xt7v154dq42d https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7v154dq42d/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1946 journals kaes_circulars_004_436 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 436 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 436 1946 2014 true xt7v154dq42d section xt7v154dq42d * I l l I
BABY-BEEF PROJECT  
Br <%     `I  
oap at  ’ F O R ` I
Apply  . "* j. I
of the   g ll.
  4 H CLUBS I 
lower   · `   ~
e cou-   ' _ `
water.  I
‘espec~   l _
DDT   I l
  • Seleciion   .
  • Feeding   , ,
figgux   • Training   ·
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while  I
ution, ._  ,
II°“S· Q Circular 436 _ I
ces of   I
Irated   l ‘
each  A.
E stir·   ` I
d the  i `_
el an  UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY ·
..~. wl:
lmlliiiil   College of Agriculiure and Home Economics  
  Agriculiural Exiension Division n I  
l
}I‘6‘Ii I Thomas P. Cooper, Dean and Direclor I  

   ‘
l
REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT ‘ Bl
l. The latest date for enrollment is July l. _
2. Each member shall feed 1 to 5 good beef calves. either steers   TH
or heifers. Wfhen the project starts the calves should weigh between . the
250 and 500 pounds each and should be less than 8 months old. v_ ing
3. Each member shall keep a complete record of the feeding, care, 1 imc
and management of the calf or calves, and enter this record in the “Baby { mw
Beef Record Book.” These records will be used in judging the contest.   Ml
4. Each member shall feed and care for his calf or calves inde-  I
_ pendently and do all the work necessary during the project. Help may  L
be obtained for hauling and weighing.  5
5. All calves should be weighed at the beginning of the project,  
and should be weighed each month thereafter if possible.   Car
6. At the close of the project the calves of all members should be   {N
brought together at one place for exhibition and judging.   lm
*  nn
7. At the close of the project (after the show if one is held). the li he
club member shall complete his record book, and turn the record book ji  tom
in to the county agent or club leader.   or
' 8. At the close of the project the calves shall be not more than   al
20 months old. V _
* it
9. Basis of award: Cost of gain per l00 lb ....................... 50 points 2 bf
Quality and finish _______,__... . .................. 50]JOil1lS   St.
  is
  bt
CONTENTS   l’°
Page `A 
S<·lm·<·tin;: and Starling the (lalf .........................______,,_______________________ 3  
l·`<·e·ding the (lulf ...............,.............._._.___,_,______ _ __,_,_________........ . ............ 4   w
(lure uml Mzimngcnmrnt _____________,__________,_______________________________________________ ]()   lll
l’rot¢·¢·tion from lnse-cts and l)ist·;1sr·s ________________,,____,_____________________ 20    
Eqtiipnnivnt New-eloql at the Show ___________________,__ _ __________,____Y_______________ 2.1.   jj
l§(‘l'[)lll;I l{e·<·‘· I · XS   K ‘ ~` iq:
neces- - -· ’ _  
order C  r   SY-  c      `·.·- lf! Ital"  
ho is C.  [ _ [ ogy ·—        C V K V .   T
than Q'  » ·   `     ~<»>»Y-.· -fic`.-2; ·—’‘ Mer ,_,A.;, i ~?=¢fif;;g; o,wA_v is is-; _ _ ~ I - It
ln all   Grand champion curload. Fat Cattle Show, Bourbon Stock Yards, Louisville, 1939. ` i
d by   Shown by 4-H Club members of Carrard County. `
1 that   · , .
