xt7tdz03195s https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7tdz03195s/data/mets.xml Alabama Alabama Museum of Natural History 1948 Other titles include: Alabama Museum of Natural History museum paper, Geological Survey of Alabama, Museum of the Geological Survey of Alabama. Other creators include: United States. Work Projects Administration, Geological Survey of Alabama, Tennessee Valley Authority. Issues for 1, 3 carry no series numbering. No. 2 also as Education papers no. 1. UK holds archival copy for ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program libraries. Call number  AS36 .A2. journals  English University, Ala. : Alabama Museum of Natural History, 1910-1960 This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Alabama Works Progress Administration Publications Museum Paper, no. 26, 1948 - including "Little Bear Creek Site Ct 8, Colbert County, Alabama" by Wm. S. Webb and David L. DeJarnette text Museum Paper, no. 26, 1948 - including "Little Bear Creek Site Ct 8, Colbert County, Alabama" by Wm. S. Webb and David L. DeJarnette 1948 1948 2015 true xt7tdz03195s section xt7tdz03195s {‘T*·’i’ *"     =‘·· r· · ·~~i·
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GEDLCIEICAL SURVEY DF ALABAMA
WALTER B. JDNES, STATE c-:z¤1.¤rs1s·r
MUSEUM PAPER 25
ALABAMA MUSEUM DF NATURAL HISTCIRY
Ll I I LE BEAR CREEK SITE G·r°B
COLBERT COUNTY, ALABAMA
By
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and
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 I EEDLCIGICAL SURVEY DF ALABAMA T
 T WALTER B. .JC1NES, STATE ¤E¤L¤G1sT
MUSEUM PAPER 25
`  » ALABAMA MUSEUM CIF NATURAL HISTE1 RY
T  j JTTLE BEAR CREEK SITE IZTUB
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T COLBERT COUNTY, ALABAMA `
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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
i Introduction r.,rr.r 7 rrr,.rr,,,.,, . r,,r..,,,A..rrr.,r~.   ,r,».,rr-r,..r,»rrrrrrrr-,rrr 7 r~-r#r.rr#r~r-·r,#.r, 7 3
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T   Acknowledgements rr.r,.r...r.r,.rr, 7 r,...r,,. .7 rerrr.Ai.,V.rr,.Arr,ii#..rrrr,r..·r..,i».rrr,r..»,   10 The `
T   Little Bear Creek Site Ct°8 rir. 7 r._rrr.rv...rrr..Ai 7. i~.rri 7 Krrrrrrw.rr~.rr....»,rr~».r.rir.i.rr ll Figw "
I
Q Location    7 rrr. 7 r,,rr,, 7 r.,rrr     ..rrr 7 rr..,. 7 .,,.r,.,, 7 ,.rr     .Ari,   7 il 17   1
I V
i Excavation ,..i....,,...,..,,, 7 ,,... 7 ,...,.....r,,,..,..r 7 ,,r..r 7 .,,..ri..r, 7 ,rV.,, 7 ,..r,,rr,. 77 7 ll 7,
E Natural Zones rrr.,r..,r 7 ,r..»r.rrrrr 7 rrr.,r. 7 rrr. 7 rrrr. 7 .r.rr..rrr.. 7 rr,.., 7 rrr.rrr.   13  
4 `
I Features ,,,,,,,,,_,.,,,,,, 7 ,,..,,,,.,. 7 .,,,,.,,.,., 7 .,,,,, 7 7.7777 7 ..77.7777.7....77..777777. 7 7.77i777 18
T Dog Burials ,77777_.777_777...77...7..777..7777777i7..7.7.77 7 7777 7 77.77   .7777 77 7     .7 ?l 7 3_ T
t V
t Burials 77777.777777777. 7 7777.7 7 7.7777 7 7.7777 7 7.7. T 7..77777.7.777. 7 77.7..r77.7 7 77777777777..77777 7 :1 T
