xt7x696zxq5h https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7x696zxq5h/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1894 journals kaes_bulletins_049 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.49. text Bulletin n.49. 1894 2014 true xt7x696zxq5h section xt7x696zxq5h   K E N T U C K Y
  AGRICULTURAL LXPLRIAALNL SLALIUN
STATE COLLEGE OE KENTUCKY.
BULLETIN No. 49.
1. DESTRUCTIVE LOCUSTS IN KENTUGKY.
II. THE BUD-WORM OF TOBACCO.
LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY,

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, KENTUCKY
gift `
‘ rk,   BOARD OF CONTROL.
?  
2 li DR. R. J. SPURR, Chairman.
  `.‘ JUDGE W. B. KINKEAD.
z` { R. A. SPURR. '
  J . navin JAMES. V
i` J. K. PATTERSON, President of the College.
  M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary.
;)__ STATION OFFICERS.
5 \_ M. A. SGOVELL, Director.
° `, A. M. PETER, Che _ t
s mis s.
1 ` H. E. CURTIS,
» ¤ H. GARMAN, Entomologist and Botanist.
é ii C. W. MATHEWS, Horticulturist.
    . J. S. TERRILL, Assistant to Entomologist and Botanist.
{ “/ ‘ A. T. JORDAN, Assistant to Horticulturist.
. I T. S. HAWKINS, Foreman of Farm.
Miss Amos M. SHELBY, Stenographer.
  · Address of the Station: LEXINGTON, KY.
 `
' The Bulletins oi the Station will be mailed free to any citizen oi
l Kentucky who sends his name and address to the Station for that
, purpose. Correspondents will please notify the Director of changes
in their post oilice address. or of any failure to receive the Bulletins.
Address :
Kmyritciqxr Ai.i;i··i·i;i·umi. Ewsrusisxr Srniox,
Lexington. K+·ntucky.

 » BULLETIN N0. 49.
I. DESTRUCTIVE LOCUSTS IN KENTUCKY? l
Br H. t_iAa.u.»\x, Entomologist and Bctanist.
TnE abundance 0f several species 0f destructive
locusts 011 c0r11 and 11l€H(lO\\' land last suininer, renders it
n0t i1npr0bable that tl1ese insects will be again CO111lI1011
this seas011,a11d it has t—l.1€1“Qll.·\L ’l`RICA'l`MI·;N'l`. ,
gh A costly experience with the destructive locust (the
‘ X P Kansas grasshopper) of western states has furnished us
s ‘ ~_ with some methods of lighting such insects that com-
L   pensate in a measure for the injuries suffered. During a
_°`, recent outbreak of this species in l\linnesota active work
  ,. in the way of destroying the insects was done under the
    supervision of State officials.
gf ` Three methods of combating the insects were there
tried and found useful. til The farmers of the invaded
regions turned out and with various eontrivances col-
  lected large quantities of the insects. ln 1888 about
i* 35,ooo bushels of the locusts were collected and destroyed
§ _ in a single county in Nlinnesota. (2) l)eep plowing in
i fall and spring before the locusts hatched was found to
g be effective by burying the eggnnasses so that the young
» hatching from them did not succeed in reaching the sur-
face. rg) The use of arsenites (London purple and Paris
green) was found to be effective, but was avoided by
nrost farmers for fear of injuring stock.
The loeusts were collected in greatest quantities by
the use of long sheet-iron pans with an upright back,
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The eg‘g—111;1sses et the loeusts ure irsuzzdly placed
just helow the Sll1“I-{ICC, so that the young when hzttehed
have 111*1 diliietrlty ill getting Ollt 0f the gromrd. \\iith ;1
View to lenriiirrg what the effect of tl1l“1li1l§;’ the eg‘g—
mztsses 11111ler with ;1 plow would he, 1’r0t`. Liigger secured
il dcizeii lots <>t` i()C1lSt$   and "11];111ted" them 111 llowef
. ;><>ts;1t dil`l`ere11tde1>tl1s. Halt ef these were kept i11 dry
soil, the rest i11 soil that w:1s m0iste11ed l*l`(>lIl time t0
time.
ill the dry s11il   ]1l;1eed one meh helew the sur-
IHCQ §`iQidCd Q3 I)Cl`CQ11IQ,()I 1*01111g lueusts, ’l`l10sC· ]1i£iCCd
PONY 111CIlGSi1l the groturd yielded I3 11eree11t. wi }'<>l1ll§.
i`i1OSC])IZ1Ck‘(i 1ivei11el·1es1111der grmiird yielded 2 11eree11t.

