xt7w0v89kn26 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7w0v89kn26/data/mets.xml Kentucky Kentucky Coal Association. Kentucky Energy and Environmental Cabinet Department for Energy Development and Independence 2015 Prepared by the Governor's Office for Coal and Energy Policy and the Kentucky Coal Association; by the Kentucky Coal Marketing and Export Council and the Kentucky Coal Association. Published by the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Department for Energy Development and Independence in partnership with the Kentucky Coal Association. journals  English Lexington, Ky.: Governor's Office for Coal and Energy Policy : Kentucky Coal Association, 1989- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Coal Facts Coal trade--Kentucky--Statistics--Periodicals. Coal mines and mining--Kentucky--Statistics--Periodicals. Coal--Kentucky--Statistics--Periodicals. Kentucky Coal Facts: 15th Edition, 2015 text Kentucky Coal Facts: 15th Edition, 2015 2015 2015 true xt7w0v89kn26 section xt7w0v89kn26 Kentucky Coal Facts
15th Edition • 2015

Produced by the

Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet
Department for Energy Development and Independence
In Partnership with the

Kentucky Coal Association

energy.ky.gov
kentuckycoal.com

* Published August 28th, 2015
A Joint Industry/Government Project

Cover Photo taken at River View Coal Mine, in Union County, Kentucky in March, 2010 by Aaron Camenisch,
University of Kentucky, for the Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet

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* Executive Summary
Overview
After more than two centuries of commercial mining operations, Kentucky’s domestic supply of coal
remains an important component of the Commonwealth’s economy. In 2014, Kentucky ranked as the
third-highest coal producer in the United States producing 77.4 million tons that was sold for $4.6
billion plus transportation costs. Coal continued to supply a majority of energy in Kentucky and
remained the largest source of domestic energy production in the Commonwealth. At the end of 2014,
coal mines in Kentucky directly employed 11,586 people and mining directly contributed billions of
dollars to the economy of Kentucky. Over 33 percent of the coal produced in Kentucky was consumed
within the Commonwealth. The largest market for Kentucky coal remains the generation of electrical
power across the United States, primarily in the southeast.
Production
Kentucky coal production decreased in 2014 by 3.6 percent from 2013, to 77.4 million tons, the
lowest level since 1962. Eastern Kentucky coal production decreased in 2014 by 4.9 percent from
2013 to 37.5 million tons—the lowest level since 1961. Production slowed at both underground and
surface mines. Eastern Kentucky production has declined by 65 percent since the year 2000, and by
71.4 percent since peak production at 131 million tons in 1990. Western Kentucky coal production
decreased by 2.2 percent from 2013 to 39.9 million tons. Union County remained the largest coalproducing county in Kentucky in 2014, out-producing the second largest, Pike County. However, Pike
County still holds the record for greatest cumulative production at 1.5 billion tons. Total annual
production in 2014 in western Kentucky, where thicker, more productive coal seams yield cheaper
coal, was greater than in eastern Kentucky in 2013 and 2014 for the first time since 1911.
Employment
At the end of 2014, Kentucky coal mines employed 11,586 persons, 6,610 underground coal miners,
3,139 surface miners, 1,458 preparation plant workers, and 379 on-site office staff. Compared to
previous years, employment at Kentucky coal mines remained relatively stable, decreasing by 2.6
percent from 11,890 at the beginning of the year, to an average of only 11,586 by December—a
one-year loss of 304 employees. In addition to these direct jobs, a total of 13,030 other employment
opportunities were created in Kentucky as a result of the money spent by coal companies and their
employees including.
Markets
The markets and destinations for Kentucky coal during 2014 were concentrated in 17 states, with a
small market for international exports. Approximately 33 percent of the coal mined in Kentucky during
2014 was consumed in the Commonwealth—primarily by electric utilities—making Kentucky the
largest single market for Kentucky coal. The vast majority of Kentucky coal—63.5 million tons or 82
percent—was shipped to electric power plants in 17 different states, including Kentucky, principally
located in the southeast. Following Kentucky, the states of Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, North
Carolina, Virginia, and Ohio were the largest consumers of Kentucky coal during 2014. Coal-fired
power plant closures in these states have significantly reduced domestic demand for Kentucky coal.
Impending coal-fired power plant closures scheduled in 2015-2016, can be expected to further
reduce demand for Kentucky coal. However, Kentucky coal exports to foreign countries have increased
in recent years.
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* Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................3
CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. 4-5
HISTORY OF COAL IN KENTUCKY ................................................................................. 6-13
COAL PRODUCTION
United States Coal Production ......................................................................... 14-15
Kentucky Coal Production ................................................................................. 16-17
Eastern Kentucky Coal Production .......................................................................... 18
Western Kentucky Coal Production........................................................................ 19
Coal Mine Productivity ...................................................................................... 20-21
COAL COST AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Coal Price by Producer State ................................................................................. 22
Coal Properties by Producer State ................................................................. 23-24
Coal Price by Kentucky County .............................................................................. 25
Kentucky Steam Coal Properties ..................................................................... 26-27
COAL MINE EMPLOYMENT
United States Coal Employment ............................................................................. 28
Coal Mine Employment by State ............................................................................ 29
Kentucky Coal Mine Employment ................................................................... 30-32
COAL MINE SAFETY AND TRAINING................................................................................ 33
ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COAL
Economic Impact of Kentucky Coal......................................................................... 34
Kentucky Coal Severance Receipts ........................................................................ 35
COAL FORMATION AND PROPERTIES ...................................................................... 36-37
KENTUCKY COAL RESOURCES .................................................................................... 38-39
TYPES OF COAL MINING ............................................................................................... 40-41
MINE LICENSING AND RECLAMATION
Mines and Licensing............................................................................................ 42-43
Mine Reclamation ............................................................................................... 44-45
Post-Mining Land Use......................................................................................... 46-47
COAL DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETS
Kentucky Coal Consumers, 1990 and 2014 ........................................................ 48
Kentucky Coal Distribution ................................................................................ 49-50
Kentucky Coal Deliveries ......................................................................................... 51
Eastern Kentucky Coal Deliveries .................................................................... 52-53
Western Kentucky Coal Deliveries ......................................................................... 54
International Exports ................................................................................................. 55
ELECTRICITY GENERATION, EMISSIONS, AND PRICES
Electricity Generation .............................................................................................. 56
Why Kentucky Uses Coal ......................................................................................... 57
Kentucky Electricity Prices ................................................................................. 58-59
Coal-fired Power Plants in Kentucky ..................................................................... 60
Kentucky In-State Coal Consumption .............................................................. 61-64
Kentucky Electric Power Emissions........................................................................... 65

