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CHAPTER I: ESTABLISHING PASTURES .,.....4.‘ , 4.4...................,......,.,,......., 3 ‘
Engineering Practices ................4,.,.....4...,..4.....................,....,.......4........4. 3
Treating Soils to Establish Pastures .......,....r..r...,..4...4.,4....................4..... 6 1
Preparing the Seedbed ...... ., ...................4..,..,......................,......,......4...,... 9
Choice of Pasture Crops ............4...,..4........,...4......4.....,.,4.........,......,......,. 9 T
Buying Seed ..........,..... . .......,4...,r,..,..4...,.....4................,.........,.....,.......4..... T7 j _
Inoculation of Seed ....,.........,4....r,,....C...,...4...4,.............,......,..................., T7 » lleel
Sowing the Seed ......,..,...4..4,.........,..,.r.......,...........,..,.,...........,............,...,. T7 IICS (
I Nurse Crops .,..........,.,......4...4..4......4.r4... . .4.....,..4......4..........................,..... 20 hmd
Methods of Sowing Seed 4......,..4...............,...,................,..4...,.,...,..,......4,.. 2T ( _
Rate of Seeding ,.....,4.... . ....4...........,...,...,......,......,.......,......4.............4,.,.... 24 (w00t
CHAPTER II: MANAGING AND MAINTAINING PASTURES 4...........,... 27 ll€$s
Fertilizing Established Pastures .4......4...._......T..........,.................,........4... 27 _ Clwi,
. Renovating Pastures ......4.........4.,....... , ..4.r......T......T,..,...,..........,.,...4..,......, 30 O I
Irrigation of Pasturelands in Kentucky ......r,................4......4.................. 35 Umil
Control of Weeds in Pastures ,..... . ,...4........,......4...4.,4..,..,..4.......,..4......4.. 38 Sccdl
Poisonous Plants .........4..,....4...........,4.,4...................,.....,.................,...4.,,.., 4T I
Insects Attacking Pasture and Forage Crops .4.r......r,......,..4.....,4..,.....t., 46 md
`I Diseases of Pasture Plants ...,..,4..,......,...4,......,4......4..,.s,..s........s,..........,.. 52
I CHAPTER III: UTILIZING PASTURES ..44.4..,....,....44.....,.......................,4...4.s. 54 Rolul
ll Nutritive Value and Palatability .s.....4.....4.....,4....s,4..,.............,..4..,......,.. 54 \
. Conserving and Utilizing Surplus Spring Forage .........,..........,......s...,.. 57 __
i Feeding Silage .4..........................,.........,4..4.s.......,..,.....,........................,... 62 (IUI)
‘ Internal and External Parasites of Livestock . .........s....4............4.. , 4....... 66 jjqgy
Bloat ..,......4...s...,.....4...,...,.....s,.._..,..s..........4.,...,................s...,..s,........,......... 68 - _
Pastures for Dairy Cattle .........4..,..........4..4......,..,......,...,.....s,.....,......,....,. 69 (lull
Pastures for Beef Cattle ....4................4.. . ..........................s....,4....,.......4... 75 Wilyg
I Pastures far Swine ,.s......s.............I..s.................4..........,......4......4_............. 80 Odg
Pastures for Sheep ..............s...........,..........4............,.......,.........4...,........... 82 `
Pastures for Horses and Mules ......s....,............4.I...............................,... 84 AI2ll`
‘ Pastures for Milk Goats ...,..44.....,......,..,..,4........s....._,..,s..........4......4.........4 84 mm
Q Pastures for Poultry .,....,.......,.........,...,...,.........,......,...4.....,......,...,........... 85
: Economic Aspects of Pasture Utilization I....4.I........................................ 86 miiy
[ CHAPTER IV: PLACE OF PASTURE IN KENTUCKY FARMING ......,...I... 90 @08
Pasture is Soil Conserving .4.........,. . ..s.v.4..4...,.......,........,,........s.4......__.s.... 9T tk-€_
¤ Rotation Aids in Controlling Pests .....4.I..........4...4.,...,...4..,4..,,..,..,......... 92
L Pasture is a Major Source of Feed .....4...,......,..........................s..........,... 92 . I
i Production Practices ...,......4....v.......4.... . ..I..........I...,..............,..4.......,.,4... 94 (jjj I
Calculation of Costs and Returns ,.......................,...4...,.. . ,..4_..,.....,..,..... 96 _· l_