1
T F  _
E Koger’s Island Complex 7.77..77777.7..77.7777 7 7.7777A777..777i77..77..777777..7777...777..77777.7.77 723 _
[ ~ 4. 1
  Burial Data and Associations Tabulated .7777 7 77.7777777...777 7     77777 25 T ‘
E 27 T
1
i Shell Mound Complex 7777777T.777.7 7 .i77 7 7.777 7 7777 7 7777 7 7.77 7 7777_   7.77777     ZT ` _
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  Burial Data and Associations Tabulated   77._7_.77,,77_777777_7..7T77777   29 t V
  List of Cremations _.77r777_.777.7_7_.77.7777.7777777 7 77.7 7 r777777 7 7777777777 7 777777 77 35
T 7 6. 1
    Artifacts ,7_,_7,7   ,___,_,,__ 7 __,,,_,,_,___,___,     _,,__,,__,,__,,_ 7 ___,___,,,,,_,,,,__,,__,_ 7   39 ’ T
1
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a Stone Artifacts 7 7 7,77,77,7777777,77777777777 7 77777777777   77777   A777 7 77777777   39 ` T_ TT
l R Shell Artifacts   777r7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 7 7.77 7 77777777   7777 39  
{ Bone and Antler Artifacts 777777 7 777777777777 7 777777 7 7777.77777 7 777777777777777777   4T ( `
{ Depth Distribution of Bone Projectile Points   77 77 77.7777777777 7 44 3. 1
` 11
Flint Artifact Study 7 77777777777777777777777777777777 7 77 777777777i777 7 7777777 7 77777777 7 16 T17
{ 77 2 TTT
` 1 Pottery Study 777777777 7 7_777_7__7777     7__7777_7__77777 7 777_7777_ 7 7_77777_7777777777   77 OD V y
T -· ‘ 97
T I Summary of Blocks 1, 2_ and 3 777777777777_77777____i7   7777777 7 77i77. 7 ·’° ~ {_
`   Summary of Trenches _77_   7 _777 7 7777 7 77777777 77 7   77777777   7 ..77 57 .   it
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T Pottery Vessels Tabulated 7   7777777777     7     7 77 7777.77777777 7 G1 ·7
` Conclusions 77   7     ___7 _ ______ __ _77_7__ _ 7___7_ _ _______7__   ___7777 7 7 7 62 U;
Literature Cited 77777   ___77_77___77_7_ 7 ____7__77_77_77_____________7_7_7_77__77777_77777777777777 7- 5; nl 
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` LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS I
I Mag; the region showing The Little Bear Creek Site, Ct°8, and ‘
I0 The . ry Site, Lu°25 0n the Tennessee River  ,,,,,,,,rr,, 11 ,,r,,,,r, Frontispieee
II Figui N0. Page
II ]_   e Chart of Ct°8 ...,.,,,,,, .1 ,,.,     rtrt . ,,,,, .. ,,,,, 1 ,,,,,,, 1 ,,,,,,,,,,,, 8
II Q_ I Site Ct°8 looking toward the river ,r,,,t,t,.. 1 11 ,,., 1 ,,,,,,,r,,,,,     12
13 · Site in left foreground beyond the mouth of Little Bear Creek   12
 I I Showing erosion of the shell midden by wave action at the
lg Iake f1‘OH’t ..11 ,rr, 1 .. . trrrrrrrrrrrrrr . ,rrrr,r . rr,rrrr . 1 ,r,rrr. 1   ,,rr,,r 12 .
T 3. ~ Site cut off from mainland by flood 11   .   1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,__,, 1   14
ul I Clearing zero trench and restaking after flood ,,,,,,,,,,_,_,,,,,,,,,,,__ 14
“‘  - ~ Site covered by flood, line of trees marks bank of Little
, Bear Creek, tent shows above water ,,,,. 1 ,,,r, 11 ,,,, 1, ___,,,, 1 11 14 »
1 23 I .