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* Table of Contents
COUNTY LEVEL PRODUCTION, EMPLOYMENT, AND MARKETS
Kentucky Coal Producing Counties ............................................................. 66-67
Bell County ...................................................................................................... 68-69
Boyd County.................................................................................................... 70-71
Breathitt County.............................................................................................. 72-73
Clay County .................................................................................................... 74-75
Daviess County ............................................................................................... 76-77
Floyd County ................................................................................................... 78-79
Harlan County ................................................................................................. 80-81
Henderson County .......................................................................................... 82-83
Hopkins County ............................................................................................... 84-85
Johnson County ............................................................................................... 86-87
Knott County .................................................................................................... 88-89
Knox County .................................................................................................... 90-91
Laurel County ........................................................................................................ 92
Lawrence County .................................................................................................. 93
Leslie County ................................................................................................... 94-95
Letcher County ................................................................................................ 96-97
Livingston County.................................................................................................. 98
Marshall County ................................................................................................... 99
Magoffin County ....................................................................................... 100-101
Martin County ............................................................................................ 102-103
McCreary County ............................................................................................... 104
McLean County ................................................................................................... 105
Muhlenberg County .................................................................................. 106-107
Ohio County ............................................................................................... 108-109
Perry County .............................................................................................. 110-112
Pike County ................................................................................................ 113-115
Union County .............................................................................................. 116-119
Webster County ........................................................................................ 120-121
Whitley County.......................................................................................... 122-123
COAL PRODUCTION AND EMPLOYMENT DATA TABLES .......................... 124-125
AGENCY CONTACT INFORMATION .......................................................... 126-127
DATA SOURCES ................................................................................................ 128
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................129