club   l
vacci-   _ _ . · .·
raim   fme for calves. Corn-and—cob meal is often fed to baby beeves, espec1ally
° gi during the middle part of the feeding period. lt is more bulky than ` ,
  crushed corn and not so fattening, and is therefore not particularly suit- " I
` how   able for the last part of the feeding period. lf it is ground moderately V
Elves   coarse it is less apt to cause bloat than crushed corn. ~` ·`  
  Wheat is as nutritious as corn, but is much more difficult to digest be- I I
Sl be   cause it contains a sticky substance called gluten which tends to protect the _ yl
Small   Starch from the action of the digestive juices in the stomach. Also, too · V
Bks 3 i- much wheat causes scours, There is no reason, however, that crushed
grows   Whcat cannot replace one·fourth of the corn (pound for pound) in thi? · 1
{  gI`3l11 mixture if it is first fed in a small amount and gradually inCf€aS€Cl· _
__ Wheat is usually too high in price to replace corn. ‘
  Barley, nearly equal to corn for beef cattle, produces a smoother 4
Y  flesh than corn. lt is a valuable feed to use to replace part of the corn · ‘
  during the last three or four months of the feeding period. especially if I
l pall " thc calves have a tendency to be hard in their fleshing or are developing · A
` they ll  YOll$ of fat on their backs and ribs, Under such conditions HS InL1Cl1 35 l ·
j, half the corn in the mixture may be replaced by crushed barley, pound
att€l\·   for P0UN(l. The barley must, however; be gradually Sul)5titt1t€d i`0I` tlT€ l
,0 bc-   COW- for it may cause bloat and scours unless the calf is gradually 2iC· A ` L ,
st tll€   Cll$l0m€(l to its use, Newly threshed barley if fed as a Co!1C€l1tl‘3t€ with y l
»arl€}'   l€gUm€‘ lltly as the roughage is especially likely to cause bloat and SCOUTS- I  
l fell   lllrllffll bfttn. is bulky and most valuable for baby beC\’€S Wl1€l1 tltfiy BTG l
`0Ull(l 'ii  l)€lng put gn ful] f€€d_ Later On in the feeding ])€fiO(l. tll€ })I`OPOrllOll    

 U ‘S
l  
6  
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of bran to the other feeds may be lessened or the bran may be omitted.  
It is rich in protein and phosphorus, and somewhat laxative in effect.  i fe
Cottonseed meal is high in protein and phosphorus and is commonly   ra
used in rations for fattening beef cattle.   F
_ Soybean oilmeal is becoming popular as a protein supplement and  
` may be used in place of cottonseed meal.   it
Linseed ailrneal is an excellent feed for baby beeves and is usually   al
fed during the finishing period. Sometimes it is mixed with one of the   it
other protein feeds mentioned.   D
Peanut oilmeal is considered equal to cottonseed meal as a protein  
supplement in feeding beef cattle.   6,
In purchasing cottonseed meal, soybean oilmeal, linseed oilmeal or  5 P
- peanut oilmeal one should call for a meal that has not been stored too   E,
long in a warehouse. When a calf does not relish one of these meals it  
is probably because the meal is old and rancid.   C
Roughages   ll
 .i l
Roughages are of two classes, proteinaceous and carbonaceous. The   H
legume hays belong to the first class and timothy hay and other grass   i
hays to the second.   §
Hay should not be fed until it has gone through a °°sweat” in a mow,  _. 3
stack, or bale—a process of fermentation that takes about 6 weeks.  
. Fresh-cut hay, particularly legume hay, is especially appetizing when _1 ‘_‘` l
first put into the mow and the calf may eat enough to cause bloat ancl  
scouring. Late-cut soybean hay may have an appreciable amount 0f  jg l
beans on it which are so relished by the calf that he will overeat, causing   t
digestive trouble. Mixed alfalfa-and—grass hay or clover-and-grass hay   t
in place of straight alfalfa or clover is recommended. Straight lespedeza   l
hay may be fed, but it is better to mix some grass hay, like timothy,  
with it.   E
Green corn or pumpkins if fed at all, should be fed only in small  gi i
amounts, for they both have very laxative effects.   4
Hints on Feeding Practices  t
Watcli the calf  
Good feeders watch their animals while they are eating to note pj 
whether they relish the feed and how long it takes to clean up what i6  
put into the manger. If grain is left after the calf has finished his meal,  
it should be taken out and given to some other animal, and the allow-  
ance of grain at the next feeding should be cut down. At the beginning. i 
a calf should be fed at a regular hour in the morning and aftern00¤§  2
but during the last 3 or 4 months before show time, it can be fed grain  
i 3 times a day, giving at each feed the amount it will clean up in hall  
an hour.  