I 4. I The zero trench looking toward the lake  ,,,, 1 ,,,,,,,,..,,,.,,..,,,,,, 15
25 I Block 1 isolated 1 . 1 . ,.,I,,, . rtttttrt . r,t.r,,r,t,t,rt, . r,t,t.t,t,,,., . . 15
 `· I Block 1 partially excavated, Block 2 isolated 1. ,t,t,,..r,,t   .. 15 ,
27 I
I 5. I Top of Zone B, Block 2 .     ...................... 11 ...................... 17  
Z9 ` II Top of Zone D, Block 2, showing associated features 416.25 I
‘ zibove mean sea level .................... .. ............................... . .............. 17  
35 ,  
. 6. 4 Feature No. 4, Flint workshop at 5.5 foot level. Note I
39 iinvil stone at right. ,1 l......................... . ....     ..... . .   18 I
I Feature No. 44, clay lined fire basin partly excavated  1 1 1 18
39  A - 1
I- I~ Feature No, 35, elambake pit partially excavated ...... 1 ....... 1   20 I
gg II Feature No. 25, clambake shown in profile, trench L-110   . 20 I
  II ?I`0atu1‘e No. 23, cache of limestone celts ............... 1 ..................... . 20  
41 1 I ‘ ¤`eature No. 49, rock-covered fire hearth .........     .......... 1 .... 20  
44 _ 3 I Dog burial, 6.8 feet deep in square 13R4 1   1 1 ....   1. 1 22 I
,,6 » II Jog burial, 6 feet deep in square 135L‘7 .....l............................ . ...... 22  
 r I’° `7L11`ial No. 7, fully flexed in rock—lined basin . ..... 1 ,,,,.... . ...... 22  
55 ‘ III "`Gature No. 12, clambake pit, interior depth 2 feet ...... 1. ..... 22  
36  I 9- Ikteiided burials, knees flexed, Koger’s Island type ............. . ..... 24 I
Ii IIL11‘iaI No. 90 with artifacts1 ..............,,,..,. 1.   ........... . .... .. 24  
IT .   II }L1rialNo_ iz lllc 1 ....l.__...._,,___..............__._ll._.,.......... 11 1   11 1 24  
$1 I I¤ ilurial No. 135 _111__ 1 _1__1111111,1__1 1 1.,1_111,11 1 111111111111111 1 111111111111   24 E
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Q LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS——(Cc>ntinued) Q
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% Figure No. Page  
1 _»
i 10. (a) Burial N0. 157, depth 3 feet .._.,,,.,,,,,,,,....,,,,.,,,,.,_,__,,,.__,,,_____,r, gg  A
i (b) Burial No. 23, depth 5 feet ,,,,,,_____ii___,,,_______,,,,,,,_ . _,,,,,__,_,,,,_   728 '
; (c) Burial N0. 159, depth 4 feet ,,,,,,,,,_...,,,,,,_ _ ___,1,_,,,,,1 . ,,,,___,,,,__,_ 28 l
Q (d) Burial No. 152, depth 3 feet   .. ...,,, . ,,_..,,,,,______,,,1______,,,,___,,,,_rr   gg »-
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  11. (a) Feature N0. 29 concentration of small animal bones in midqi i 35  ‘
{ (b) Round grave with large stones on top of skeleton in botton  V
j of pit .....,...1.. . .............................. . ........ . ................................,..... H 36 `
  (c) Burial No. 26 on top of large river pebbles ___i1,,,.,,__,,,,,,__,,__, W 36 1
{ (d) Rocks covering Burial No. 157 1.1_,,,.,,.. . ,,,,,,.,..,.,1,1,,,,,,__i_,,,,,,,,, 36 ;
l l
1 12. (a) Burial No. 125 in rock lined basin ,,.1 . ..,.......,,,,...,_,1i_1t,t..,_.,t,,.. 3H I
{ (b) Sitting Burial No. 153 and nearby a pit filled with fire-
i , cracked stones and burned shell .,,,1,.,_,,,,,,,_._,,,,,,_____,_,,__, . ._,,,, . 38 HU
1 (c) Burial No. 126, a complete cremation ,,,,,,,,,,....,.,,,,,___ . ,,,,,,_, , .. 33 r-  G V
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I 13. (a) Cylindrical pestle, bell shaped pestle, flint chipped groove — Mw
I ax, limestone hoe, grooved hoe fragment, pebble hammer me 40 _
; (b) Fragments of drilled prismoidal atlatl weights. Fragment `
Q of sandstone tablet, limestone discoidals, fragment of — S11
T sandstone tempered elbow pottery pipe ............._............... 10  1
Y (c) Bone fish hook fragments, bone beads, drilled canine teet »
j pendants, needles, hairpins, awls from deer scapula, bonr
.   atlatl hooks and bifurcated spatula . ............ . ............... . ..... . . 40 . A ’
` a (cl) Bone awl and bone projectile points ...................................... 40 _ bw
1 { i qu.
