xt7tdz02zs8r https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7tdz02zs8r/data/mets.xml Norwood, Charles Joseph, b. 1853. 1876 books b96-12-34876627 English Printed for the Survey by J.P. Morgan & Co., : [Frankfort, Ky. : Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Geology Kentucky. Lead Kentucky. Report of a reconnoissance in the lead region of Livingston, Crittenden, and Caldwell counties : including a sketch of their general wealth / by Chas. J. Norwood. text Report of a reconnoissance in the lead region of Livingston, Crittenden, and Caldwell counties : including a sketch of their general wealth / by Chas. J. Norwood. 1876 2002 true xt7tdz02zs8r section xt7tdz02zs8r GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. N. S. SHALER, DIRECTOR. REPORT OF A RECONNOISSANCE IN' TIME LEAD REGION OF LIVINNGSTON, CRITTENDEN, AND CALDWEIL COUNTIES, INCLUDING A SKETCH OF THEIR GENERAL WEALTH. BY CHAS. J. NORWOOD. PART VII. VOL. I. SECOND SERIES. VUL. 1-29 449 1 450 This page in the original text is blank. INTRODUCTORY LETTER. Professor N. S. SHALER, Director Kentucky Geological Survey: DEAR SIR: According to your instructions, I present you herewith a report of a reconnaissance of the lead region em- braced in the counties of Livingston, Crittenden, and Caldwell. Accompanying it is a preliminary map, incorrect in many par- ticulars as regards the geography, but better than none. As there was much territory to be traversed in a short space of time, the report does not purport to be an exhaustive or elaborate one by any means. The prime object of the reconnoissance was to obtain a knowledge of the character of the lead deposits and their probable worth. It is believed all the time requisite for such a result was devoted to the work. I embrace this opportunity to express my gratitude to all those who rendered me kindly aid when in their region. The Survey is under especial obligations to Mr. P. C. Bar- nett, Col. Callahan, the Messrs. Woods, Mr. Hodge, the Messrs. Hewlett, Hon. Chas. Webb, Mr. Lemen, Rev. Isaac McMurray, the Messrs. Glass, and Mr. Wm. Marble. Respectfully, CHAS. J. NORWOOD. LEXINGTON, Ky., April 15th, I875. 451 REPORT OF A RECONNOISSANCE IN THE LEAD REGION OF LIVINGSTON, CRIT- TENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUN- TIES, INCLUDING A SKETCH OF THEI-_1R GENERAL WEALTH. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. This county is quite irregular in its outlines. Part of it lies between the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, extending, in a tongue as it were, up those streams to the i' Narrows." while the greater portion lies north of the Cumberland, the Ohio river forming the western boundary. and Crittenden county joining on the east. Taken altogether, the county is a broken country, made up of high winding ridges, some of which rise to a height of 400 feet above the level. The highest point is, perhaps, between 5oo and 6oo feet above the Ohio river. Although the greater portion of the county is ridge land, there is yet much of it well adapted for farming, embraced in the rich valleys of the Ohio and Cumberland rivers, and the wide valleys and table lands north of the Cumberland. The county embraces about 295 square miles of territory. GENERAL GEOLOGY. The geological formations found in the county are the qua- ternary and carboniferous. The Qieaternary.-This includes in descending order allu- vium and bluff beds or loess. I. Allztizum.-This division is made up of beds of sand. clay, loam and pebbles, as follows: a. Soil and black loam, composed of decayed vegetable matter, etc., alternating with thin layers of sand. I These heights are approximated. 452 LIVINGSTON, CRITTENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUNTIES. 5 b. Buff clay. c. Red clay, with masses of earthy iron ore. d. White and yellow sand, grains very small. e. Pebbles. These are usually quite smooth and rounded, and are mainly of chert and hard sandstone. They vary in size from half an inch to three inches in diameter. They are often cemented by iron, and so consolidated as to form compact beds of conglomerate. These beds are frequently exposed on the tops of the ridges, and might be mistaken as being of a date older than here ascribed to them. 11. Bluf' beds (or Loess).-This is a yellowish to brownish buff, somewhat sandy, porous clay. When dry it is quite pulveru- lent. It is developed in the bluffs of the Ohio river especially, and covers the hills at many places in the vicinity of Smith- land.' Carboni/rous.-Under this head are included rocks of the coal measures and the lower or sub-carboniferous. I. Coal Afeasures.-This formation is but sparingly devel- oped, the only members found being the conglomerate and accompanying coal beds. The conglomerate caps the ridges in many parts of the county; sometimes attaining a thickness of sixty feet, and again, represented by a few feet only. It does not always contain pebbles; on the contrary, it frequently passes abruptly from a hard, gritty sandstone, quite conglomerated(the pebbles varying in size from that of a small shot to that of a hen's egg), to a fine-grained compact rock, entirely desli/tte of pebbles. At Carrs-ille a few N-iwlders of quartzite, syenite, granite, and hornblendic rock were oh- -erved. They vary j, size from six inches to two feet in diameter. They are much worn andl rounded, in this respect having the character of glaial drift; several of them were examined or evidences of scratches, but none discovered. Their histors is somewhat obscure. It is not .rolealle, however, that they were transported to tlheir present locatiot, by water, as the speclmen-occups a circumscribed area, and none are known to occur elsewhere in the county. 