In order to provide the public with timely access to these data, this report uses the best -available estimate for each factor at the time of
publication. However, as a result of data revisions, confidentiality, rounding, and reporting errors, the table values may no t precisely
equal the sum of the included components and certain indicators may be subject to change. Please direct all data -related inquiries to
Aron Patrick (Aron.Patrick@ky.gov) or Adam Blandford (Adam.Blandford@ky.gov) or by calling the Kentucky Department for Energy
Development and Independence at 502-564-7192.
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* History of Coal in Kentucky
Kentucky coal has been commercially mined for over two
centuries. In 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker was the first known
person to discover and use coal in what would later become
Kentucky. The earliest-known commercial coal production
was 20 tons in 1790 in Lee County—two years before the
Commonwealth of Kentucky became a state. Although small
quantities of coal would continue to be mined across the
state, it was not until 1855 that annual production would
exceed one hundred thousand tons. The Civil War briefly
diverted coal production from Kentucky to other coalfields in
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, and Illinois. However, after a
near-stoppage during the Civil War, coal mining resumed
and production exceeded one million tons for the first time in
1879.

Photo: Big Sandy Operators stand at a coal mine tipple, used
to load coal onto railcars on March 26, 1914. Jenkins,
Kentucky Photographic Collection, University of Kentucky
Special Collections.
As the American economy grew in the late 19th and early
20th centuries, so too did demand for Kentucky coal. From the
1870s to the end of the century, railroads were built in both
the eastern and western Kentucky coalfields, which
significantly improved the efficiency of producers to deliver
coal to urban and industrial consumers and opened up areas
to development. The expansion of railroads across the
United States also increased demand for coal; Kentucky’s
deposits of bituminous coal were used to power steam
locomotive engines and used in iron and steel mills to
produce the metals the railroads and other industries
required. Coal’s central role in the railroad industry would
continue until the 1930s, when railroads were increasingly
fueled by diesel.

6

Photo: Face of room in No. 205 Mine in Jenkins, Letcher
County, Kentucky between 1911 and 1913. In 1911, the
Consolidation Coal Company purchased one hundred thousand
acres of coal lands in Pike, Letcher and Floyd counties,
Kentucky. Jenkins, Kentucky Photographic Collection, University
of Kentucky Special Collections.
The industrialization of the early 20th Century brought the
expansion of the eastern Kentucky coal industry, as
bituminous coal became the primary energy source for the
continually-growing cities throughout the Midwest. The
Appalachian Mountains divided the anthracite cities of New
York, Philadelphia, and Boston, and bituminous-dependent
cities west of the mountains, including Pittsburgh, Chicago,
and Cincinnati. In turn, this industrialization granted the
United States the highest economic growth rate in the world
during that period.

Photo: Southern Railroad car shipping coal. Louis Edward
Nollau Photographic Print Collection, University of Kentucky
Special Collections.

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* History of Coal in Kentucky

Photo: Coal miners changing shifts at Inland Steel Company
mine in Wheelright, Floyd County, 1946. Russell Lee
Photographic Collection, University of Kentucky Special
Collections.

Photo: A coal miner's child studies in grade school in Harlan
County, September 15, 1946. Russell Lee Photographic
Collection, University of Kentucky Special Collections.

Numerous towns and coal camps, such as those in Letcher and
Harlan counties, grew along the railways that crisscrossed
eastern Kentucky. Many miners came from within the region,
as subsistence farming gave way to the industrial age, but
much of the growing population included immigrants
searching for a better life from southern and eastern Europe
as well as African-Americans from the southern United
States.1
1. Estep, Bill. 100 years of coal mining in Harlan County.