Grazing the Major Source of Pasture Income ...,,..........s..........,.....v... 96 liu
High Net Income Per Acre is Goal .......,..,.s......................s............,......, 98 sod
CHAPTER V: SUPPLEMENTARY AND EMERGENCY PASTURES .,.......... 99 Slnl)
CHARTS: PASTURE IN KENTUCKY ..,,, . ..,...4......4............4...,......4...s...,..4..,4., T03 ‘ IIUYI
1 REFERENCES .l.....,.,........v..........l......._..,...,..4...,...............l...,..........4......s,.,..I..,.._ 106 I lure
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This Cl7'CLllCl7' {UGS ])i'Gpdl`8d by COIHITHHGCS of HIC Stag of HTC KU}? Huh
I tacky Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Division of I
  HTC College of Agl`lCUIt’ll7°C (Mid EIOTTIC ECOl`lOiTl.lCS, Ul`lClGl' HTG C]iCIlI`· ' (
A mansliip of W. P. Garrigus, Associate Director of the Agricultural
i Experiment Station. A

 . ,.3
‘ CHAPTER l
ESTABLISHING PASTURES
` Engineering Practices
P \Vhere pastures are to be established or re-established, engi-
‘ neering or water management practices need t0 be used. Old gul-
1 lies 011 hill land, if not hlled, will restrict the area of grazing land
‘ filld prevent tl1e 1nowing of pastures t0 control bushes and weeds.
i Good stream or surface drainage 1nay greatly limit the productive-
ll€SS of l)O[[OlHl3.l'1Cl pasture Clllfillg many months of the year. The
` engineering practices adopted should be those required t0 correct
conditions which, even though land is properly fertilized and
seeded, may limit production, increase the (;0St of maintenance,
and decrease the life of tl1e pasture.
Rotation and permanent pastures
Where pasture crops are included in a rotati011 with other
crops on cropland, usually of lO percent slope or less, the engi-
11eering conservation practices should be adopted which are re-
g quired to control erosion when the lfllld is plowed. Grass water-
_ ways, contour cultivation, Zllld terraces are the engineering meth-
— ods recommended for controlling erosion on rotation cropland.
Many Kentucky farmers who want to reduce erosion losses to a
lllllllllllllil object to cultivating terraced rotation cropland. These
may prefer to establish pern1anent pasture on such land as an
. erosion control measure. There ca11 be no objection to this prac-
ttce.
Permanent pastures are established in all parts of Kentucky
on many different classes of land, both upland a11d botto1nla11d.
with tl1e thought that except for a period of renovation. the
f sod will not be broken and seeded or planted to another crop. A
slope of n1ore than 30 percent, that is 30 feet drop to lOO feet of
horizontal distance, is not likely to be prohtable in pasture. Pas-
1 tures are maintained 011 steeper slopes, but the carrying capacity
is limited, they (T2llll]()I be mowed with safety, and hand clearing
IS expensive.
i Engineering practices for pastures on upland
T hlingineering practices IHOSK frequently required before fertili-
é zation and seeding of upland pasture are as follows:
_ _ 1. Gullied and rough areas should be leveled to permit mowing to
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 _ control the growth of bushes and sprouts. Much land has been
; cleared of brush and trees, fertilized, and seeded only to go back
; to brush land because hand labor for removin s routs and bushes
_ P
was considered too costly.
 _ 2. Diversion ditches may be required to protect gullied areas or galled
E spots from erosion while grass is becoming established. y
2 3. Land clearing may be required for all or part of the area. Land l
S clearin and the Hllin of ullies ma be done in one o eration if 4
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 A a bulldozer IS used. The method used to remove brush and trees
 A will depend on the density and size of the growth to be removed. p
 _ 4. An ample year-round supply of water for livestock should be pro- l
 ° vided in each pasture area.
Engineering practices for postures on bottomland
gi f  Water management practices frequently required for perina-
V nent bottom land pasture are:
Q l. Stream channel clearance and straightening to eliminate or reduce
gl the hazard of overflow.