 T; .|  
  .l
  7 ” l i `
. A  Keep [116 l1ay fresh   .· .
itted.   Hay left in the racks longer than 2 days sl1ould he removed and l l
BCL   fed to an older animal, and a small amount of fresh l1ay put into the I`, A
¤0¤l)'   rack. Remember that it is not a good practice to feed fresh-cut hay. M _ If · cg
  Feed grain before nursing Ay ir ~
t and  ;.; If the calf is nursing a cow. be sure to feed the grain before letting y ` · `..
  it nurse. lf it nurses first it may take enough milk to satisfy its appetite . ‘. i
iually   and lessen its capacity for grain, and as a result it will grow faster than · -
»f the A  it fattens. 1 l _ ` "
_  {y Don’t let tl1e calf fill up 011 pasture ` 4   _
mlm   lf a calf eats enough pasture grass to satisfy his appetite he will 1lOt .
 Y eat enough grai11 to make as rapid a gain as he should. A close-grazed `
al Ol  f pasture   therefore best for the club calves. lf the pasture is palatable V   V ·`
dlmfl   and llO[ close—grazed. keep the calf off it except for short grazing periods. ‘ ..
3 S ll   Ground limestone and salt are the minerals needed
  A calf full-fed on grain a11d protein supplements_ gets plenty of ·
  phosphorus but not enough calcium. The small amount of hay eaten lk ‘
  whe11 tl1e calf is on a full feed of grai11. even if it is a legume hay, does
t The   not supply enough calcium. Ground limestone should therefore he kept ' ·'
grass   in a clea11 container in the barn so that the calf can eat it as desired. · 1
  Salt should be kept in another container, so that it also can he eaten n . l
m0“'»  { at will. ‘
weeks.   y
when  Yr Have plenty of fresh water ·` · _ _
t and   Unless the calf has access to fresh water all the time. it should he
at of   \\`€lle1‘cd from a pail at least three times a day. Keep fresh water hefore ' 1 ‘
using   the calf all tl1e time during hot weather. Keep tl1e pail clean and change ’
S hay   tl1e water frequently. ‘
edeza   Put 011 f11ll-feed slowly y
10thy,   It a calf has not been accustomed to eating grai11 from the time he ·
  is old enough to eat it, 15 to 21 days should be taken to get l1i1n on a _‘
small  rz? full feed of grain mixture. Wlhen a baby beef is on full feed of gtilill
  l\€ is eating per day an amount of grain equal to 1]/Q to 2 percent of I
 ffl? lll5 weight. Of course. if a calf is fed grain as soon as he is old Cl1OUgll ‘ I
 Q to eat it l1e will gradually accuston1 l1imself to the right quantity of feed. l
  Weigh the grain and mix it thoroughly ' V
mlc   It is hest to weigh instead of measure the ingredients of the grain ·
lat ls   mlKll1I‘€, because weigliing is more accurate than m€8Slll`ll1Q. A S})l`iUg
li€al’   ll@liUTC€ Can be used, 1·1owever_ if no provision is made f01‘ Weiglllltgi tl1€ l
‘ fm-   f°€’ilS- Clty measure should he used, 1n dry measure two pints eqlléll 0116 i ,
mmg` }  flllall- 8 quarts one peek, and 41 pecks one busl1el. Also llalf-llllsllel  
moth   measures are on the mai-key A liquid quart holds about six-sevcnths of ‘  
gram  if a (lFY·measure quart, The formulas for concentrate mixtures recom-  
l hall  It m€’U(lCfl (Tables 1 and 2) are stated in p0ulNlS Ol` })€Cl<5·  
`  ``· l i
 Z 1

 8  
TABLE 1.—CONCENTRATE MIXTURES FOR CALVES  
NOT NURSING COWS 15,  Z
Feed Poundsl Peaks   ·
;:· ig F
First period (beginning to May 1)  
_ [Ground or cracked corn ......i..... 75 6%  
Use One of these ...........,......... Shelled corn ..............t..i.............. 75 5%  
lCorn·and-cob meal ..................>... 75 6%  ;.
