xt7wst7ds072 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7wst7ds072/data/mets.xml Evans, Clement Anselm, 1833-1911. 1899  books b92e484e918992009 English Confederate Publishing Company : Atlanta, Ga. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Confederate States of America --History. Confederate military history; a library of Confederate States history, written by distinguished men of the south, and edited by Gen. Clement A. Evans of Georgia ... text Confederate military history; a library of Confederate States history, written by distinguished men of the south, and edited by Gen. Clement A. Evans of Georgia ... 1899 2009 true xt7wst7ds072 section xt7wst7ds072 
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   Confederate Military History

A LIBRARY OF CONFEDERATE STATES HISTORY, IN TWELVE VOLUMES, WRITTEN BY DISTINGUISHED MEN OF THE SOUTH, AND EDITED BY GEN. CLEMENT A. EVANS OF GEORGIA.....

VOL, IX.

Atlanta, Ga. Confederate Publishing Company J899

 
    
   CONTENTS   KENTUCKY.

CHAPTER I. The "Dark and Bloody Ground"     Battle Ground of Northern and Southern Indians   Importance of a Correct History of the South in the "War   The Principles Involved in the Struggle   Mr. Jefferson's Views   Attitude of Other Statesmen North and South   State Rights and Nullification in the North   Blood not Shed in Vain........

CHAPTER II. Attitude of Kentucky Before and During the War   Origin of the Doctrine of Neutrality   Why the Southern Men Acquiesced   How They Were Deceived and Overreached   Violation of Neutrality by Union Party   Last Efforts of the Southern Element   Response of President Davis and President Lincoln   Occupation of Columbus by General Polk   Action of the Legislature   General Anderson Takes Command   Reign of Terror   Flight of Southern Leaders...................................................

CHAPTER III. First Confederate Troops   Gen. S. B. Buck-ner   Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston   The Confederate Line in Kentucky   John H. Morgan   General Sherman Succeeds Anderson   "War Must be Carried to Southern Firesides"    Sherman Superseded by Buell   First Engagement in Kentucky   Confederate Organization at Bowling Green   Kentucky Commands.........................................

CHAPTER IV. Political Movements   John C. Breckinridge Enters Confederate Army   Organization of Provisional Government   George W. Johnson Chosen Governor   Confederate Senators and Congressmen   Kentucky Admitted as a State in the Southern Confederacy   Confederate Defeat at Fishing Creek   Fall of Fort Henry........................

CHAPTER V. General Grant Invests Fort Donelson   Sortie in Force by the Confederates   Its Success   Troops Ordered Back into the Trenches   Gallant Fighting of Second and Eighth Kentucky   General Buckner Surrenders to Grant....................................................

CHAPTER VI. Effects of the Surrender of Fort Donelson    Reorganization of Confederate Army at Murfreesboro    Johnston's Junction with Beauregard, Bragg and Polk    Grant at Pittsburg Landing   Johnston Advances   Battle of Shiloh   Part Taken by Kentucky Confederate Troops-Death of General Johnston and Governor Johnson.........

CHAPTER VII. Reorganization of the Army at Corinth    General Breckinridge Sent to Vicksburg    Battle of Baton Rouge    Bragg Asks for Breckinridge to Command a Division in Kentucky Campaign   He Marches from Knoxville for Kentucky.....................................................

CHAPTER VIII. Summer Campaign in 1862   Buell's Campaign for the Reduction.of East Tennessee   The Occupation

in 
   IV

CONTENTS.

of Cumberland Gap   Gen. E. Kirby Smith in East Tennessee   General Buell Threatens Chattanooga   Confederate Plans of Campaign........................................ 83

CHAPTER IX. Two Great Cavalry Leaders   John Hunt Morgan and Nathan B. Forrest   Morgan's First Raid through Kentucky   Capture of Murfreesboro by General Forrest-Capture of Gallatin, Tenn., by General Morgan   Destruction of Buell's Lines of Communication   Battle of Hartsville, Tenn..................................................... 91

