xt7tdz030n21 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7tdz030n21/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1894 journals kaes_bulletins_052 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.52. text Bulletin n.52. 1894 2014 true xt7tdz030n21 section xt7tdz030n21 it KENTUcKY  
  STATE COLLEGE CE KENTUCKY. K
  BULLETIN No. 52.
  COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. Q
  l. Official Analyses. C
l ll. Analyses ofFarmers/Samples and Sam- '
  ples Collected by Deputy Inspectors. ·
  ——»
A LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY.
l 4 4 sf ’ ll l

 T   KENT U CKY
T BOARD OF CONTROL.
_ J. T. GATHRIGHT, Chairman.
_ DR. R. J. SPURR.
3**, X DAVID H. {JAMES. 3
"4,»fTEf· V R. A. SPURR.
Q ROBERT RIDDELL.
l ’— J. K. PATTERSON, President of the College.
_ l M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary.
'. A STATION OFFICERS. l
L M. A. SCOVELI., Director. 3
Y . IV. I’ TER
_ , A I   °_ Chemists. ‘
;g_ 4 V H. E. CURTIS,
` X i H. GARMAN, Entomologist and Botanist.  
1 ‘ ~ C. W. MATHEWS, Horticulturist. i
; .1. S. TERRILL, Assistant to Entomologist and Botanist. I ·
_\ A. T. JORDAN, Assistant to Horticulturist.  
§` __ T. S. HAWKINS, Foreman of Farm. T
L ·)~ J V. E. MUNCY, Weather Observer.
ll; , _ Mlss ALICE M. SHELBY, Stenograplier.
T Address of the Station: LEXINGTON, KY.
  R NOTICE.
? The bulletins of the Station will be mailed free to any citizen of
> Kentucky who sends his name and address to the Station for that pur-
pose. T
' Correspondents will please notify the Director of changes in their
· post-oilice address, or of any failure to receive the bulletins.
Address:
Knurucxv Aonicomumu. Exriziziaiiaur S*r.u·1oN,
Lsxrsorox, KY.
82

 BIILLETIN No. 52. ;
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. r
INTRODUCTION.
•
p BY THE DIRECTOR.   i
This bulletin should be carefully read by every
farmer who uses commercial fertilizers. It is divided in-
to two parts.
. The first part gives the analysis and valuation of each
l sample of fertilizer furnished us by the uzzmzzfaclzzrers,
I since the publication of bulletin No. gr. In this first part
l and in bulletin No. 5 r may be found the analysis and val-
i uation of every ofhcial sample furnished us by the 1nanu—
I facturers this year. The samples sent in by the 1ll3Dl1—
E facturers we call “Off‘icial" samples, because tl1e law re-
  · quires that they be sent here for analysis, and to distin-
E guish them from samples which may be sent here by
{ farmers, or from those taken, under authority of the law,
by the Director or deputies. The analysis of an official
sample is called in this bulletin an "Official analysis."
In the second part may be found the analyses and
valuations of 87 fertilizers from sa111ples sent us by farmers
and taken by Deputy Inspectors, together with the official '
analyses and valuations of the same fertilizers for the pur-
pose of comparison. The one set shows the valuation
and analysis of the fertilizers the farmers actually bought,
I or fertilizers actually on sale; the other, the analyses and
- valuations of the samples that the manufacturers stated
under oath were fair and true samples of the fertilizers
they were offering for sale in the State. By this means
we have the best possible check on the claims of the
manufacturers.
The results of our analyses of these 87 samples, to-