Oats, crushed .,.................................................,.................................. 10 2  {
Wheat bran ........................,..........................................................,...... 5 1%  {
Cottonseed meal or soybean oilmeal .............................................. 10 3%   Q
Second period (May 1 to August 1)   7
Ground or cracked corn ............ 85 7  
Use One of these ..................... Shelled corn ...........,.,.................. 85 6%  cf
Corn-and-cob meal .................... 85 7% __
Cottonseed meal or soybean oilmealz ...,.......................................... 15 1% `
 e ']
Third period (August 1 to September 1) -1 
Ground or cracked corn .......................,............................................ 75 6%  
Barley, crushed ..................................,............................................... 15 1%  T
Cottonseed meal or soybean oilmeal .,.......................,.................... 10    
Fourth period (Sept. 1 to show time)  . I
Ground or cracked corn ............................,..............,......................,. 60 5  
Barley, crushed .................................................................................. 30 3%  R
Linseed meal and soybean oilmeal, half-and-half by weight” ...... 10 1   _
1The use of pounds instead of packs in making these mixtures is highly recommended.  
all the calf is running ou young, succulent pasture, the cottonseed meal or soybean oilmeal slwuld   1
bu omitted. A ration too rich in protein will scour the cull`.  _
alt tho linseed meal and the soybean oilmeal are to be measured by pecks, mix 3 pecks of the  l` I
' linseed meal with 2 pccks of the soybean oilmeal. Then add 1 peck of this mixture (about 10 lb.)  I
to the com and the crushed barley.  K- I
The feeds used in the mixture should be mixed thoroughly. If they  it
are not thoroughly mixed too much of the protein supplement may get  ’ n
into some feeding and cause digestive disturbances. ix
Weights of different grains and other concentrates, per level quart,  
are given in the following tabulation.  
Pounds pcr  
levcl quart  `QI
Dry Measure  
Barley, Crughed ____________________________________________,______,__,,______,......... . ......................... Ll  
Corn—and-cob meal .............................................................................................. 1.5  {
Cottonseed meal .................................................................................................. 1.5  .
Ground shelled corn ..............................._,....._,.,._.________________,___,__,_______,________,,_____ 1.5  `
Linseed meal, O. P., pea size .........................l...........................,....,......_.....,.... 1.1  
Oats, whole ......................................................._..r.______,__,_________,__________________________ 1.0  
Oats, crushed ..,,...,..._..__________________________,_______________________________________________________________ .7  
Shelled corn ..................................................._.___,._____.______,.____,_,___________________________ 1.7  .Q,-
Soybean oilmeal ...........l.............................,r_.,__..____________,___________________________________ 1.7 .
Wlieat bran .......,..........._.,.__.__.___.___________,___,______________________________ _ ____________________________ .5  —
Wlieat, ground .............,.....,____.._____.,________,_______________________ _ __________________________________ 1.7  ?
Wheat, whole ................,..,..,.,___,_____.____,,_,__,_____ _ ____,____,__________________________________________ 1.9  {
Liquid Measure  lp
Molasses, black strap ..............._.____.________,____________________________ _ ____________________________ 3.0  

   1-l · V 4
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  9 V ull `
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Q  TABLE 2.—CONCENTRATE MIXTURES FOR CALVES NURSING COWS   V. 4
_   Feed Pouudul Pecks ·l ,
ks Li  -_/#_7 ‘ *4 .·
  First period (begmnmg to May 1) ' . ‘· ‘
  Ground or cracked corn ............ 80 6%   ~` V
/  3 Use One of these ...,................. Shelled corn ................,............... 80 53 *1 H
4 _, 4 _ _
Q   Corn—and-cob meal .........,.,.....,.. 80 7 ~ ( "I
Q   Oats, crushed .............................,...............,...........................,............ 10 2 . `. `
  Wheat bran ............................................r......................................,..,... 5 1% ,`_
Q  if Cottonseed meal or soybean oilmeal ............,..............................._. 5 % ‘, , ..
/   ' .
4  · ·’—`· . _ .
IQ Second period (May 1 to August 1) . `,.