CHAPTER X. Bragg's Kentucky Campaign   Its Conception Due to Gen. E. Kirby Smith   Transfer of Bragg's Army from Tupelo to Chattanooga   Organization of the Forces    General Smith's Bold Advance   Great Confederate Victory at Richmond   Occupation of Lexington and Frankfort    Enthusiastic Reception by the People..................... 114

CHAPTER XI. Bragg's Advance from Chattanooga   Buell Moves to Bowling Green   Chalmers' Defeat at Munford-ville   Its Surrender with 4,000 Men   Proclamation of Thanksgiving............................................ 127

CHAPTER XII. Bragg's Situation at Munfordville   Disappointments of the Army   Necessity for Co-operation with General Smith   Inauguration of Governor Hawes   Buell's Arrival in Louisville   Bragg's Fatal Misinterpretation of Buell's Movement   Movements Preceding Battle of Perry-ville..................................................... 132

CHAPTER XIII. Battle of Perryville   Topography of the Surrounding Country   Relative Position of Opposing Forces    Confederate Victory but Virtual Defeat   Bragg Falls Back to Harrodsburg   Beginning of Retreat from Kentucky    Gen. Humphrey Marshall................................. 140

CHAPTER XIV. The Retreat from Kentucky   Confederate Forces Pass through Cumberland Gap   Breckinridge with his Kentuckians Sent to Murfreesboro   Buell Superseded by Rosecrans   Condition of Kentucky after Evacuation   Increased Persecution of Southern People.................... 147

CHAPTER XV. Occupation of Middle Tennessee   Reorganization of Kentucky Troops   The Kentucky Brigade   Cavalry Organizations   Brilliant Operations of General Morgan    Battle of Murfreesboro   Bragg's Order of Battle   Some Details of the Bloody Engagement   Second Battle   Death of General Hanson   Breckinridge's Report................ 151

CHAPTER XVI. Bragg's Army in Winter Quarters   Death of Colonel Trabue   Breckinridge's Division Sent to Mississippi    Fall of Vicksburg   Operations in Mississippi and Alabama   Federal Advance in Tennessee   Morgan's Great Raid through Ohio........................................ 1Dg

CHAPTER XVII. Rosecrans Flanks Chattanooga and Bragg Evacuates   Buckner Joins Bragg   Movements of Opposing Armies   Battle of Chickamauga   Important Part Played by Kentucky Officers and Soldiers   Death of Gen. Ben Hardin Helm   Great Confederate Victory   Breckinridge, Buckner and Preston............... I74

Ky 
   CONTENTS.

v

page.

CHAPTER XVIII. Investment of Chattanooga by Bragg    Battle of Missionary Ridge   Separation of the Kentuckians    Gen. Joseph E. Johnston Succeeds Bragg   His Compliment to the Orphan Brigade   Breckinridge's Service in Virginia   His Victory at New Market   Ovation from Lee's Army   At Cold Harbor and Monocacy   His Department

of Southwest Virginia   Secretary of War.................. 182

CHAPTER XIX. Opening of the Atlanta Campaign   Rocky Face Gap   Resaca   New Hope Church   Service of the Kentucky Brigade   Battles around Atlanta   Battle of Jones-boro   Severe Losses   The Kentucky Brigade is Mounted    Its Subsequent Services   Other Kentucky Commands    Return of the Kentuckians to Their Homes   Restoration to

Citizenship............................................... 192

CHAPTER XX. Kentucky Commands in Confederate Service    Approximate Number of Kentuckians in Federal and Confederate Service   Kentuckians as Soldiers   Professor Sha-ler's Estimate   Words of Wisdom from the Leader Whose

Destiny We Followed..................................... 201

APPENDIX A............................................... 213

APPENDIX B............................................... 216

BIOGRAPHICAL............................................ 225

ILLUSTRATIONS   KENTUCKY.

facing page.