'Ihere sea, an Indian burial-ground at Carrs-ille, and perhaps a foctificaio-,, so that the luwilde"s may possibly been brought for soue 1surpose by the ancient people who built there. Another fact it regard to them is, that they are arranged in a line one after the other, partially ,ered with earth. Though doubtful as to their having been brought to their present location by any means other hn human, no locality in Illino-s, from whence they could have been procured, can be given. It is possible for them to have been brought from Missouri. 453 6ON THE LEAD REGION OF Again, the pebbles are quite small and sparingly distributed; it presents this character often. The pebbles are usually not distributed indiscriminately throughout the mass, but are in horizontal layers or bands. The conglomerate is found in the hills back of Smithland, on the Dycusburg road, about one mile and a quarter from Smithland, on the farms of the Messrs. Lemen, near Salem, and at many other points in the northern portion of the county. There are really two distinct conglomerates in the county, with a coal bed between. Because of physical differences, the upper one has been designated the tlwe or superior conglomerate, and the lower as the inferior conglomerate. The reason for so doing is, that the upper rock is nearly always abundantly charged with pebbles, while the lower one is seldom so. It, in fact, rarely contains any; but as it was occasionally observed with certain parts conglomerated, it was included under the name cong-lom- era/e. It seems probable that the superior conglomerate occu- pies quite a limited area, but that the inferior member occurs frequently throughout the county. Usually, immediately underlying the conglomerates are beds of argillaceous shales, with a few coal streaks traversing them. A jointed sandstone, some ten to twenty feet thick, parts the shales from the lower carboniferous limestones. Frequently, however, the conglomerates rest directly on the limestones. The following section of the rocks from Trabue's (the old Union) coal mines to the Ohio river-distance about half a mile-exhibits the position the conglomerates hold in regard to each other, very wvell. z. Conglomerate......... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . 20 feet. 2. Covered space....... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . 5 3. Very thin-bedded, slabby sindstone, in layers from one to two inches thick. Good for ordinary whetstones ............. . 5 4. Drab argillaceous shale ............... . .. .. . to 1 " 5. Coal............. . . .. ... . .... 234 6. Under-clay......... .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 4 7. Covered space ............ ... .1.0........ . 1 This distinction may be merely locally applicable. 454 6 LIVINGSTON, CRrrTENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUNTIES. 8. Sandstone. Hard, coarse-grained, cross-bedded, and in thin layers at the top. Markings Of Lpeidodendron at the top ........ . 35 feet. 9. Coveredspace to the river, about........ .. .. .. ... 100 At the river the inferior and superior conglomerates are both seen, standing out in bold escarpments. The former ex- hibits a thickness of about forty feet; above it the coal is found, with the true conglomerate still above, and from forty to fifty feet thick. Passing up the river to Carrsville, the true conglomerate be- comes thinner, and at a point about half a mile below the town is represented by only five feet of sandstone, while the inferior conglomerate thickens rapidly, at one place attaining the thickness of one hundred feet. This thickening and thinning of the rocks is truly remark- able. At the point where the last of the true conglomerate is seen, there is but ten feet space between it and the lower one, which is about forty feet thick, with lower carboniferous limestone immediately under it. Passing on to Carrsville the upper con- glomerate entirely disappears, and the thickness of the lower one increases, both up and down, until at a certain point it reaches one hundred feet. From this point it thins laterally-that is, both up and down the river-and a fine-grained buff to grey sandstone, occupying a position below the superior, but above the inferior conglom- erate, makes its appearance-showing a thin edge at about five feet above the lower conglomerate. In passing to Carrs- ville, this sandstone thickens downward to twenty-five feet, while the conglomerate thins, from above down, to forty feet, leaving a space of forty feet between it and the sandstone. Plate P illustrates more clearly the various changes presented by the rocks. The only coal examined in the county is at the old Union mines, now owned by Col. Isaac Trabue. They are located near Carrsville, and are worked by drifting. The coal meas- ures 30 inches, but of this only one foot is of good quality; the rest is soft and brash, and almost worthless. (Col TsaI ue states that another coal of about eighteen inches occurs just above the superior congIomerate, abo.ut half a mile from his mines. 