 s—.
z,  
  84 Kerzlzzc/cy Agnkzaliznnzl Expcrimeu! .SZa!z`01z. F
€ _ gether with the corresponding "Official analyses "and val- .
V   uations are compiled on pages 107 to II']. 4
It is believed that the tables deserve careful study by A
A all interested in the consumption of fertilizers. Some
I suggestions as to how to study them are therefore given.
_ In the first place it is suggested to carefully read over V
. the explanations of the tables on page IO6. Next refer to _
if ~. the tables and select any brand for study that may be of   '
i#Y7Y[‘ V interest. Take for example the first one in the table on  
  page 107. Under " Name " in the first column, we find ?
, ` " Furman High Grade Guano; " this is the name under i
_ , which the brand of fertilizer is sold. In the next column ,
, V ‘l under " Where Sampled " we find in the upper line " Offi-  
TV cial, 1802, " and in the lower line, " Cave Spring. " This  
{ indicates that the fertilizer sampled at Cave Spring, had  
,_ 1 "1892" tags on it, the sample therefore should be com- I
Gi" ` · , pared with the official sample of 1892. In the next col- ,
_   umn is given the station number, On the lower line,  
z corresponding to Cave Spring, in the preceding column, ‘
s, is found " 248g," By the use of this number we may ‘
  . find a description of the sample on the pages just preced-
  Vl ing these tables. Referring to these descriptions we find V
iJLT°' I No. 2483, on page 100 and that the sample was sent by C.
f S. Page, Cave Spring, Ky., that it was manufactured by
the Furman Farm Improvement Company, A. D. Adair &
I 5 McCarty Bros., Atlanta, Ga., being General Agents, etc
Q Referring again to the table, and under the columns
I " Pounds in the Hundred, " we find that the two samples
5 contain of phosphoric acid as follows: Available; official,
4 g.85 per cent., Cave Spring Sample, 10.72 per cent., or
f nearly one pound in the hundred more than the official; V
' of insoluble; official 1.75 per cent., the other 0.4 per cent.,
a difference of 1-35 per cent. in favor of the official; and
of total 11.6 per cent. and 11.12 per cent respectively-
making a difference in favor 0f the official sample of 0.48
per cent. Under " Nitrogen " we find the official sample

 l Cammerczkzl Ferz'z7zéer.r. 85 l
to contain 2.66 per cent., while the other contains only
1.55 per cent., a difference of over one pound in every .
hundred of the fertilizer. Under " Potash, " we find that ‘
neither sample contains any sulphate of potash, but that
V the official sample contains 3.30 per cent. potash in the
form of muriate and the Cave Spring sample only one per , I
  · cent., a difference of 2.30, pounds in the hundred. l
  Referring to the last column "Estimated value per r
l ton" we find that the official sample is valued at $32.09 per
ton; the other at only $25.76, a difference of $6.33. Itis not
claimed that the fertilizer represented by the official
, sample is worth just $32.09 per ton in the markets, no
  more, no less, but it is maintained that if the plant food
l in the official fertilizer is worth $32.09 then the plant food
l in tl1e other is worth only $25.y6 in the ton of fertilizer.
, Impossibility of Making Fertilizers of Uniform
  Composition.
l It will be noticed in our example that the variation
l between the two samples, of$6.33 is against the purchaser.
l Such a variation should not happen. A small variation
however is to be expected from the fact that commercial
U fertilizers are mixtures of various materials, and however
well mixed, it is impossible to make them of uniform
‘ composition. To illustrate, suppose that a farmer desired
  to mix 200 lbs. of salt with ISOO lbs. of dirt. Lethim put {
f the dirt on a floor and, putting the salt in, shovel and re- .
’ shovel the whole pile over, again and again, then let him
’ carefully examine different portions of the pile and he in
f all probability would find more salt in one portion of the
* pile than another. If he remix the pile and continued to
{ do so until he can distinguish no difference as to the
· amount of salt in different portions of the soil, by the eye,
Q let him take, say, a pound sample from some part of the
pile, and then another equal portion from a different place
C in the pile and have the two samples analyzed; he would