buford,   A.................................................. 236

Cosby, George B............................................. 248

Crittenden, Geo. B........................................... 236

Duke, Basil W............................................... 248

Field, Charles "W............................................. 236

Hanson, R. W................................................ 248

Hawes, J. M.................................................. 236

Helm, B. H................................................... 248

Hodge, G. B.................................................. 248

Johnston, J. S................................................ 1

Kentucky, State (Map)...............Between pages 224 and 225

Lewis, Joseph H.............................................. 236

Lyon, H. B................................................... 236

Marshall, Humphrey........................................ 248

Morgan, John H.....................................,....... 236

Perryville, Battle (Map).................................... 140

Preston, William............................................ 236

Smith, Gustavus W.......................................... 248

"Williams, John S............................................ 248

\ 
   CONTENTS   MISSOURI.

page.

CHAPTER I. Introductory   The Admission of Missouri to the Union   The Beginning of the Contest Between the North and the South   The Missouri Compromise   The Kansas-Nebraska Bill   New England Emigrant Aid Societies    The National Election in i860   The Southern Element Divided   Dangerous Position of the State   New Party Organizations and Leaders   The Southwest Expedition...... 3

CHAPTER II. The Legislature Meets   Governor Stewart's Farewell Message   Governor Jackson's Inaugural   Bills to Call a State Convention and to Organize the State Militia    The Convention Bill Passed   Vest's Resolution   Election of Delegates to the State Convention   Fate of the Bill to Arm the State............................................ 11

CHAPTER III. The State Convention   Sterling Price Elected President   Committee on Federal Relations Reports Against Secession   The Convention Adopts the Report and Adjourns    The House Again Refuses to Arm the State   St. Louis Police Bill   Home Guards and Minute Men   General Frost Authorized to Take the Arsenal   Blair Appeals to the President   Capt. Nathaniel Lyon at St. Louis   The Liberty Arsenal Seized   Military Organizations under Frost and Lyon..................................................... 20

CHAPTER IV. President Davis Sends Siege Guns   Blair and Lyon Prepare to Take the Camp and the Guns   Frost Surrenders   Home Guards Fire on the Crowd   The Legislature Acts Promptly   Reign of Terror in St. Louis   The Legislature Provides a Military Fund   Sterling Price Commander of the State Guard   The Price-Harney Agreement   Harney Supplanted by Lyon   The Planter's House Conference.... 31

CHAPTER V. Governor Jackson Calls Out the Militia   Jefferson City Abandoned   Concentration at Boonville   Railroad Bridges Destroyed   Colonel Holloway's Death   Price Goes to Lexington   Lyon Occupies the Capital   Skirmish at Booneville   The Governor Starts Southwest   A Federal Regiment Routed at Cold Camp   Junction of Jackson and Rains   Victory at Carthage............................... 42

CHAPTER VI. Lyon Leaves Boonville for the Southwest-Price Reinforced by McCulloch and Pearce   They Start to the Governor's Rescue   The Rendezvous at Cowskin Prairie    The Combined Force Moves toward Springfield   Lyon Advances to Meet Them   The Battle of Wilson's Creek-Death of Lyon   A Fruitless Victory....................... 50

CHAPTER VII. Sigel Retreats to Rolla     McCulloch and Pearce Return to Arkansas   Federal Defeat at Drywood    Price Invests the Federal Works at Lexington   The Moving Breastworks   Mulligan Surrenders   An Affair at Blue Mills

VI 
   CONTENTS.

vii

   General Thompson and His Operations   Price Compelled to Retreat   The Legislature at Neosho Passes an Act of Secession   Members of the Confederate Congress Chosen    Fremont's Bodyguard Defeated at Springfield   Hunter Succeeds Fremont and Retreats   Reorganization of the State Troops   First and Second Confederate Brigades........... 63

CHAPTER VIII. Price Falls Back to Arkansas     Affair at Sugar Camp   Price and McCulloch Disagree   Van Dorn Takes Personal Command   The Battle of Pea Ridge   McCulloch and Mcintosh Killed   Van Dorn Retreats   Van Dorn's Opinion of the Missourians   The Army of the West Ordered East of the Mississippi   General Price's Address to His Troops............................................... 75

CHAPTER IX. The Missouri Troops at Corinth   Reorganization Continued   The First Missouri Infantry   Affair at Farmington   Beauregard Evacuates Corinth   Price in Command in Northern Mississippi   Fighting at Iuka   Van Dorn and Price Attack Corinth   Price Successful   Van Dorn Fails    The Missourians Complimented   The Retreat   Bowen's Stubborn Fighting   Price Finds a Way Out............... 85.