'j55 7 ON THE LEAD REGION OF In volume IV, page 388, and volume 111, page 531, of Owen's Geological Reports on Kentucky, Lesquereux iden- tifies this coal as No. I B. In his description of that coal, he states that it is the first above the conglomerate; it seems he did not see the conglomerate which overlies it here, showing Coal I B to be an in/er-conglomerate coal, provided he was correct in the number. The sandstone, 4o feet thick, mentioned by Dr. Long as underlying coal three feet thick, at the Trapnel coal bank, in the vicinity of Caseyville, is doubtless the equivalent of the inferior conglomerate of Livingston county. The coal at Trabue's dips at the angle of 10, course north 35' west, at the entry; this angle, however, does not appear to be constant. The mines are worked very little, and, con- sequently, were in such condition that they could not be en- tered. One mile southeast of Smithatnd, - .Gordon (colored) (lug for coal in the shales below the conglomerates, but without success. No coal of importance exists there. There seems to be no reason to believe that any extensive coal beds exist in the county. There may be, however, outliers of coal (equivalent to the beds at Trabue's) in certain parts of the county not yet explored for the mineral. 11. Lower Carboniferous.-Two divisions of the lower car- boniferous, the Chester and St. Louis Groups. may be distin- guished in this county. The exact line of division between the two could not be satisfactorily ascertained, as the time requisite for such detailed examinations as would have accom- plished that result could not be spared. The Chester Group is made up of an alternating series of limestones, sandstones, and marly shales. Rocks belonging to this division are exposed at Smithland and Carrsville, and pretty generally throughout the county. The St. Louis Group is separated from the Chester by a sandstone. Vid- volume IV, Owens Geological Report, page 388. 456 8 LIVINGSTON, CRITTENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUNTIES. The most abundant fossils are Lithoshiolion Canadense, Pro- due/us co-ra, Athyr-is suzbquadrata, a YSp/rifei- and Pen/rvmi/es Konitckiana. As seen in this county, the beds are crossed in all directions by veins of calc. spar, some of them two inches wide. Calcite also occurs in masses throughout the rocks, (filling cavities), and is quite abundant. Fluor-spar is also present in the rocks, but is less common than the calcite. The general color of the limestones is dark drab; some of the beds, however, are dark blue and bituminous. Towards the top of the group, beds of gray to white, beau- tifully oolitic, limestone occur; capable of being burned into excellent white lime, and answering admirably for building purposes. The greatest measured thickness of this group, as displayed in this region, is about one hundred and eighty feet. This, however, is not the total thickness; it may be twice as great. The St. Louis Group is of special interest in the lead region, as it is in the vicinity of it that most of the lead is obtained. SPECIAL GEOLOGY. The Lead Deposits.-The lead deposits have attracted atten- tion for a number of years, but only in the last ten have any systematic explorations for the mineral been made. More work has been done in the past two years than ever before. Although a number of shafts and pits have been sunk in vari- ous parts of the county in search of lead. the returns have been meagre indeed. There have been, however, no deep shafts sunk, the deepest being one at the Royal mines, mentioned on a succeeding page. All others range in depth from 10 to 50 feet, rarely, if ever, more than 5o feet, and seldom exceeding 40 feet in depth. It cannot be said, therefore, that any extensive opera- tions have been carried on; on the contrary, under the circum- stances, the digging has been quite shallow. A shaft at the Royal mines shows it to be more than two hundred and fifty feet in thick- ness. 457 9 ON THE LEAD REGION OF Mode of Occurrence.-As a general thing the lead occurs as aggregations of cubic crystals and granules of galena, dissem- inated through masses of fluor-spar, calc. spar, and limestone, all mingled together in red or greenish clay, filling a fissure between two walls of rock dissimilar in character. One of the walls is limestone and the other a very hard, quartzose sandstone, often resembling chert, and striking fire with steel. This silicious rock appears to be a wedge between limestones. It always presents the appearance of a rock resting on edge; both sides are usually well defined, and it is seldom more than 25 feet across; occasionally the width is as great as 50 feet. It does not stand in a true vertical position, but is inclined at an angle varying from 60 to 8W0. Limestone is frequently exposed on both sides of it, not always in immediate contact with, but still near to it. The strata are tilted on the one side or the other of it, and lie irregularly, sloping away from it. The origin of this wedge-like mass possesses much interest, for it takes a prominent position in the solution of the problem concerning the