   eg i i
i T l
V ’i r86 Kevzlucfcy Agrzkzzllural Experiment Station. l
i A find one contains more salt than the other. Why? Be-  
" cause the small quantity of salt had not been thoroughly ,
mixed with the large amount of dirt. The same difficulty i V
T is experienced in mixing the different ingredients of fer-
tilizers, and obtaining a fertilizer of uniform composition. Y
` For example, suppose a manufacturer desires to make a
  2 fertilizer containing certain amounts of nitrogen and phos- ,
2,;;;:. . phoric acid, and 5 per cent. of potash. He could take 2oo i T
·   lbs. of muriate of potash and mix it with 1800 pounds of  
  ii the other ingredients containing the desired quantity of ~
i` , phosphoric acid and nitrogen. If the muriate of potash
T Y contained just 5o per cent. of potash, and the zoo pounds i
i` were so thoroughly mixed that the mixture was uniform,
1 each one hundred pounds of the fertilizer would contain
{ exactly 5 lbs. of potash. Even though the manufacturer l
W r _ V, has the advantage over the farmer, as he mixes by ma- V
T X _ chinery, and thus obtains a more uniform mixture, yet it  
` `Z is true that no two sacks of the fertilizer will contain ex-  
ix ` actly the same amount of potash. For the same reason ‘
- f _ the phosphoric acid and the nitrogen, or ammonia may
  =, vary. i
j   · From what has been saidzabove, it is seen that fertil— i
gf " izer manufacturers cannot send a sample here as the T
"oflicial sample" which will always contain exactly the ’
same amount of potash, nitrogen or phosphoric acid as
  i the goods they sell. ln comparing, therefore, the samples
i* taken by farmers or inspectors with the official samples,
{ we must make allowances for variations which occur in T
l mixing the fertilizers and sampling them. This variation, V
; however, should not be great, and there is no reason why  
· the samples taken of the goods actually on sale should y
not be as often above the official sample as below it.  
How Much Variation is Allowable?
Samples of a well—made mixed fertilizer should not V
T vary from each other more than   per cent. in total
phosphoric acid or potash, nor more than % per cent. in

 E p .
l Q
i Cammerczkzl Fertzlzizers. - 87  
  nitrogen, and the estimated value should not vary more
, than two dollars. ,
V V It is claimed by some manufacturers that where `
, tankage is used to furnish phosphoric acid and nitrogen,
i the above limits are too narrow; that, as tankage is the
dried and ground meat, entrailsand other refuse of the ; f
R _ slaughter-house, it necessarily varies in composition from ?
p § time to time, and far beyond the limits set forth above;
_ i and that consequently a given brand of fertilizer, com-
T posed to a large extent of tankage, would likewise vary
_ from time to time to a considerable extent.
i i But the farmer in turn has the right to claim, and
i \ justly, that he purchases fertilizers for the " plant food "
_ , they contain and not for the tankage etc., and that if the
L · ingredients of fertilizers vary so much in "plant food" the
t l manufacturer should ascertain this fact before mixing and
_   put the amounts of ingredients in the fertilizer in such
1 i proportion that the required plant food shall not vary to
5] ` exceed the limit above stated.
With these preliminary remarks we are now ready to
_- i discuss the results obtained.
E i Of the eighty-seven fertilizers analyzed, thirty-nine
6 T fell below the valuation of the ohcicial samples, and forty-
L5 seven exceeded the official samples in valuation, while ,
55 one could not be compared because we did not know
5, what year’s analysis it should be compared with, as the `
11 T sender failed to give us this information.
{1}; l The average valuation of these fertilizers was 57 cents
ld   less than the average of the official samples. Twenty-
  three samples fell below the valuation of the official sam-
  ples by more than two dollars per ton.
Here follow the names of these fertilizers, together
ot , with the names of the manufacturers:
;al
in