  2. Surface drainage by open ditches to remove surface water at times
`  . of overflow and during rainy periods.
_ 3. Diversion ditches at the foot of adjoining upland for protection
from hill water.
· 4. Tile drainage of wet bottomland may be considered, but unless a
satisfactory outlet is available and surface drainage is good, it is
better to provide adequate stream and surface drainage and to
seed water-tolerant grasses and l€gLl11l€S. \Vell-drained bottomland
may be needed more for the production of grain and rotation crops
{ than for pasture.
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\ Bottomland pastures often require open ditches for surface drainage during rainy periods. It
straig
 
5 Treating Soils to Establish Pastures
‘ ; Many failures of new pasture seedings in Kentucky occur be-
  zause of low soil productivity. It is very important, therefore, that
the lime and fertilizer needs of the soil be met adequately during
i the preparation of the seedbed. If one is not certain as to these _
i needs, chemical tests on properly taken soil samples will furnish
l useful information as to lime, phosphorus, and potassium needs. ·
Nitrogen needs cannot be determined satisfactorily by chemical
tests, but can be estimated fairlv well from a knowledge of ure-
1 D _
vious cropping, manurmg, and fertilixmg practices used on thc ‘
land.
For a small charge farmers can have lime, hos nhorus. and
. D . ..
; potassium tests made in a county laboratory or, if no counu
l . . . . · V
* laboratory 1S available, at the Agricultural Experiment Station Jl .
Lexington. Consult your county agent about these chemical tests
‘ In general the soils of Kentucky should be limed at the ratt i
of 2 to Ei tons of ground limestone er acre unless the land llih .
; been adequately limed m the past 0 years. In general also, on hm  
  phosphate soils, the fertilizing at the time of starting the pasturt
i as given in Table l is recommended: `
Z

 l Es
7
Table l.— Fertilizing at Time of Starting Pasture
(N:Nitr0gen; P2O5:Phosphoric acid; |<2O:P0tash)
l Pounds plant food Plant food supplied in mixed fertilizer
fo apply per acre Minimum Pounds to apply
Ratio grade of minimum
Q N P;O; K:O grade
No N needed ..,..................... 0 140 70 0-2-I 0-H-7 1000 l
I 1 N needed to establish  
% the seedlings .,............,....... 40 1 I0 70 1--1-2 -1-16-8 850
Ai Ol` Ol`
gg I-3-2 +12-8 1000
;;  
fa
-l§ "l he above treatments are for low-phosphate soil. Phosphorus
  is not needed on the high—pl1osphate soils of the Inner Bluegrass
" nor when manure is applied, on the medium phosphate soils of
the Bluegrass region or the overflow soils of the Ohio, Mississippi,
s-Q · Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers. \\/'hen manure is not applied
xii half the amount of PZO; recommended in the preceding table
  · may pay on these medium—pl1osphate soils. Soils derived from
>" Eden Shales on the hillsides in the Bluegrass region should not
  I need KQO, except perhaps after long cropping to alfalfa for hay
  or after long cropping to tobacco.
° S' It 1nay be desired to apply part or all of the plant food in
straight fertilizers. In this case the proper amount can be hgured.
bi}     , .V= ‘ . ._=.  
hal     _  ip __,_ ·
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iisli   I   I _  
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and ` , ‘     
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lim g,z€;< ,;i3,;§%?gF§{i;g,g_;;_-•A  , '_ 4,} ,: **2 'I L rz]     ;),i,`rf:%?:i;‘_*L-\ ·` ··   .
iilllf  i    .,`   .l..  
The first step toward preparing for pasture seeding is to test the soil. ·

 Z I 8
0 l i . T;    f;;~
  , ’ ,, _.       l.‘··i,·~· ·?`<·» rt- .4;gré,: _“¤`&~,s.°-‘;;é_-IQ,-IQVEnlm WU
i t   r ~  - » t   » ,     . » ~  7  
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i t t   ~- { ··  »»°‘‘· iii     ’ ‘ ” . ‘ . · if A l  
  Apply the fertilizer that the soil tests cull for. Unfem
picture
In general, on the basis of equivalent plant food, the various
. straight fertilizers for each plant food are about equally effective.  