  [Ground or cracked corn ............ 90 7% ‘ '
  Use One of these .__......__.._,...... Shelled corn ...............,......,......... 90 6% ·` `
fi.  ·j l Corn-and-cob meal ..................,. 90 8 `
it  _ Cottonseed meal or soybean oilmealg .............,.......,.........,..._.,.,..._ 10   ‘   _»
4 3  ` ‘
  Third period (August 1 to September 1) ` ··
/  Q Ground or cracked corn .........,..,......,........,................,...................... 80 6% _
yl  2 Barley, crushed ........................,.............................i........................... 10 1%
j  2 Cottonseed meal or soybean oilmeal .............................,................ 10 3% ,`
4   { ~ *
 _` Fourth eriod (Se tember 1 to show time) i
J P P
 `· Ground or cracked corn .............,......,........,...................,.................. 70 5% _ I .
Q 3_  Barley, crushed .........,................,,.........................,.........................,.. 20 2%
‘   Linseed oilrneal and soybean oilmeal, half-and-half by weights,. 10 1 ~
  lThe use of pounds instead of pccks in making these mixtures is highly recommended. { l 4
should  T Elf the calf is running on young, succulent pasture, the cottonseed meal or soybean oilmcal should l
  bo omitted. A ration too rich in protein will scour the calf. V
of the   “If the linseed meal and the soybean oilmeal are to be measured by pecks, mix 3 pccks of the I ~
[0 HL)  ’ liusrud meal with 2 pecks of the soybean oilmt-al. Then add 1 peck of this mixture (about l0 lb.) I
  to the corn and the crushed barley.
 5. . l .
the'   . , V i
{ U5   Adjust the mixture to the needs of tl1e calf
D  -2J
 _ Usuall babr beeves fed in ¢1··H club work run on rather close-
 _ 1
Hart  — g1`E1Z€(l pasture, and the gram mixtures in Tables 1 and 2 are planned fOr ,
V  ij €€1l\'€S On such Jasture, If however. the calves are I`lllllllIl°“ on eood, ·
_ V ¤ 1 as as
dspc,   Yilllng. succulent pasture such as often is found 1H May and June, the
""“"  ·» C0tl0useed meal or soybean oilmeal should be left out of the mixture.
71  gl 101111g pasture grass is itself fairly rich in protein, and including a i ·
J5   Pwteiu supplement in the grain mixture for such calves is likely to ‘
    cause them to scour. I
    Blackstrap molasses is good to make a feed more appetizing, and  
   j 111185 also a good effect on the thrift of the animal. One-half pint dillltelll
`7  `I; with l/2 pint of water may he fed at each feeding time. Feeding molasses *
_7  €` 15 usually begun about August 15. ~ .
7  : Ci1l\`€s that are nursing their dams or nurse cows need less protein 1
,9   m ll1€lI` grain mixture than calves Grown and fattenecl \\'ithOllt milk, 1  
I f` · nl fj .
  OY lmlli IS rich in protein, Grain mixtures for calves n0t nlll`S1ng al`€  
LO  1 $111311 ln Table 1, and for nursing calves, in Table 2.  
“  F é

   -
1
10 V
y a
CARE AND MANAGEMENT t h
Teach the Calf to Lead and Stand   S
Give the calf the most gentle treatment from the first. One of the    
best ways to gain its confidence is to brush it gently with the hand or   C
QH a soft brush. In a few days, put a halter on it and tie it up for an hour   S
` or two, lengthening the time until it becomes well accustomed to being  
tied. Then teach it to lead. This is best done by having someone help gi  l
by keeping behind the calf and urging it forward when it is inclined to   E
· pull back on the halter. It requires a great deal of patience to train a  L l
calf to lead and stand properly and be unafraid of people who wish to   ]
handle him. (See illustration on page 20.)   ]
ff  `
. 2 
Calves Should Be Outdoors Part of Time  
It is a general belief that calves being fitted for a baby beef show  E
should be left in a dark stall during the day. It must be remembered,  
however, that a calf needs sunlight for its best development the same  
 $1*
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r ‘*·    · l` , KL" { i ·`
 ”[f.f?***’  j"   .     , *   i $4 I ‘ r ‘“e. ’
 ¤». e·.‘  — <  e`·—   ij__   , to . .______ .     . .-.  
