TABLE-D? MAINTENANCE $ REPAIR — REPLACEMENT FACTORS
— _ MAINTENANCE REPLACEMEN EXPECTED
. SCHEME ITEMS AND Reel-MI?~ AT LIFE
2". INTEREST IN YEARS
A CENTRAL PLANT FUEL FIRING 4 moons m
sum on m... m ms ___m—
HOT mm mm... -———
eaoup mm: 0R mm 0.04m
CENTRAL mm
o $33,755.33; RELATED mews ' -——m—
; HOT mm». STRvCTURES WEE-—
I'- C INDIVIDUAL BUILDING FUEL FIRING HANDLING UNIT HEATERS “—1-
( PLANTS OTHER HEATING EQUIPMENT mm 0.0225
g (Low mam) __m o... a:
.0. Wm _mma——
WWMMMG EE—_—I_
ms FORCED w... A... mo mm-
eww sum 0.. wow W... ram—-
——-—n
—m-m-——
I: nonmc “m“
w W... com a.
RELATED ITEMS 0.0175 “——
Norzs: THE STEAM RADIATION DERIVED FROM THE FACTORS IN TABLE It! Is To BE USED FOR PRELIMINARY
PURPOSES ONLY IN PREPARING AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, AND NOT FOR, INDIVIDUAL ROOM
CALCULATIONS. HOT WATER HEATING RADIATION CAN BE TRANSPOSED FROM THE RESOLTANT FIGURES.
THE FACTORS IN TABLEJI ARE BASIC ONLY; THEY MAY BE VARIED TO SUIT LOCAL CONDITIONS AND THE
TYPE AND QUALITY or THE HEATING OR DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEM. UNIT HEATERS mounts:
ANfi'd'IN TABLEU APPLY TO THE STEAM OR HOT WATERTYPE. GAS OPERATED HEATERS ARE INCLUDED UNDER D.

 ’ 3

When a plant or plants necessitate a twenty—four daily operation, the
personnel per shift (with the exception of the chief engineer if permitted
by regulation) can be multiplied by 5—1/2 times, which should compensate ‘
for relief time. If, on the other hand, the plant or plants do not re—
quire operation on this basis, the staff could be reduced proportionately,
with the necessary relief labor of approximately lSéz/S per cent per man
added. It is advisable that in preparing an analysis of different heating
schemes before a selection is made, only that portion of the firemen actu—
ally required in the operation of the plant need be applied to it.

Labor during the non~heating season can be reduced commensurate with
the scheme of heating domestic hot water and the tenant requirements. ‘

h. Ash Disposal. The expense of removing the ash from the project.

i. Electric Fower. The expense of kilowatt hour consumption of all
electric motor driven equipment. -

3. Water and Supplies. The expense of water incidental to plant op—
eration and supplies such as waste, lubricating oil, etc.

k. Net Annual Operation. The total of all operating expense (items
0 through 3).

1. Net per Room_per Year. The net annual operation (item k) divided
by the number of rooms. _

m. Net per Room per Month. The net monthly operation divided by the
number of rooms. ,

In. Debt Service. The product of 0.0017 (which is the difference be~
tween the annual subsidy of 3.5 per cent and the interest and amortization
of 3.67 per cent) by the Gross Costs in Table I of Heating (item P), Do~
mestic Hot Water (item X) or the total of Heating and Domestic Hot water

' (item Y), dependent upon the nature of the analysis. No allowance has
been made in the chart to compensate for any changes in these rates, since
the influence of such fluctuations on the heating and/or domestic hot water
per room per month operating expense would be negligible. ,

0. Gross Annual Operation. The smnmation of items k and n.
p. Gross per 390m per Month. The gross monthly operation divided by
the number of reoms.
0. Selecting the Fuel

Choice of fuel is dependent in a large measure on local availability
and cost. Other considerations are cleanliness and ease of handling. As
the choice of fuel may affect the site plan and the management policy, an
77420 H93 4

 I >
early fuel cost analysis should be made. A recommended form for preparing
such an analysis is included in the "Economic Heating Analysis” chart at—
tached, additional copies of which may be obtained upon application to the
United States Housing Authority at Washington, D. 0.

Low fuel prices are generally required to make individual heating
units practical. There are several ways in which retail fuel prices may.
be lowered: purchase by the project at wholesale prices and resale to
the tenants; group purchase sponsored by‘a ”Tenants Association”; or pur~
chase through the department which makes municipal purchases of fuel. The
cost of handling fuel, including storage, weighing, delivering and billing
must be considered in any study of fuel purchasing methods. Fuel storage
by the tenant may constitute a problem.

In the selection of fuel, especially coal, consideration should be
given to a possible rise in price. The price of coal today is lower than
it has been in a number of years.

77420 H43 5

 I ',.

PART II ~ DESIGNING THE PROJECT OPERATED GROUP AND CENTRAL PLANTS

Recommendations and suggestions for the design of heating plants are
presented herein. The United States Housing Authority recognizes that
there are various satisfactory methods of handling particular design fea-
tures, and these suggestions are not to be considered the only acceptable
ones.

A. The Central Plant

1. Epilers

Central plants; design to Operate at 80 to 100 pounds pressure, with
not less than three boilers; water tube boilers, at 150 percent of rating:
portable fire box boilers, at 100 percent of rating. Normal rating should
not exceed 500 H.P. except where more than four boilers are required.

Boilers up to 100 H.P.: fire box type.

Boilers lOO H.P. to 300 H.P.: either straight water tube, or low
head three drum bent tube.

Boilers above 300 H.P.: either straight water tube, or high head
four drum bent tube.

Insulation of settings on coal burning boilers 300 H.P. and over will
be improved by providing air—cooled walls. For oil or gas fuel, settings
may have solid walls and air—cooled floors. For straifht tube boilers,
provide solid end and side walls 22 inches thick with full floating bridge
wall to take care of expansion. Provide for expansion in the setting
walls as well as proper clearance between drums and settings and support—
ing structural members. Support boilers independently of brick setting.

Provide for easy cleaning of all water and fire surfaces. Provide
soot blowers on water tube, horizontal return tubular, and portable type
fire box boilers burning bituminous coal.

Include water treatment facilities where necessary.

Provide for easy removal of ashes; if pulverized coal firing is used,
provide a method for trapping and removal of fly ash.

A Clear space of 14'~O” minimum is recommended between boiler fronts
and the wall of the building, not less than 6'~O" between the rear of the
boilers and the wall of the building, and not less than 6’—O” between each
boiler for air~cooled walls and 5‘~O" for all others. Each boiler should
have an individual setting.

77430 343 6

 , .

Provide proper ventilation over the tOp of all boilers. This can
best be accomplished by a monitor over each boiler with pivoted sash and
extended Operating device.

2, §team Outlets

The steam outlet of each boiler carrying in excess of 15 pounds '
gauge pressure should have an automatic stop and check valve at the
boiler, and globe or angle valve at the header. One or more openings
for future flanged connections may be provided on boiler drums.

3. Oat Walks

Provide cat walks with ladders so that all points on boilers which
must be serviced may be reached.

4:. Staci-gs

Base peak boiler loads on a chosen minimum outside temperature.

Stack diameters should be the most economical size, calculated for
pedz load demand at 20° F. a