Photo: J. W. Hardy, President of The North Fork Coal & Iron
Company. The company, owned and operated entirely by
African-Americans, began mining coal in Morgan County in
1911 and held offices at 256 East Short Street, in Lexington.
Sallie Price Family Papers, University of Kentucky Special
Collections.
Segregation, backed by state law, was pervasive within the
coal camps well into the early 20th century, with some
communities segregated between new immigrants, blacks,
and native whites. Other camps segregated the communities
while integrating the mines.
Photo: Coal pile at Farmers Supply Company at 325 East Vine
Street, Lexington, 1933.
University of Kentucky Special Collections

All photographs from the University of Kentucky Special
Collections may be found at http://exploreuk.uky.edu/

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kentuckycoal.com

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* History of Coal in Kentucky

In 1917, the United States formally declared war on Germany. After one of
the coldest winters ever recorded, coal supplies were low, and more coal was
desperately needed to continue production of guns, munitions, and ships for the
war. President Woodrow Wilson created the United States Fuel Administration
to encourage increased coal production. Kentucky coal production continued to
rise with the economic growth of the post-World War I expansion until the
Great Depression beginning in 1929. In the 1940s, coal production increased
once again as the nation armed for war. In the 1940s through 1970s,
bituminous coal began to be phased out of the railroad industry, but was
increasingly utilized for electricity generation. To meet rising electricity
demand, large-scale surface mining operations began in western Kentucky that
led to rapid expansion of production. In the 1970s, significant surface mining
operations also began in the Appalachian Mountains of eastern Kentucky, and
accounted for half of the production. Wyoming, with thick seams of low sulfur
Powder River Basin coal, displaced Kentucky as the United States’ leading coal
producer in 1988. Kentucky coal production peaked in 1990 at over 173
million tons and has declined thereafter. West Virginia overtook Kentucky as
the second-largest coal producer in 1994.

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* History of Coal in Kentucky

The earliest official statistic on record for statewide coal mine employment
is from 1927 when 64,969 ―men‖ working at 622 mines produced 69.9
million tons. Known Kentucky coal mine employment peaked in 1948 after
the Second World War at 75,633, with 66,410 in eastern and 9,223 in
western Kentucky, respectively. Coal mine employment has declined over
the past century due primarily to automation and mechanization of mining
processes, which have improved mining productivity—the amount of coal
produced per labor hour. Since the year 2000, however, diminishing
reserves of thick and easily accessible coal seams in eastern Kentucky have
made coal more difficult, labor-intensive, and costly to mine, which has
resulted in reductions in price competiveness of Kentucky coal vis-à-vis coal
from other regions and alternative sources of energy. Kentucky coal has
been under increased competition from cheaper Powder River Basin coal
since the 1980s and from natural gas produced through advances in
hydrologic fracturing technology since the 2010s. Federal environmental
regulations targeting mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and recently
carbon dioxide, have further impeded the market competiveness of coal
for domestic electricity generation versus alternative energy sources.
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Photo: Miner in Lejunior, Harlan County. 9/13/1946
University of Kentucky Special Collections
http://exploreuk.uky.edu/