origin of the lead, and, consequently, upon the question regarding the character of the deposits and their worth. Its present position is evidently due to a dislocation in the rocks. At first view the rock has much the appearance of having been forced from below upwards, extending from as low down in the lower carboniferous series as can be seen, up to the base of the coal measures. At one locality it is found resting against the St. Louis limestone, while at another it rests against the conglomerate, apparently cutting through the Chester limestones, etc. Cer- tain facts connected with it, however, prove conclusively that a hypothesis that it was forced up from below is untenable. Although the strata are somewhat tilted on the one side of the rock, on the other they are horizontal, or dipping with the sandstone, and not away from it. I This is illustrated in the plate representing the sub-structure of the region at the Royal mines. 458 to LIVINGSTON, CRITTENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUNTIES. I I This fact is so well recognized by the miners that they term the sandstone the hanasging-wall and the limestone thefoot-wall. Again, the rocks on either side are seldom of the same age. On the west they may be St. Louis and on the east side Ches- ter beds; such is the case at the Royal mines. These facts, in connection with others made apparent in the course of the report, can lead to no other conclusion than that this wedge was originally a horizontal sandstone occupy- ing a position above the St. Louis (roup, near to if not im- mediately at the base of the Chester Group. By some such force as that exerted by an earthquake, it has been torn from its true position and precipitated in a previously existing chasm, carrying with it limestone beds belonging to the Ches- ter Group. It is not probable that this sandstone owes its present posi- tion to one movement of the earth, but to a combination or successive series of them. It seems that at first great breaks were made in the rocks, caused possibly by the concussions produced by earthquakes, leaving the strata in a position something as represented in figure 2, plate ll. Subsequently a series of disturbances, resulting from a lat- eral movement of the earth, crossed the country. The first movement would dislodge the already disturbed rocks from their bedding and precipitate the superior ones into the chasm, while the succeeding one would bring them closer together, as represented in figure 3, plate Il. The upper beds on one side would be thrown down, while the lower ones, it seems, would merely receive an increased angle of inclination. On the opposite side the upper beds would retain their posi- tion, except in the vicinity of another fracture. In some instances the entire rocky mass on one side of the fracture seems to have been depressed, but still retaining a nearly horizontal position. The fractures were of course quite deep, but narrowing all the while, the deeper in the earth they penetrate, and were at 459 ON THE LEAD REGION OF least partially filled with extraneous material before the sub- sequent faulting occurred. The quartzose sandstone has nowhere been recognized in a horizontal position; as it does not always present the same physical characters, however, it may occur so, and not have been noticed in my hurried journeyings across the country. On the Cumberland river, opposite Smithland, a hard, gritty, thin-bedded sandstone is exposed, exhibiting a thickness of 5 feet or more. It dips at an angle of from 20 to 25, course south 6o' east, strike north 30'' east. It is exposed for about two hundred yards up stream, and then disappears. At its northern extremity it becomes more quartzose in appearance, is in thicker beds, and seems to make a curve, the course of the strike changing to north 40 east. This sandstone is rep- resented by figure 1, plate 11I. At Smithland. above the ferry, ten feet or more of jointed sandstone, underlaid by blue shale, is exposed in the river bluff, about 50 feet up from the water. It is quite hard, and in character much resembles the sandstone just mentioned, and probably is the same. It is nearly horizontal, though dip- ping slightly south. 15' or 20 east. If these sandstones are equivalent, and there is every reason to believe they are, and one is dipping as much as 25, while the other is nearly hori- zontal, they give additional evidence towards solving the ques- tion as to the origin of the sandstone wedge. It is a noteworthy fact that the sandstone on the north bank of the Cumberland river is in a line with, and has about the same strike of, the quartzose sandstone seen at the Woods' mines. Taking into consideration all the facts collected, the only reasonable conclusion is, that the masses of sandstone seen in different parts of the county, jutting up from the ridges and resembling dykes. are not uplifts but d1otwn-Iliro-vws caused by a remarkable faulting of the rocks.' The number of these i Since the foregoing wa. written it ha. been learned fr iMr. [ Jeph Walton, Superintend cuot of the Royal Mine," that in one of the piss there the -andst-ne disappears at the depth of -,ne hundred and fitty feet, and limestone is exposed -n both side, of the shaft. This is practical and conclusive proof that the sandstone came from abve. 460 1 2 LIVINGSTON, CRITTENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUNTIES. 