1 i 14. Artifacts from burial association .......... . .................................. 45 ba;
i 15. Chart showing depth distribution of Flint Types ................... Wl `
I
i 16. Chart showing depth distribution of flint projectile point type: . it
1 17. Pottery vessels from Site Ct°8 .................. . . ......................... SU  ·
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i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
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36 ; University, Alabama
QH 4   May 24, 1948
F   ,  Ho sible James E. Folsom T
I U   Go ior of Alabama
` luis omery, Alabama
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L have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of i
*40 · ai rt on "Little Bear Creek, Site Ct°8, Colbert County, Ala- l
40 A hai ` by Wm. S. Webb and David L. DeJarnette. It is re- Q
A qu. il that this be printed as Museum Paper 26 of the Ala- ,
45 ba; Museum of Natural History. l
_' ; Respectfully, V
31 ' i
6,,  l WALTER B. JONES,  
1 State Geologist  
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 I 1
a A INTRODUCTION t
j the time of the Archaeological Survey of Pickwick Basin,
2 this I CtC8 at the mouth of Little Bear Creek on the Tennessee ”
· Rive zi Colbert County, Alabama, was not investigated be- ;
i caus- i the haste of the survey, time did not permit. Also,  
 ‘ (turn ihat period there was no labor available at that point. i
  Furi ; this site was marginal to the lake to be formed in Pick-  
5 wick tsin, and it was considered the part of wisdom to give _
‘ _ attet ii to only those sites which would be completely inundated  
· by tl mpounded water.  
T   “ · gates of the newly finished Pickwick Landing Dam were g
T dost ·`ebruary 8, 1938, and Pickwick Lake began to form.
 A In a · months the waters had risen to the base of CtO8. While  
_  most the midden yet remained barely above water, high wind l
  on t= ake caused erosion of the water front profiles by heavy  
’  wart qtion. Further, the water table had been so elevated  
3 T  that v the whole base of the midden was subject to seepage,  
’  it cw zion which makes for early disintegration and decay of  
 ?  skeb material, Because it was apparent that this site was  
Q bein, ·riously damaged, although not submerged, it was de- ,
  cidet e in 1938 that it should be investigated. t
.,  ravation was begun in December, 1938, under the direc-  
 E tion `vlr. Harold V. Andersen, and was continued with various  
  intei wtions until the latter part of June, 1939, at which time  
 L it uv tbandoned since a sufficient sample of its contents had i
4  been ained to permit a study to be made.  
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  10 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA i 
t ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  
A   Much credit is due Mr. Andersen for the success or ~.hese  
i T excavations, conducted largely during the winter and sprin, rvhen  
* the Tennessee River was often at flood stage. His er— eellent  
    field work and complete records have made possible this port,   V
t     Or nt
i This investigation was a cooperative study underta iii by . il l*lO{
T the Alabama Museum of Natural History with the aid of Y P. A.  ij T· _4*‘
* i labor and in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley Auth< ty.   bulk
. ,  i mout
l i _ _ _ =·  to till
i These authors desire to express their thanks to Dr. alter  , high
  , B. Jones, Director of the Alabama Museum of Natural story   Safe
l r and to Dr. Lawrence L. Durisch, Chief, Social and Er iomic { the S
Q Research Division, Tennessee Valley Authority, for man cour-   in pi.