CHAPTER X. The Trans-Mississippi Department Open to Federal Occupation     Hindman Takes Command   Shelby Goes into Missouri to Raise a Regiment   Battle of Lone Jack   Three Regiments Organized at Newtonia   A Brigade Formed with Shelby Commanding   The Fight at Newtonia    Hindman Superseded   Holmes Orders Troops Out of Missouri   The Desperate Fight at Cane Hill.................. gs

CHAPTER XI. Hindman Prepares for a Campaign   The Battle of Prairie Grove   Both Armies Retreat   Holmes Abandons the Upper Arkansas Valley   Hindman Relieved of Command in the West   Marmaduke Moves into Missouri    Repulse at Springfield   A Hard Fight at Hartville....... 107

CHAPTER XII. The Missouri Brigades Oppose Grant Below Vicksburg   Death of Col. William Wade   Battle of Port Gibson   Battle of Baker's Creek   The Missourians Save the Army   Affair at Big Black River   Siege of Vicksburg    Provisions Fail   General Green and Colonel Irwin Killed    Surrender of the City and of the Army   Death of General Bowen   The Missouri Brigade............................ 116

CHAPTER XIII. Operations in the Trans-Mississippi Department   General Kirby Smith Assumes Command   Marmaduke Makes an Expedition into Missouri   The Affair at Bloomfield     Battle of Helena   Steele Moves on Little Rock   Battle of Bayou Meto   Evacuation of Little Rock    Shelby Prepares for an Expedition into Missouri........ 130

CHAPTER XIV. Shelby's Raid through Missouri    The Fight near Marshall   Brilliant Exploits of Shelby's Command   Marmaduke Attacks Pine Bluff.................... 141

CHAPTER XV. The Missouri Brigade in the Georgia and Tennessee Campaigns   Service at New Hope Church   At Kenesaw Mountain   It Captures One of the Forts at Alla-toona   Disaster at Franklin   Rear Guard in the Retreat

Mo 
   viii

CONTENTS.

from Nashville   Bledsoe's Battery   General Maury's Opinion of the Brigade........................................ 152

CHAPTER XVI. General Price Commands the District of Arkansas   Parsons' Division Sent to General Taylor in Louisiana     The Battle of Pleasant Hill     Marmaduke Opposes Steele's Advance   Steele Goes to Camden   Poison Spring   Marks' Mill   Steele Evacuates Camden   Battle of Jenkins' Ferry   Steele Returns to Little Rock............. 158

CHAPTER XVII. Marmaduke and Greene's Brigade on the Mississippi River   The Battle of Ditch Bayou   Shelby Goes to North Arkansas   Rids the Country of the Robber Bands    Captures a Gunboat   An Engagement with Carr   Capture of an Illinois Regiment   Fights at Big Cypress     Price Crosses the Arkansas at Dardanelle....................... 169

CHAPTER XVIII. General Price's Expedition in Missouri    The Southern Women of Missouri   Clark and Jackman Take Glasgow   Fight at Little Blue   Guerrilla Warfare in Missouri   A Retaliation of Federal Outrages   General Halleck's Order   Lawrence Burned in the Retaliation for the Burning of Osceola................................................ 179

CHAPTER XIX. Price's Army Encounters Severe Fighting-Shelby Comes to the Rescue   The Battle of Newtonia    Hardships of the Retreat   The Court of Inquiry........... 189

CHAPTER XX The Missouri Brigade Sent to the Defense of Mobile   General Canby Declines an Open Field Fight    The Troops West of the Mississippi Despondent   Magruder and Shelby   General Lee's Surrender   Shelby Issues an Address to His Troops   Goes to Shreveport and Proposes a Plan of Action   It is Adopted, but Miscarries   The Missouri Troops Stand Firm   Shelby Goes to Mexico   The End.... 197

BIOGRAPHICAL............................................ 203

ILLUSTRATIONS   MISSOURI.

facing page.