13 down-throws necessarily depends on the number of fractures in the first instance. It will be seen from the foregoing that the lead occurs in masses of fluor-spar and calc. spar, filling fissures following the line of a series of down-throws. CGlaracter and Derivation of the Deposits.-There can be no reasonable doubt that the fissures, in the upper part of which the lead is concentrated, have great depth; that they pene- trate far into the crust of the earth. That this must necessarily be the case, is displayed by the scale on which the rocks are faulted, There must also be some material filling these fissures, constituting veins; which, extend- ing the full depth of the fractures, may be denominated trsue veins. The origin of true veins is referred to dislocations of the rock strata, effected by some great mechanical force, such as is exerted by earthquakes; they, consequently, traverse a form- ation independently of its character or stratification, and are supposed to extend indefinitely downward. True veins may be defined, in simple language, as indefi- nitely deep fissures filled with some material which may or may not be accompanied by lead or some other metal. But in passing from one character of rock to another, the vein- stone or filling matter of the fissure may change materially; it may be very poor in ore or entiti-;y destitute of it. There are, therefore, numbers of true veins, which, if not absolutely bare of metalliferous deposits, are nearly so. There are, in fact, many instances in which a vein is rich in ore for only a certain depth, beyond which the ore entirely disappears, or is so lean as to preclude the working of it with profit. There are, also, many true veins that are not metalliferous. Consequently, the fact of the veins in question being true veins does not carry with it the conviction that the lead found in the upper part is coextensive with the vein. On the con- trary, having in mind the peculiar derivation of the ore, it is fair to presume that its depth is limited to the base of the 461 ON THE LEAD REGION OF lower carboniferous limestones, perhaps not extending below the St. Louis Group. In other words, that the metalliferous matter filling the upper part of the fissure must be considered as forming a sep- arate and distinct part of the vein, as it now exists, having no intimate connection with the matter below. The metal orzgina'ly existed either in bedded veins or segre- gations just at the top or near the top of the St. Louis lime- stone, or as impregnations in the rocks. There are certain circumstances connected with the depos- its which seem to give some basis for supposing the lead to have partly been in bedded veins; but I am disposed to consider, rather, that it occurred as segregations and impregnationzs. Whether it was wholly inclosed in the upper beds of the St. Louis Group, which have been destroyed, or whether it was most abundant in the lower rocks of the Chester Group, is a question to be decided when the deposits may be studied in all their minutia. It is probable that the galena was disseminated in greater or less quantities through the rocks of the St. Louis Group in its entire vertical extent. My impression is, however, that the major portion of the metal was in seams and bunches and impregnations in the upper rocks; which, perhaps, belonged in part to the Chester, but more particularly to the St. Louis Group. This much is certain: where the veins occur that are rich in the metal (they are in the blue or geodiferous limestone, as it is termed in another report), there is at least 75 feet of the upper division of the St. Louis Group entirely absent. It is possible. therefore, that at the time of the faulting of the rocks, heretofore mentioned, these rocks bearing the metal were thrown down in the fractures. That subsequently waters charged with solvents, possibly derived from organic matter (vegetable or animal), percolating through the mass, dissolved out the lead, which was precipi- tated, assuming the character it now presents. ISIc report on the region adjacent the Louisville, Paducah and Southwestern Railroad. 462 74 LIVINGSTON, CRITTENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUNTIES. 1 5 It is not necessary, however, in demonstrating that the lead came from above, to assume that the rocks should have been thrown down in the fractures. As the strata gradually wasted away under the destructive influence of chemical agents, and the solvents eliminated the lead, it would be deposited in the fissures open for its recep- tion. In fact this latter solution of the problem is more in accord- ance with the present state of the deposits, as they exist in this and Crittenden counties, than the former. From the manner of its distribution through the spar it would seem that in age, according as they were deposited in the fissures, the lead is the eldest, then the fluor-spar followed by calcite. The fluor-spar nearly always has a bituminous odor, as have also some of the limestone beds. Instances also occur where hardened bitumen fills cavities in the material which bears the galena. It would seem as if the bitumen was closely related to the lead in its deposition, and