1 For statement on equivalent amounts, see Kentucky Agricultural PaY11'
. _ Experiment Station Circular 70. mh]
i For any ratio, higher grades than those in the foregoing table STQSS
i also are recommended. Use a higher grade if one is on the IT\H1`· l’l1€€
· ket and plant food is cheaper in it. Reduce the rate of application mg {
l to apply the same amount of plant food. For example, if 0-20—l0  » the f
l is used instead of 0-14-7, the rate of application would be 700
· pounds per acre instead of 1000.
On soils low in organic matter, plowing under a green-manure ']
crop of sweet clover or other legumes before seeding will add . soil
nitrogen and help greatly in preventing seeding failures. alon
Other plant foods are not needed for the establishment of p?lS· mon
l tures. However, some may be deficient for continued good PHY 0 HWY
  ture yields and applying them before seeding the pasture might weet
l be advisable. Boron is deficient in perhaps one-third to one-hall prep
of the soils of the state for alfalfa and may be too low for the l>€5l _ 00 I
. development of other legumes. There is also the possibility thm *  15 Hf
magnesium may be too low in some soils. Boron may be supplied
  by applying borax at the rate of 20 pounds per acre. In general
  magnesium may be best supplied by using dolomitie limestone  . I
i or by using a magnesium fertilizer. _ caus

 l i 
9 i g
  V
» to      _   , T  ‘~ T     1 ‘  
i i    V          _   -·   ,    
Unfertilized strip ot left; fertilized ut right. This posture was seeded in the full; the
A picture was taken the following spring. ‘
us
,6 Fertilizer can be broadcast and disked into the soil in pre-
ml paring the seedbed, or can be applied through the fertilizer at-
, tachment to the grain drill when sowing the small grain in which
,]€ grass and legume seeds are to be sown. Limestone should be ap-
ap plied and worked into the soil two or three months before seed-
on ing the pasture legumes, usually while preparing the seedbed for y
.]() 1 the small—grain nurse crop.
00 »
1 Preporing the Seedbed
irc F.  The seedbed may be prepared by plowing and working the
dd soil down thoroughly, or by thorough disking and harrowing
 , alone. In either case preparation of the land should be begun a
ias- { month or more before seeding time, if possible, so that the land
nas- 5 may be fallowed during its preparation. This practice reduces
glu  i weed seedlings in the new pasture and firms the seedbed. Final
mall  ’ preparation should leave the seedbed firm underneath and loose
iesl  a QH the surface. If the soil is dry on the surface the cultipacker
lim   15 an excellent tool for finishing seedbed preparation.
ied  €
3***1 I Choice of Pusture Crops `
Om:   Many failures in seeding pasture grasses and legumes occur be-
 Q cause of poor judgment in seeding or an unwise choice of seeding

 . i 1,) l
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‘   f -·.<~:"~t2¤ ~~s*,r~,se'$?;¥l7*,;’<,,,.·r<-.~   3.;; _'  ,  
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  A well-pulverized, granular, compact seedbed, prepared well in advance of seeding, helps (  
ii in accumulating moisture for good germination and establishment of stand. - gTzlZ1
' regit
practices. In general, little difhculty is experienced in getting glass
, good stands ili good seed ol} adapted varieties of the right crops [ical
- is properly sown on productive or well-fertilized soil. [los'
. The choice olf crops lor pastures in Kentucky depends [)1`l· ( lm? l
3 marily upon (l) soil conditions,   length of time the pasturt HUP
l is to stand, (3) kind of livestock for which the pasture is to lw mflll
l 7
T used, (4) seasonal grazing needs and   cost of seed. ll lll
é Most Kentucky soils are of the medium to heavier types and ‘ (
i thereliore well suited physically for grasses and legumes. Th€)‘ long
vary greatly, however, in aeration, drainage, and fertility. Thosf bca
that are well drained, well aerated, and liertile are suitable lor all imc]
ol; [ll€ I)2`tS[l1l`€ (Zl`()pS CO1HlH()llly gl`U\\’l] lll l<€ll[Ll(jl{y. ()[ll€l` SOll$ duct
are suitable only [or those adapted to the soil in question. l·01‘- in o
Ull`lZl[€ly [ll€l`€ EITC Zl[ lC2lS[ 21 l€\\’ p2`tS[lll`€ CYOPS liO1‘ €21Cl1 soil (Y()ll(ll‘ gpyig
l tion liound in Kentucky. ’ mar
  The length of time the pasture is to stand is an important con-
1 sideration in choice of pasture plants because some live only il 1, ‘
. ,_ 1\'€
y€Zll` OY l\\'O \\'llC1`€3.S ()[ll€l`S HTC I)l`2lC[1C21lly p€1`I]]Hl]€l]L S<)lll€ lk , (
. , - ‘ )ll ‘
. come established so slowly that they ought not be sown unltss l 1
’ L . · _ . . I '
LllCy Z1l`C to S[2lll(l SC\'€l`2ll YCHTSZ ()[ll€1`S l)€C(,)lUC CS[2ll)llSll€(l (llllllxll » P ‘
1 and are valuable even though they stand but a Few years.