 iii; 1
_   88 Keumc/cy Agzzmltzrral Experiment Statiaaz. i
    Below i
V V . v§’r%‘§€{*.}¤. j
ADAIR & MCCARTY Enos. i
. Furman High Grade Guano ............... . ........... $ 6 33  
Furman High Grade Fertilizer, Oak Grove Sam- 4
H ple ........................... . ........ . ..................   2 94 l
_ Furman High Grade Fertilizer, Henderson sam- ,
ji, —»_ ple ......... . ..,............. ., ........ . ....................... 3 41  
Lxfil 1 Buffalo Bone Fertilizer .............. . .................... 2 23  
1   Furman Soluble Bone with Ammonia and Potash 4 20   l
.; ` CLEVELAND DRYER C0. _
G 4 Wliite Burley Tobacco Fertilizer ..................... 2 20
;_ J Square Bone, Bowling Green sample ............... 3 oo G
I Square Bone, Leitchfreld sample ......... . ........... 4 6o i
  Buckeye Phosphate, Bowling Green sample ...... 5 gg `
3 ; Buckeye Phosphate, Glasgow ..........,............... 3 oo 4
;}`\ " ‘ , CURRIIQ F1cRT1L1ZER CO.  
: - . Currie’s Tobacco Grower... . ...... . ....., , .........   2 68 *
, ZY GLo11E FEr1cN1aAc1; FER’1`1L1zE1< C0. 1
Urbana Prize Tobacco Grower, Bowling Green  
sample ............................................... . ....... 12 90 4
  Urbana Prize Tobacco Grower, Hopkinsville... I3 oy 3
1* Urbana Prize Tobacco Grower, Franklin sample I4 21
5 Urbana Prize Tobacco Grower,Leitch1‘ield sample I4 07 ,
Urbana Superphosphate and Potash ............... q 78  
; Urbana Ammoniated Dissolved Bone ......... . ..... 3 08 i
» Urbana Sweepstakes Bone Phosphate ................ I2 oo i
Urbana Bone Meal ......................................... 5 52 l
MICPIICQAN Cannon Worms. i
Homestead Potato Grower .............................. S 63
= Nonrn-WEsTERN Frzrzrrrrzrixo Co.
Horse Shoe Brand Tobacco Grower ......... . ........ 4 I3

 1 2
  Commerczkzl Fen‘z7zbc1/s. 89 ;
{
  The following valued higher than the corresponding
  "OHicial sa1nples:" ,
, Above
‘ v§’i'.l‘§é?.}.r. S
l A. D. ADAIR & MCCARTY Baos.
Furman High Grade Fertilizer, sampled at Cas-
4 ky, Ky ...... . .............................................. $ o I5   g
` CINCINNATI DEs1ccAT1No Co. `
· l _ Kentucky and Tennessee Tobacco Grower ........ 1 IO .
Gilead Phosphate, sampled at Glendale, Ky ...... o 48
, Ohio Valley Phosphate ...... . .... . ................ . .... 3 38
, T Tobacco and Potato Fertilizer, sampled at Madi-
)   sonville, Ky ....... . ...... . ............... . ............. 2 18
9 1 Phoenix Phosphate, sa1npled at Madisonville, Ky 1 IQ
9   Same, sampled at Glendale, Ky ......... . ............. 1 O2
  Same, sampled at Glasgow, Ky .............». . ....... 1 QO
8   THE CLEVELAND DRYER C0.
4 XXX Phosphate ........................ . ...... . .......... 3 io
tb l THE CROCKER FERTILIZER & CHEMICAL CO.
i Crocl

  
  Q2 Ifentzzcky Agrz`c2zllz¢raZ Experzhrzenl .Siatz`0¢z. J
  T e phosphoric acid, because the materials of which they ,
. V made the fertilizers did not contain the quantity of these  
ingredients which were claimed, and on this account they
failed to come up to the official samples sent here which
were made prior to their shipments. Upon being notified .
.. of the discrepancy between the official sample and a sam-
, ~ ple of " Urbana Prize Tobacco Grower" taken from a ti
ii}, ___}  carload lot in Bowling Green they withdrew this carload if T
  ` from the state. At the time, however, they did not notify A '
  this office that ship ments made to other parts of the
1 ` state, at or about the same time, were inferior to the offl- _
. g cial samples on file here.  
_ A They claim, however, that they took particular pains I
to notify all of their agents thata mistake had been made, ·_ ‘
  and for them to explain the matter to purchasers. This i ·
,5* in ? firm should have at once withdrawn their official samples ·
— X ` 5 which did not represent their goods, and substituted others __ I
V - . that were fair and true samples of their fertililizers °
i on sale in the State, and have destroyed all tags based ,  
E, upon the first offlcial samples and replaced them with i
  V others representing the second official samples; then no
; m" A explanation would have been necessary. l
fj . Later shipments of fertilizers by this firm, as sampled ‘ l
l at Hardinsburg, show them to have a valuation much _ l
above the ofhcial samples here. , l
_ The other manufacturers who appear in the list as `
  having samples below the standard, have only one each. , °
_ As most of these firms have many brands on sale in the l
i state, and sell large quantities of fertilizers that come up    
, to the official samples, or are in many cases above them i  
L in value, the appearance of a single sample in this list is 2 l
in all probability the result of a mistake or a blunder, i11 l
putting a particular fertilizer in wrong sacks, or getting V l
wrong official tags on the sacks.  
Examining them we iind:—The Currie Fertilizer C0., i
‘ has one sample which felljust below the limit of $2, viz.: 4