T l tesies shown them, and their deep appreciation of the . l and  T ICYQL
i cooperation extended by the agencies represented by these zntle- 7  ty Of
l   Hl€I1.   (gyggjr
f     Pickv.
l   The material from this site was all processed and p ;>a1‘€d  " luck
l   for study at the Central Archaeological Laboratories Bil'- $ S_hO“°
l g mingham, Alabama. To Mr. Harold V. Dahms, Miss MOH L lay
L A Q Dunlevy, and Mr. James R. Foster, all of the Central Labor i<>1‘i€S~   Slow]
‘   the authors wish to express their appreciation of aid in l · D1`€·  J Sami
”   p31`3tiOI1 of this material and generous assistance in the U‘ at floods, when it may be completely inundated, as  
S,  1 $ll0\*‘1 1 figure 3c. This photograph was taken from the east,  
3.   bank Little Bear Creek. The line of trees marks the WeSt—  
5  e bank the creek, with the site just beyond covered by about  
1]  i 2 feet. water. The trees in the right distance are on Seven  
 , Mile Z. 1d, with the main body of the Tennessee River beyond ti
  the 11: side of the island some two miles distant. V  
 ; i'
g Excavation  
_ K  L V&tlOI1 at this site, begun in December, 1938, was in-  .
¤ tmlllii » Several times by unavoidable circumstances before E
 , the si. was abandoned. ‘  `
 { b Tg Hwund was cleared of timber and the grass and rubbish ·
 L umét md the mound staked on December 27, 1938, as shown  ·
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1 12 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA  
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Figure 2. a. Site Ct°8 looking toward the river.  i _V
b. Site in left foreground beyond the mouth of L` ~€ BM  L ’*l’ll*”‘
Creek. V.
c. Showing erosion of the shell midden by wave act V: at the  V
lake front.  1
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ie  THE LITTLE BEAR CREEK SITE I3  
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;_ F;;;1I· a. The zero trench looking toward the lake. `
 ; ln. Block 1 isolated. l
¤ I _ :
‘   c. Block 1 part1ally excavated.
fg Block 2 isolated. Y
  -

 1
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l 16 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALABAMA  J Hi
Y Zone C. Humus zone, dark brown when freshly exposed wea-  
1 thers buff color; carries considerable shell—s irhtly  · [
l p consolidated. Average thickness 1.75 feet.  Q g  .
t Zone D. Argillaceous silt and shell, light brown colo econ.    
solidated zone. Lower portion of this zone diffe from `  
above in only one respect, the deeper brown co? sug. l  
. gests greater percentage of humus material. I grage E   ·
~ thickness 2.25 feet. g  
l These zones are shown in profiles surrounding Blocl l and j l .»
p ll in figure 5. ‘ ,j  
Features   g .»  -:2
l Fifty-four features were listed in this excavation as lows:    
¤ l .  
p ‘ Fire pits in midden .............. . ......................................... . .............. » Q  
l Fired clay hearths, burned areas on occupational level ....    
Fire basins lined with or containing rocks ...................... . i vi
Midclen pits containing concentrations of animal bones .... ~  
i Pits of sandstone boulders ......................................................  
A Anvil stone, lapstones ......................................... . .................. `  
` Flint workshop areas ........................... . ......_............ . ............... E  _
A l Clam bakes ........ . .................................................................. . ....... `  Z
l   Cache of limestone celts ........................................ . ...............  · if
‘   Clay-lines circular fire basin ................._........ . ...... . .............. ‘   ~ _
1 1   ~  V 1
i     Several of these features may merit special descril ·11·  i  
l  i *<‘?€ 
i Feature No. 4, shown in figure 6-a and Feature N0. ¤ were J   
I . areas covered with flint spalls at depths of 5.5 feet and 5 fw .  `  
1 1'€SlJ€0ti\`€ly. They were evidently flin