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  . Figure 2. Sliowing the manner in which locusls place their eggs
. 4
, H ‘» VVhile eggs with six inches of soil above them yielded
A no young.
v In the 1110lSt€’ll€Cl soil the result was similar but the
‘ )
_ . young did 11ot succeed so well in enierging. Thus fro1n
ig" eggs one inch beneath the surface 87 per ce11t. 0f young
_   emerged. liggs four inches down yielded Ollly I per
  ce11t. of young. \Vhile those live and six inches deep
g_ yielded 110 locusts.
  _ It was thus evident that plowing the fields in which
gk   the locusts were observed to place their eggs would
  result in the destruction of the young. It was i`Oll11Cl to
i be a practicable reinedy, and Prof. Lugger reported that
no young locusts appeared i11 the plowed helds. Plowing,
( _ ` he says, breaks the egg—1nasses, but this does 11ot destroy
ig tll€11' vitality. The good accomplished is the result of
`F bur ing the eggs so dee > that the *onn¤‘ are 11ot able to
· D hb > Cr
  push tl1€lf way to the surface.
4 Plowing should be done in the fall if possible, but is '
\ . . .
’ effective whe11 do11e very early in spring.
° These remedies have the sanction of those who have
i had extended practical experience with locusts, and are
comniencled to the attention of farmers in Kentucky,
whose crops may be endangered during tl1e coming two
or three seasons.
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 D£`,\`[l'I/L`/I.Z’(’ LOL}!/5[.»` 1/Z /X,(“/IH/[All'. II
THE BIRD GRASSHOPPIQR.
(Sabi?/0rt‘1v`{z 01110* zkmm).
Numerous complaints from farmers appeared in the
papers issued during the summer and fall of 1893, con-
cerning the injuries done to corn and meadow by a large _
grasshopper. It was especially abundant and injurious
in southwestern Kentucky, where the young sometimes
·collected in such large numbers that meadows were de-
scribed as "browu with grassh_oppers." The insect
which occasioned these complaints is known all oyer the
South because of its conspicuous size and great power of
Flight. ln some localities it is known as the "bird grass-
hopper," a name giyen it possibly because ol` its habit of
llying up and alighting in trees. Grown examples in
some eases nieasurextwo inches in length ol` body, and
including the wings reach a length ol` 2.56 inches. The
general color is ocher—yellow, the ground color of the
fore wings approaching straw-yellow. The markings are
mostly blackish (tuliginous), consisting of lines and
spots, those on the trout wings being especially notice-
able. A yellow stripe extends along the back from the
trout ot` the head well towards the tips ot the folded
front wings.
The young may be recognized by their general re-
semblance to tl1e adults in shape. They have only rudi-
mentary wings. In color they yary more than the winged
adults, being sometimes pale green with minute black
.. spots, and again decidedly brow11 with conspicuous black
markings, among which a stripe along the middle of the
_ back and an acutely triangular spot below each eye are
characteristic, the latter mark being present also in the
adult.

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 4 · D(’,Y[7'l{[{Z·f'(’ Lvozzsls {zz [Q2;/zzcly. I3
An interesting fact concerning this grasshopper is
that it is so much like the "locust" of the Bible that
good authorities on the group of insects to which it
, belongs, are disposed to regard the two insects as varie-
ties of one species. They are certainly much alike in
appearance, but after having had an opportunity to com-
pare them, I am satished that they are distinct. \Ve
have, however, on the west coast of South America and
in the Argentine Republic a locust which seems to be
identical with that ot Syria and Palestine. Through the
kindness of Samuel Garrnan, of the Museum of Compar-
ative Zoology at Harvard University, I have recently had
an opportunity to examine examples of this destructive
species from Chili. It resembles our bird grasshopper in
a general way, both in shape and markings, but has a
larger head, larger, broader wings, and shorter hind legs. `
— Some of the specimens I received were submitted to
Mons. A. Giard, of Paris, France, for comparison with
~ the locusts which recently devastated Algeria. l\I. Giard
has had unusual opportunities to study the latter, and
" after examining my specimens wrote as follows:
"l have carefully examined the specimens of Chili grasshoppers
and find them almost identically similar to the S:·/rfs{¤»2l1"COV€IIl]Q of beds.
  - Their capacity for mischief is certainly very great,
  and it is fortunate that they are abundant only at long
, V intervals, otherwise agriculture in the southern l`nited
’ States would be seriously handicapped by them.
i 1>1sT1<11:L"1`ioN IN THE s’1`A’l`1·i. ,
i The species is found everywhere in Kentucky, but
becomes less abundant eastward toward tl1e mountains.
In western Kentucky it is a characteristic insect, and it
is here that its numbers attract attention and give risc to
, A ’ ,, ,,7__ __ _  .,.,.....:s.—.a~=—- air ~’