   C`0mme2*czkzZ Fcrtzlzéers. 93 g .
, Yi Currie’s Tobacco Grower. Referring to the analysis, we
Q   find the cause in the potash. In the oiiicial sample, page
5; ` III, No. 2333, we find 9.59 per cent. of potash, and in the  
h sample of the same from Hodgensville, same page, No. B
d _ 2541, tagged with an 1894 label, 7.72 per cent. potash.
l_ Furthermore the potasl1 in the official sample is in the ,
3 form of sulphate, while it is in the form of muriate in {
d QV the other sample. Probably a mistake in sacking, as
.y · other fertilizers are up to official samples.
Q   The sample of Big Four Tobacco Grower, manufac-
  tured by the Globe Fertilizer Co., taken at Vine Grove,
,1 fell short % of a per cent. in nitrogen and fé per cent.
is   in potash from the ofiicial sample. Furthermore, the
ie _ official sample contained some of the nitrogen in the .
ig “ form of nitrates, while the Vine Grove sample did not.
és A sample of the same goods taken at Gordonsville was
YS all right, showing evidently some blunder in labeling the
ars in sacks of the Vine Grove sample. No official tags were
ed , {Gund on this fertilizer when the sample was taken at
th i Vine Grove; a plain violation of the law.
no i ]. B. ]ones’ Pure Ammoniated Bone Meal, as found
at Leitchfield, was altogether a different fertilizer from
ed · the official sample on file here. The official sample con-
ich tams 17.27 per cent. total phosphoric acid, while the
‘ Sample taken at Leitchfield contains only 7.57 per cent.
as —a difference of nearly IO per cent.—the result, un- '
Ch. Cloubtedly, of using tankage without first analyzing it. _
the i The analysis of the Michigan Carbon VVorks’ Home-
,1,,   fteéld Potato GfO\lv€f, as sampled at Elizabethtown, would
Bm 2 llldlcate that a mistake had been made in labeling it. It
, is Q 15 Pmbably COU1 and VVheat Grower. All of their sam-
in Pies taken, with the exception of this sample, showed a
`ina \’&ll13t10n above the ofiicial samples.
' D   As shown in the tables all of the Northwestern Fer-
CO-‘ tilizing Co’s., samples, with the exception of the sample
Jil-, Of tht? “ Tobacco Grower" taken at Atlairville, p1‘OV€Cl

 ' ¤  ‘ ‘ ‘· ·
    2 ‘‘·‘
  - l »
  Q4 Kwzlzzcky Agrzkullzrral Experzbzzezzi .S!atz`01z. . Q
  4 ; upon analysis to be equal, if not superior, to the official  
_ ‘ samples. _   j
It should not be understood from what has been said, i `
that the fertilizers which fall below the standard of the    
official analysis, are altogether worthless; they no doubt   V
_, would produce good results where fertilizers of their make- ,
I . up are needed, but it is maintained that they would be g i
  *· still more valuable if they came up to the standard. If a    
`<*’Y  ` farmer pays for plant-food he should get all, within the "
i   limits of error in mixing etc., that is represented to be in if
jp ` the fertilizer, and it is better that he should buy on the
_ 4 basis of the analysis as found on the official tag than any l
;_ " other way. .
_ To this end the following suggestions are made:   '
Q 1. To purchase with a guarantee that the fertilizer is as repre- §
" ; sented by the official tag attached. "
fn _ , i 2. Take a sample immediately, especially if purchasing in large A
' X i quantities, and send it to the Director for analysis, to see whether the >
z ~ , fertilizer is as represented by the seller.  
Q 3. To have nothing to do with fertilizers which are not labeled f
·L with a tag bearing an analysis, and certified to and signed by the ` <
- I Director. Manufacturers of genuine goods are always willing to com- ` t
  , ply with a law which protects them as well as the purchasers, and D
  *-hr their goods will be found labeled as required by law. It is generally C
`¢_f··' 4 4 those who offer adulterated or inferior goods that do not desire the ,
l quality of their goods to be known. Q
In order to obtain a fair sample for analysis the following direc- _ L
tions should be followed. , 0
E ° now ro mics sAni·r.ss..   ·
‘·‘ a. If possible, let the agent or dealer from whom the fertilizer is _ tl
; purchased, or his representative, be present when the sample is taken,
’ so that the claim of unfairness may not afterwards be raised.   t,
b. Select at least two average sacks of the fertilizer, preserving S `
i the labels to send with the sample. Open these sacks and mix well , b
> together the contents of each, down to one·half its depth, emptying ,
out upon a clean iloor, if necessary, and crushing any soft, moist
lumps in order to facilitate mixture, but leaving hard, dry lumps
unbroken, so that the sample shall exhibit the texture and mechanical S
condition of the fertilizer. In a large lot at least one sack in every {
, twenty should be taken. . `
c. Take out tive equal cupsful from different parts of the mixed