9

* History of Coal in Kentucky
1000 Although the first use of coal in Kentucky is unknown, Hopi Indians, living in what is now Arizona, are known to have
used coal to bake pottery made from clay more than 1,000 years ago.
1673 Among the first known instances of European settlers finding coal in the United States – Louis Jolliet and Father
Jacques Marquette encounter ―charbon de terra‖ (coal) at a point on the Illinois River during their expedition on
the Mississippi River.
1701 Coal is found near what is now Richmond, Virginia.
1748 First recorded United States coal production occurs near Richmond, Virginia.
1750 Dr. Thomas Walker was the first known person to discover and use coal in what would later become Kentucky.
1755 Lewis Evan's map is made; showing coal in what is now the Greenup County and Boyd County area of Kentucky.
1758 First known commercial U.S. coal shipment occurs.
1790 First recorded Kentucky commercial coal production begins in what would later become Lee County, with annual
production of 20 tons, two years before the Commonwealth of Kentucky became a state.
1792 The Commonwealth of Kentucky became the 15th state to join the United States.
1800 Kentucky produces over 100 tons for the first time.
1813 Kentucky produces over 1,000 tons for the first time.
1825 First recorded western Kentucky coal production begins in newly -founded Daviess County, Kentucky with annual
production of 3,000 tons.
1828 Kentucky produces over 10,000 tons for the first time.
1838 At the request of the General Assembly, W. W. Mather conducts the first geological survey of Kentucky.
1848 First coal miner’s union is formed in Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania.
1854 David Dale Owen establishes the Kentucky Geological Survey (KGS).
1855 Kentucky produces over 100,000 tons for the first time.
1861- Kentucky coal production collapses with the onset of the Civil War.
1865
1870 St. Louis & Southern Railroad is completed from Henderson to Earlington, Kentucky.
1872 Hopkins County is the first Kentucky county to mine over 100,000 tons in a single year.
First train off the Big Sandy Railroad.
1877 Coal is mined with a steam-powered shovel.
1879 Kentucky produces over 1 million tons for the first time.
1880 Mechanical stokers are introduced.
First coke ovens used in western Kentucky.
First train from Williamson, West Virginia, to Pike County, Kentucky.
Coal mining machines come into general use to undercut coal beds.
1890 Hopkins County in western Kentucky is the leading coal producer in the state for 18 straight years.
N&W Railroad's first mine at Goody in Pike County.
Miner Pay Law enacted.
United Mine Workers of America formed.
Machines developed to undercut coal beds.
5,000 kilowatt steam turbine generates electricity.
1891 First federal law regarding mine safety is enacted, establishing minimum ventilation requirements at underground
mines and prohibiting the employment of children less than 12 years of age.
1899 Hopkins County is the first Kentucky county to mine over 1 million tons of coal in a single year.
1900 Edgewater Coal Company has its first production in Pike County.
First train off the Lexington and Eastern Railroad.
1907 Kentucky produces over 10 million tons of coal for the first time.
1910 United States Bureau of Mines is established, charged with conducting research to reduce coal mining accidents.
First train travels on the Cumberland Valley Railroad.
Pike-Floyd Coal Company has its first production at Betsy Layne.

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* History of Coal in Kentucky
1911
1914
1916
1918
1920
1923
1925
1927
1931
1932
1933
1935
1940
1941
1942
1944
1947
1949
1950
1952
1956

1960

1961
1966

1967
1969

1970

Coal production in eastern Kentucky exceeds 6.9 million tons, displacing western Kentucky as Kentucky’s
leading coalfield.
World War I increases demand for coal; Kentucky produces 20.3 million tons.
Short-flame or "permissible" explosives developed.
Child Labor Act is passed, prohibiting the interstate sale of goods produced by miners under the age of 16.
First pulverized coal fired generator is used in electric power plants.
Federal Mineral Leasing Act becomes law, creating a system of leasing and development for mining on
federally owned land
All-time high U.S. employment of 704,793 bituminous coal and lignite miners is recorded.
First dragline excavators built especially for surface mining are introduced.
Harlan County produces 11.8 million tons of coal, becoming the first Kentucky county to produce more
than 10 million tons in a single year.
Kentucky coal mines employ 64,969 miners, the earliest known official employment statistic.
Kentucky coal production reaches 69.9 million tons
Great Depression reduces demand for coal; Kentucky produces 40.4 million tons.
Walking dragline excavators are developed.
Congress creates the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
Congress passes the Rural Electrification Act to promote electricity distribution across the United States.
Auger surface mining is introduced.
United States Bureau of Mines is granted inspection authority.
Republic Steel Company has its first production in Road Creek, Kentucky.
Kentucky Water Contamination Legislation is enacted.
World War II increases demand for coal; Kentucky produces 72.4 million tons.
Kentucky Coal Association is founded.
First federal regulation for mine safety is enacted.
Kentucky coal mines employ 75,707 miners—the highest number ever recorded.
Post-War Marshall Plan increases demand for coal; Kentucky produces 82.2 million tons.
Federal Coal Mine Safety Act is passed, allowing annual inspections in underground mines and civil penalties
against mine operators for noncompliance with withdrawal orders or refusing access to inspectors of mines.
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act becomes law, requiring federal agencies to determine how proposed mines
could affect bodies of water.
Railroads begin converting from coal to diesel fuel.
Roof bolting introduced in underground mines.
Railroads begin using unit coal trains, enabling transportation of larger volumes with increased efficiency.
First longwall mining with powered roof supports.
Kentucky Surface Mining Legislation is enacted.
Muhlenberg County replaces Hopkins County as the leading coal-producing county.
Congress extends coverage of 1952 Federal Coal Mine Safety Act to all underground mines.
National Historic Preservation Act becomes law, governing the preservation of historic properties.
C&O Railroad to John's Creek is constructed in Pike County.
Kentucky produces over 100 million tons for the first time.
Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act enacted, creating what would become the Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA). The law requires two annual inspections of every surface mine, four at every
underground mine; establishes mandatory monetary fines for all violations and criminal penalties for ―knowing
and willful‖ violations; requires more stringent health and safety standards; and provides compensation for
miners disabled as a result of pneumoconiosis, or black lung.
Federal Clean Air Act is passed, which regulates the discharge of pollutants into the air.
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* History of Coal in Kentucky
1970