Bowen, John S............................................... 216

Clark, J. B.................................................. 216

Cockrell, F. M.............................................. 216

Frost, D. M.................................................. 216

Green, M. E................................................. 216

Marmaduke, J. S............................................. 216

Missouri (Map)........................Between pages 202 and 203

Moore, John C............................................... 1

Parsons, M. M......................................,..,..... 216

Price, Sterling.............................................\ 216

Shelby, J. O......................... . 216

Slack, W. Y................................................. 216

Thompson, M. J......................... I!.' i!!!!".."."!.!!!!!.. 216

Walker, J. G..........................."!!!!!!!!.'!.".'."!!!!!!!! 216

Wilson's Creek, Battle (Map)........60 
    
    
   KENTUCKY

BY

Col. J. Stoddard Johnston. 
    
   CHAPTER I.

THE "DARK AND BLOODY GROUND"   ORIGIN OF THE NAME   BATTLE GROUND OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN INDIANS   RECURRENCE OF CONDI-TIONS IN THE CIVIL WAR   RETURN OF PEACE-IMPORTANCE OF A CORRECT HISTORY OF THE SOUTH IN THE WAR, ESPECIALLY AS TO KENTUCKY    MISCONCEPTION AND MISREPRESENTATION   THE PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE STRUGGLE   MR. JEFFERSON'S VIEWS   ATTITUDE OF OTHER STATESMEN NORTH AND SOUTH   STATE RIGHTS AND NULLIFICATION IN THE NORTH   BLOOD NOT SHED IN VAIN   THE REPUBLIC MORE STABLE BY REASON OF THE SOUTH'S PROTEST IN ARMS.

AT the treaty at Watauga, Tenn., in March, 1775, when the Cherokees sold to the Henderson company for ten thousand pounds sterling the greater part of the territory embracing the present State of Kentucky, the chief, Dragging Canoe, said there was a dark cloud over that country. Another version is that he said it was "a dark and bloody ground." The whites, inquiring the meaning of his reference to a cloud, and fearing it implied an imperfect title, were assured with a stately wave of the hand by the stern chieftain that their title was unquestioned, but that he feared when the purchasers went to take possession the Indians of the north who frequented the land as a hunting ground would shed their blood and resist their occupancy.

Three days after the conclusion of the treaty, the purchasers, preceded by Daniel Boone with a small party, started for their newly acquired possessions, and within ten days the first blood was spilled in verification of the chief's ominous warning.   The Indians of the north met

3 
   4

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

them almost at the very threshold, thus inaugurating a bloody war which lasted for twenty years, and gave to the State, which near its close had become a member of the Union, the sobriquet of "the dark and bloody ground." Kentucky holds this title after the lapse of more than a century of statehood. Tradition reaching back beyond Watauga had represented it as an untenanted expanse of forest and grassy plains in which the Indians of the north and south periodically hunted the buffalo, deer and other game, and across which were beaten war paths by which they were wont to make predatory excursions into the territory each of the other.

The aborigines yielded before the march of civilization. The axe of the pioneer felled the forest, and before a century had passed since Boone blazed away for the Transylvania company more than a million souls were dwelling in peace and happiness in the fair land whose natural beauties had been heightened by the skill of the husbandman and the embellishments of modern civilization. For a long season, interrupted only by the call to arms in the national defense, the dark cloud of the Indian legend seemed dispelled and the war path between the North and South obliterated forever. But the fancied security was illusory. In the very sunshine of a peaceful day the cloud suddenly loomed up on the horizon, and spreading with a blinding gloom, enveloped every home with its pall. Kentucky again became in very deed "the dark and bloody ground." The war-path was re-established and legions from the North and from the South threaded the ways which Boone had trod, and crimsoned her soil with their blood. The tragedy was heightened by the fate which arrayed father against son, and brother against brother. There was scacre a home across which the shadow of death did not fall.