l The kind ol livestock to be grazed on the pasture tleS€1`\"¢‘* . Thr
l S()lll€ C()llSl(lCl`2l[lOl] ll] selecting pZlS[ll1`€ pliillls l)€CHllSC €(YOllOllllli  i Tl](

 a K  
. returns from different kinds of livestock appear to be related
‘ somewhat to the pasture plants. Further consideration is given
this relationship in the section on utilization of pastures.
3 Cost of seed should be given consideration in selecting pasture
  plants only when other factors are unimportant or when price of
  _ a particular kind of seed is unusually high because of scarcity.
l?  . Ordinarily the variations in cost of seed for different pastures are
* insignihcant when evaluated as an annual figure for the life of
  the pasture.
.   Choice of crops for any given pasture must of course involve
  both grasses and legumes. It is seldom advisable to seed a pasture
  y with a single species. A grass-legume mixture is more productive,
  better in over—all nutritive value, and usually longer lived than
  the pasture consisting of one species. Important characteristics of
  most crops used in permanent pastures in Kentucky are described
g in the following paragraphs.
  Grasses
IPS  ‘ Kenlucky bluegrass is a perennial sod—forming grass of high
_ grazing value. It is a highly desirable pasture crop in the limestone
region of central and northern Kentucky, known as the "Blue—
ng grass Region," where it grows well generally with little or no soil
W); . treatment. On the well-drained soils outside this area, especially
those of limestone origin, good bluegrass can be grown by liberal
,l~i_ use of limestone and fertilizers. Kentucky bluegrass grows best
HC iu spring and fall. It is largely dormant during midsummer. YV ell-
be managed pastures of bluegrass and suitable legumes, especially
l white clover, are practically permanent.
ml  K Orchard grass is a bunch grass. Though a perennial, it is not
'CY long lived. Stands begin to thin after a few years and frequently
lsf K b€COme unsatisfactory after 8 to l2 years, particularly on hilly
fu _ land. It is adapted to well-drained soils of medium to high pro- A
NIS  , dlwtivity but does well on soils of limestone origin that are low
of f lil 01`gZmic matter, Orclrarcl grass is most useful for pasture during
df ; Spring and fall. It is seniidorinant during midsummer. Properly
H y managed orchard grass pastures are highly productive.
  '
V A _ R€dl0]2 is a perennial sod-forming grass but redtop pastures
iw.  . l1\’€ usually only 8 to 10 years in Kentucky. It is especially useful ,
less K on wet bottom soil. However, it is high yielding on productive
my- T Uplfilld soils, particularly in late spring and early SUIDIUCI`.
i Timothy is a good grass for short-time pasture on good soil. K
KW . The cost of seeding timothy is small, and getting a stand is easy.
[mf  » Tlmllgll timothy is a perennial grass, stands seldom l`€lHZllll good

 I,} ·
. F —
  12 i
ii more than 3 years in Kentucky. It is valuable to furnish cover and A Pla,
1 i i pasturage while slower growing pasture grasses are becoming es- g herba
i V tablished. Timothy is usually one of the least costly grasses to _ undm
seed. Early var1t1es such as Marietta and Shelby are more pro- L
ductive in Kentucky than ordinary kinds. C an (
Tall feseue is a vigorous, long—lived bunch grass. Its root sys- 301];,
tem is dense and large and grows deep into the soil. It is adapted · mow
to pract