1971

1972
1973

1976

1977

1978
1980

1983
1986
1988

1990

1992
1994
1996

12

Federal Clean Air Act is passed, which regulates the discharge of pollutants into the air.
The Hurricane Creek Mine Disaster occurs, in which 38 miners are killed in Leslie County, following a mine
explosion—the deadliest mine disaster since the implementation of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of
1969.
Surface mines in Muhlenberg County produce nearly 21.5 million tons of coal, more surface production than any
county in Kentucky history.
Kentucky becomes the leading coal producer in the United States, with surface mines in Muhlenberg
County leading the state.
Surface production becomes Kentucky’s primary means of coal production, led by large surface mines in
Muhlenberg County in western Kentucky.
Kentucky Coal Severance Tax is established.
Clean Water Act is passed, regulating the discharge of pollutants into water sources.
Endangered Species Act becomes law, which governs the protection of endangered species.
Brookside Strike occurs, during which 180 miners in Harlan County strike, demanding safer working conditions,
higher wages, and amended labor practices.
OPEC (Oil Producing and Exporting Countries) oil embargo—coal production and prices rise.
Federal Coal Leasing Amendments Act enacted, requiring all public lands available for coal leasing to be
leased competitively.
15 coal miners and 11 rescue workers die in Scotia Mine accident in Letcher County.
Federal Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act is passed, regulating active mines and creating the Office of
Surface Mining to oversee reclamation efforts for reclaiming closed mine lands.
Mine Safety and Health Act (Mine Act) is enacted, amending Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969 to
consolidate all coal and non-coal mine safety and health regulations into one regulatory body. The act amends
miner protections and transferred authority for overseeing mine health and safety from the Department of
Labor to the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA).
Pike County in eastern Kentucky replaces Muhlenberg County in western Kentucky as the leading coal producing county.
Underground mining again becomes Kentucky’s primary means of coal production.
Congress enacts the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) Study, a 10-year research
program, which invests $550 million for the study of acid rain.
Industries spend over $1 billion on air pollution control equipment during 1980.
United States Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program establishes $2.5 billion in federal matching funds
committed to develop and demonstrate improved clean coal technologies.
Clean Coal Technology Act is passed, intended to construct new coal generation technologies at scale.
Wyoming overtakes Kentucky as the leading coal producer in the United States.
Kentucky Supreme Court rules that the unmined minerals tax on coal is subject to the same state and local
property tax rates as other real estate.
United States Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are passed, establishing emissions limits for sulfur dioxide and
nitrous oxide from coal-fired power plants.
Kentucky coal production peaks at over 173 million tons. Eastern Kentucky production peaks at nearly 131
million tons.
United States coal production exceeds 1 billion tons.
United States Energy Policy Act of 1992 is passed.
West Virginia overtakes Kentucky as the second-highest coal producer in the United States.
Workers' Comp Reform Laws are passed in Kentucky.
Energy Policy Act goes into effect, increasing competition in utility markets among fuel providers.
Coal production in Pike County peaks at nearly 36 million tons of coal in a single year, more than any
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county in Kentucky history.
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* History of Coal in Kentucky
1997
1998
2005

2006

2007

2010
2012
2013

The Kentucky Fish and Wildlife Commission votes to reintroduce elk into 14 eastern Kentucky counties on post mined lands, citing mountaintop mining areas and old mine benches as good elk habitat.
Federal synthetic fuel tax credit for use of coal fines begins.
East Kentucky Power Cooperative’s Gilbert coal-fueled fluidized-bed power plant begins operation.
Energy