A third of a century has passed since this deluge of blood swept the State. Peace has smoothed the wrinkled brow of war.   The passions of strife have cooled into the 
   CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY. 5

calm reflection of a philosophic retrospect. The discussions born of war have ceased, and the wounds of strife have so far healed as to admit of dispassionate review of the stirring events of that period. A new generation risen since the treaty of peace was written with the sword at Appomattox, has nearly displaced the actors in the great tragedy of the Confederate struggle, and they and the children of those who bared their bosoms to the storm, are eager to learn something more of the causes of this terrible war and of the heroism it evoked than they can find in the distorted publications of the press or the fireside narratives of its survivors.

The history of the great struggle which for four long years shook the continent and made the world stand aghast, has yet to be written. The personal observations of many hundreds of its participants have been printed, and many of the civil and military leaders have prepared volumes of more or less merit; and for many years yet to come these and others to follow will but form the material from the great mass of which, together with the official military records of both sides published by the government, the real history of our civil war will be written. When the actors shall all have passed away, and when to the narratives of actual participants shall succeed the periods of romance and the drama; when all traces of the war shall have disappeared save the imperishable monuments which will attest the valor of victor and vanquished alike; and when the two sections shall be as thoroughly welded into one as the houses of York and Lancaster after years of blood or those of the Stuarts and Hanover   some great mind like that of Gibbon or Macaulay will dispassionately, with the clear perspective of time, collate all this heterogeneous mass of material and give to the world the unbiased truth. The South can well await the verdict of prosperity when the evidence thus sifted of prejudice and free from distortions of error or malice shall be philosophically woven 
   6

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

into a narrative where only truth shall have a lodgment. Meantime as the era of the living actors is fast coming to a close, it behooves every one who can contribute, either from his own observation and experience or a careful study of the record, to the accumulation of such material for the use of such an historian and the instruction of the present and coming generations, to put his offering in tangible shape ere it be too late; for "the night cometh when no man can work."

While, therefore, it is a sacred duty both to the living and the dead for all who love truth for its own sake to aid in making up this record upon which posterity must pass, especially is it the duty of the people of the South to marshal the evidence upon which will rest their title to the future respect of the world. It naturally follows that the victor in a civil war has more ample material for history than the defeated side. Its record makes itself, its archives are intact, its muster rolls carefully preserved in State and Federal capitals, while pride and individual ambition secure the preservation of every incident of real or alleged valor which can be claimed as contributing to the result. On the other hand, the defeated in such a struggle, while as jealous of their good name, even in disaster, too often lack the power of preserving their records. Official papers become part of the spoils of war. Fire and pillage, added to authorized deportation, deprive them of the most valuable material, leaving in many instances the personal testimony of actual participants as the only adjunct to the scanty record rescued from a common destruction. In the present instance, the South was, after the war, paralyzed by the maladministration imposed upon the people and, for many years, more concerned as to whether it would have a future than with the preparation of its past history. But now, after having won additional title to the admiration of the world by her heroic struggles toward rehabilitation in peace, and having secured as the result of labor 
   CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

7

and self-denial a fair measure of thrift, and a restoration to full civil equality, the work of marking the graves of her dead with fitting monuments and collecting into permanent form the record of the deeds of her sons begins to assume a practical phase.