I 
Tail of baby beef before clipping (left), and after clipping (right).  
as Q ?
  L

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  11 {
J    i
  as a child does. Therefore let the calf out in the sunshine for 2 to 4  
  hours each day, but where it can get in the shade if it wants to. Sun- `l‘ -·  
  shine a11d the hay the calf eats are the only sources from which it can  
. tl Y  receive Vitamin D, which is essential for proper development of strong, - F   ·
1 .·  . . . . ; . 1- ~;
B   dense bone. Calves ke t indoors all the time sometimes walk with a _ • " .
d or  ..t P . . . . ~ 1
hou   stiffened gait and show signs of tenderness 1H the1r legs while standing. /.4 1, -
Bin.,   During the last 4 to 6 weeks before show time, the calf can be 1     l
U Q. ' . ~ • `
help   left in the barn most of the day to soften the harsh hair caused by . {
ld to   sunshine. lf during these lest few weeks a calf is turned into a lot with A q . .. J
hl ,3  X little pasture. after the evening feed—abeut five o”clock——and brought _  
,h to  ` into the barn at about eight o’clock in the morning, he will probably -  
QL. receive enough Vitamin D. He will also get some exercise in the field, ` `
 j? which is helpful. Then, too, the dew on the grass softens his feet and l l _`
  makes them more easily trimmed. Clean and bed the stall each day while _ ‘
  tl1e calf is out on pasture. . if
.] ,   I i V .
*0;; .,s  g -_ cirp the Head and Tail • — ·
are ,  
Same  ’ Calves of the hornless breeds should be clipped about the head and _ _
 · ears and under the lower jaw. Clip back to a line about 3 inches behind
   . ·   “ ‘ x i l
    r·—        e
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$3  l ` J *4-;*-5 IJ;     ~-.__ ` ` i `
S  ¢  .; " €’¤w1   . .... l
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_   An Angus Calf properly clipped about the head and ears. Note his trim  
"   appearance. `
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* _ 12
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tz »    A.A jms V H     o · *’ t  
Removing the sealy parts of horn with a sharp knife. Take care to keep the  
cuttings thin so as not to mar the horn. To steady the horn and at the same  p
time avoid being out if the steer jerks his head, keep the forefinger on the  `
opposite side of the horn from that being trimmed. `
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Smoothing the horn with a rasp. Use a rasp that is rather coarse on one side  ‘ ¥
and finer on the other. Grasp the tip of the horn firmly, and always rasp from ¤_  tl
the- point of the horn to the base, so as to avoid injuring the hand if the steer   ._
jerks his head.   H
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  Paring the sole of the hoof with the baby beef held in stocks. After the foot is `
VQ fastened securely, take a sharp 1-i11cl1 wood chisel, flat s1de to the hoof, and V _ .
{ trim :1 very thin slice from heel to toe. Continue to take these tl11n slices until -  
Q tl1c foot is fairly flat. Don’t try to trim hooves by yourself unless you have ` V
  done it before under careful supervision. Cut off the end of tl1e toe (as shown V V
‘ on p.e 14) before paring the soles of tl1e other three feet. l
Q 
  • 41*
 ._ the ears. Chp the outside of tl1e ears also. Tails of calves of all breeds _
 _` should be cli 1 Jed down to the he¤innin¤ of tl1e twist. A calf high in tl1e ‘
  e e
 V tw1st should have a longer brush than one that 15 deep 111 tl1e twist, as
1  _ lll€ lOllg brush gives him the appearance of having deeper hinClqtl21l`I€l`S. l ·
W   Clip llle tailhead one week before showing. Donit trim Il1B l€gS. A
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 ’ Smooth and Polish the Horns
j   If the horns are sealy and lll]€\`€l]. trim away tl1e sealy part with E1 - ·
 E _ _ 1
V, lwavy. sharp kmfe, and tl1e11 scrape the horns \\`1[l1 a piece of broken 1
iidc   ¥la’$· If the scales are not too large they can he removed by raspillg ·  
2;:   [lm lT0l`l1 with a eoarge fi]e_ [hen rubbing it with CO£1rS€ S€1l1