 if 1 I
  ~ Commerczdl Ferli/zkrers. 95 Q
l   portions of each package. Pour them all one over another, upon a ,
., paper or clean Hoor; intermix again thoroughly, but quickly, to avoid
i loss or gain of moisture; fill a can or jar from this mixture ; enclose a {
’   tag from one of the sacks; seal; label plainly, giving also name of ‘
’   sender.
1; if d. Prepare and send with the sample a certihcate signed by the p
;- purchaser and attested by at least one witness, stating that the afiiant
C is an agriculturist and purchaser of the fertilizer and that the sample i !
  has been taken in the manner prescribed, for the purpose of free an- l
3 FT A alysis under the law.
E ( Send the sample by express, charges prepaid, to
H Q M. A. SCOVELL. Director, Lexington, Ky;
.€
Y Blank certificates will be furnished on application.
  They read as follows :
" FARMERS CERTIFICATE.
EG ,
ig > (Date) ..............................
d   I certify that the fertilizer, a sample of which I have taken in ac-
  Y
he ·' cordance with the directions printed on the back of this certificate, for
m-   the purpose of free analysis under Sec. 7 of the fertilizer law, was pur-
d ,
`Hy chased by me for my own use and not for sale-
the V I further certify that the sample was taken from ..................
sacks out of the whole lot of ..... . ............. sacks in the presence
·ec- . _ _ _
of the undersigned witnesses, and labeled as follows:. ..... . ...........
I. 1
,1. is   and Sent by €Xp1‘eSs to M. A. Scovell, Director, Lexington, Ky, V
aeu, And I further certify that the fertilizer, when this sample was
ying   lakéll, Was in the same condition as when I purchased it and had BOYS
Wap V, been exposed to the weather.
YW? ‘ (Signature) ............ , ,...,.......................... . . .
lOlS—
IDP? (P. O. Address) .......................................... . .
1;; i Signature of Witnesses:
ixcd .................. . .......................

   ‘ * =¥ 
  96 Kczzmc/cy Agrzculizmzl .Experz`mem! Smzzbn.  t
‘   1. OFFICIAL ANALYSES.  
Since the publication of Bulletin No. 51, the follow-  
Y _ ing analyses have been made for manufacturers in com-  f
  ._ pliance with the fertilizer law, and these fertilizers are  
'.?;“_7’j 1 now legally on sale in the State, in addition to those  A
  given in the bulletin referred to above. The analytical  {
I Y work was for the most part done by Mr. Henry E. Curtis.  it
_ , On january 1, 1894, the following values for the " es-  s
·‘ sential ingredients" were adopted, viz: " Soluble " and  -
` "reverted" phosphoric acid, 3 cents; "insoluble" 2% _
4 cents; nitrogen, zo cents; potash from muriate, 6 cents;  I
`_ é from sulphate, 7% cents; phosphoric acid in " fine bone,"  `
?**_ »- . , 4% cents, and in "mediuin bone," 4 cents per pound.  l
y { ' For other particulars see Bulletin No. 51.  

 M:   ‘ .
 n Cwzzmerczkzl Fertzhizers. Q7 I
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