While the duty is enjoined upon the States of the South proper whose autonomy has been preserved as actual members of the Confederacy, it is even more incumbent upon Kentuckians who survive to see that justice is done in history to their comrades, dead and living, who left their homes and all that makes life sweet to obey the dictates of conscience and vindicate their principles as God gave them to see their way. They exchanged luxury for want, the certain rank which awaited most of them for private station, home for exile, peace for war, and life for death itself, rather than turn their weapons against a kindred people struggling to maintain their convictions of right. The war has settled adversely to their views many questions; but while the superficial or ignorant may talk of the enormity of the treason which their advocacy implied, the enlightened student knows that in the first place no court has ever pronounced participation in the late war treason; and in the second, that if treason could be committed without an overt act, secession as a remedy for wrongs committed by the general government against the reserved rights of the States was, before the war, regarded by no means as such a monstrous doctrine as the resort to arms against it has made it. The very essence of the platform upon which Thomas Jefferson was elected, which he inspired, if he did not write, and which was introduced in and passed by the general assembly of Kentucky in 1798, had this initial resolution: '' Resolved, That the several States composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government, but that by compact under the style and title of the Constitution of the United States and by 
   8

CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving each State for itself the residuary mass of right to their own self-government, and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers its acts are unauthoritative, void and of no force; that to this compact each State acceded as a State and is an integral party; that the government created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final judge of the power delegated to itself, since that would have made discretion and not the Constitution the measure of its powers; but that as in all cases of compact among parties having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress.''

For more than fifty years, up to the brink of the war, this resolution was reaffirmed by State legislatures and party conventions as containing the true theory of our government. It had been put forth by men who had taken a leading part in the war of the Revolution and the formation of the Federal Constitution, as embodying the principles upon which separation from Great Britain had taken place and the federative system of government had been founded. But it had a still further significance and object. Within a decade after the formation of the union of the States, dangerous heresies had gained a foothold, and a monarchical element, assuming the theory of a consolidated government, had passed acts such as the alien and sedition laws, and in many ways transcended the limits of the Constitution. By a silent, yet steady and peaceful revolution, our form of government was undergoing a radical change when Mr. Jefferson sounded the note of alarm and, upon the platform of the resolutions of 1798, overthrew the Federal party in 1800 and, in contradistinction to its contention for a strong central government with powers other than those specially delegated to it by the States, established 
   CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

9

upon a firm basis the opposite and Democratic theory of our government which was maintained for more than half a century. No one dreamed that such principles were treasonable. Mr. Madison, who had been one of the most prominent in framing the Constitution, had used this language, " The States being parties to the compact and in their sovereign capacity, it follows of necessity that there can be no tribunal above their authority to decide in the last resort whether the compact made by them be violated, and consequently that, as parties to it, they must decide in the last resort such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interpretation. " Chief Justice Marshall, who was a Federalist and neither personally nor politically in sympathy with Mr. Jefferson, in rendering a judicial decision in an important case said: " In America the powers of sovereignty are divided between the government of the Union and those of the States. They are each sovereign with respect to the objects committed to the other. If it be true that the Constitution and laws of the land made in pursuance thereof are the supreme law of the land, it is equally true that laws of the United States made not in pursuance thereof cannot be the supreme law of the land." As long as these principles were observed in the administration of the government there was peace. It was not the South alone which maintained them as embodying the correct theory of the Constitution. Other States, both before and after the compact, had contended for them as the conditions under which the Union was formed or was possible. New York, among others, in ratifying the Constitution declared that the powers delegated by her could be resumed whenever perverted to her injury or oppression, and that every power not granted remained with her. Not only was this so, but Massachusetts was the very first to assert her sovereign rights, to the very verge of active hostility to the Federal government and affiliation with Great Britain in the war of 1812. 
   10 CONFEDERATE MILITARY HISTORY.

The Federal laws were nullified by governor and legislature and in 1814, at the darkest period of the war, the legislature declared that " it was as much the duty of the State authorities to watch over the rights reserved, as of the United States to exercise the powers which are delegated, and that States which have no common umpire must be their own judges and execute their own decisions." A mere reference to the Hartford Convention is sufficient to indicate the extent to which these sentiments prevailed in New England.

As time progressed and the profits of the slave trade fell off, and when the Northern slave States had sold their human chattels to the Southern planters, a twofold system of oppression began, the successful execution of which required a relinquishment of such constitutional views and a revival of the Federalism which Mr. Jefferson had overthrown. The protective tariff system was devised as a special process by which one section of the country would build itself up at the expense of the other and grow wealthy under an unequal form of taxation