had participated to a large extent in the extraction of the metal and spars from the rocks. The lead evidently did not come up from below in heated vapors, else the structure of the lodes would be more symmet- rical. That it came from above appears; from the irregularity in the nature and structure of the deposits; from the frequent occurrence of limestone fragments in the vein matter (some of them containing galena), and from the fact that at one locality the galena-bearing fluor-spar was found lying horizontally and then traced to where it enters a nearly vertical fissure. The history of the lead in all its details is certainly of inter- est. In a general reconnoissance, however, this subject, though an important one, could not receive that attention necessary for a clear exposition of the matter. The nature of certain of the deposits in Crittenden county also tend to verify the statement. 463 ON THE LEAD REGION OF That the major portion of the ore came from above seems, at this date, with what light can be obtained on the subject, to be the most reasonable conclusion. Owing to the peculiar nature and derivation of the deposits, it is difficult to decide on a proper and descriptive name for them, in the ordinary classification of metallic deposits. How- ever, considering them simply as aggregations of fluor-spar and galena in fissures limited in their depth, they approach very near to segregated deposits, and may be denominated, for the present at least, as vertical seo-regalions (or segregated veins) occupying the upper part of true vein fissures. General and Special DescripAion of Deposi/s.-As indicated on the map, there are at least three faults, and consequently lodes, so to call them, crossing the county. Two of them are nearly parallel, coursing north 300 to 570 east, while the third has a course about north 320 east. The latter is supposed to be the lode opened at Fair View, Illinois, which crossing into Kentucky at Carrsville recrosses the river, back into Illinois, near Bay City. It is known as the Fair Viezv, Lode, and is supposed to be the same as that at Rosi- clare.t Of this, however, I have no personal knowledge. The other two are known respectively as the La/robe Lode and the Excelsioor Lode. On these two the greatest amount of work has been done. Each lode may be traced across the country by the immense masses of quartzose sandstone, standing nearly vertically on the ridges, and in many instances forming the ridge line. The La/robe Lodle is the one on which the shafts at the Royal mines are located. Following the line of the fault, several shallow pits have been sunk. Pits were sunk on the lode on the Donake, Coker, and Levan farms, all near each other, out of all of which lead and The supposition that it was all eliminated from the inclosing rocks would not explain the chracter of the deposits as they are found at a number of points in the lead district, especiaily in Crittenden county. f The mines known as the ' Rosiclare Lead Mines " are not immediately at the village, but to the west of it. 464 LIVINGSTON, CRITENDEN, AND CALDWELL COUNTIES. 17 fluor-spar were obtained. The Donake pit has greater local celebrity than the others; it has been opened for a longer period, and more mineral obtained from it. On Mrs. Mitchel's old place, now the possession of \lessrs. Wailer & Co., and on Mrs. Cox's property, near Salem, lead and fluor-spar have also been obtained. On the former place the quartzose sandstone forms the eastern and greater part of a ridge, and stands out in a huge mass with rough outlines, about 50 feet in width. The rock pitches south 550 east, at an angle of from 750 to 8o0, with a strike north 350 east. On the west side of the hill, near the base, a pit was dug many years ago, and lead procured from it. Fragments of limestone were found at the mouth of the pit (which is now almost entirely filled with debris') containing much fluor-spar. The sandstone extends the entire length of the ridge, with limestone on the west side. At Mrs. Cox's place no pit has been dug, but much fluor- spar and calc. spar occur in the quartzose sandstone. Some lead was also found in it. More spar was found in it at that place and on Rev. Collin Hodge's land (at the old ' wash-hole") than at any other place in the county. At Mr. Hodge's, lime- stone is exposed on both sides of the sandstone, not imme- diately in connection with, but near to it. On the northwest side the limestone approaches within 20 feet of it, while on the opposite side the limestone is 300 feet away from it. The Ercelsior Lode has a general course parallel with the Latrobe Lode. Pits have been sunk on it at Mr. Henry Woods', Mr. Robert Woods', and Mr. Tisdal's (now deceased); all of these places are near together, and from three to four miles south of Salem. Galena was obtained from each shaft sunk. The quartzose sandstone forming the hanging wall of this lode is seen on the south side of the Cumberland river, about four and a half miles northeast of Smithland. No lead has yet been found in connection with it south of the river. VOL. 1-30 465 ON THE LEAD REGION OF The only place at which any work has been done on the Faz'r View Lode is at Carrsville, and this will be noticed here- after. On the farms of the Messrs. Lemen, about two mil