 [ )(`5{l’//(Y/if 1* /rarzzx/5 [zz /{wiz/11z%j*. I 5
- newspaper comment. In the Blue Grass Region it was
last season very common, but ordinarily is rather scarce,
or only moderately abundant.
LIl·`I£—lIlSTOR\'.
Adult grasshoppers appear very early in the season,
the first of which I have record being seen l\Iay 9. I*`1'Oll1
about this time until the last of june they increase in
numbers, and then gradually disappear, the last being
i observed about the Hrst of August, though some continre
as late as August 12. These individuals have passed the
winter as adults, and have come out of their winter hid-
ing places to place their eggs. This act accomplished
their life cycle is completed, and such as are not cap-
tured and eaten by birds die of "old age."
The eggs are placed in the earth, in grass land com-
monly, the female boringrinto the ground with tip of her
abdomen and then depositing her eggs i11 a packet. I
have no record of the occurrence of young grasshoppers
before july 19. At this date in 1889 they were observed
in a large flock at the edge of a wheat field near Lexing-
ton, and from the fact that they become scattered after
hatching it is probable that those seen had not been long
out of the ground. liv the hrst of August they are
rather common, and before the middle of the month
probably all the eggs are hatched. Many of those which
hatch never reach maturity, since with increase in size
goes diminution of numbers due to the onslaughts of
birds and other enemies. They mature during the first
half of September. The young ready for their last
moult are provided with wing-pads in the place of fully
expanded wings and lacking the reddish markings of the
‘ winged adult. With the last moult of the skin the wings
and characteristic adult markings appear. The adults
continue connnon until cold weather, but with gradually
diminishing numbers, many serving as food to the
migrating birds which reach us from the North about
this time of year.

 K {Jill//L`A;1’ :1gr2`¢‘z1//1znz/ Elf/7C’l'l·l/l(’il] ,S/aizimz.
just where they pass fthe winter is not known. It f
is a little strange that they are not found in the situa-
’ tions usually frequented by hibernating insects. I have `
V ’ never encountered them under logs or bark, and have no
evidence that they enter the soil. So large and conspic-
Q nous an insect would be very likely to attract attention if
E if _ it occurred in ordinary situations, and I am at a loss to
f’%,_ W, say where they conceal themselves, unless it be in hollow
¢   stumps and trees. Like other species of the germs, they
    show a strong disposition to resort to trees at all times,
,_ i _ and it is not improbable that they should select these
ii , when cold weather approaches as a refuge from frost and .
_ 8 ·l their enemies. That they hibernate admits of no ques-
  tion. The early appearance of adults in spring precludes
  the possibility of an early spring brood from eggs laid in
i` the fall. Iiurthermore, I have kept pretty close watch of
{L the grasshoppers which appear in the State, and among
  I records and collections made throughout the season from
A `E july, ISSQ, to November, 1893, there is no indication of
¤,_ i the occurrence of young in early spring. The accom-
  _ panying table and diagram, showing the dates of collect-
§ F: ing or observing the young and adults of this species,
    illustrates very well the life-history of the species for
if A Kentucky.
1N_]U1<11·;s.
Q _ The grasshoppers are all provided with powerful.
¥; jaws with which they can gnaw away substances of con-
; siderable harclness. They have been know11 to devour
r even the bark of twigs when they were abundant and
, other food became scarce. Ordinarily the food consists
l of grasses, but they range widely, and probably get a
i meal here and another there, so that the sum of their
` injuries becomes apparent and calculable only when from
their abundance they are driven to the cultivated fields
for a living. The corn at the edges of fields, under these
circumstances, is sometimes completely deprived of
i 1 *,.· ‘ A 7" —- »-  r¤ .c,$,·g.!.,    T JI

 D('b`fI'!/[[Z·Z'C Lmzzx/s zh K'o1zZm%j·. ij
t i blades, while the injury gradually extends towards the
~‘ centre of the field, so that much of the corn is finally
€‘ K more or less injured. This mischief is done by the
0 winged grasshoppers alone, and, fortunately, is much of
F- it done so late in the season that it does not affect the
if yield of grain as it otherwise would. The earlier injury
0 done by this species is the work of the young, and is
NV often very considerable in meadows, where timothy and
Y other grasses suffer chiefly. The johnson grass in one
S, of our experimental plots seems to be especially relished `
se by the young.
.d ·
S' THE RED—LE(§GED GRASSHOPPER.
?S (_Pc.;·0/v/lzir ji *11xzzr—r1rf»rm11 ) .
m_ \Vhile the bird grasshopper oftener attracts attention
Of than this, because of its great size and striking colors, it
ig is not to be considered more injurious. The species
m under consideration is very much smaller than the bird
at grasshopper and is more plainly colored. In length of
H- body it varies from 0.8; to"r.oo inch. The front wings
It- when drawn straight out at the sides measure about 1.75
?5’ ineh from tip to tip. The general color is rather dull
OT brown. On the side of the division of the body follow-
ing the head is a shining black band which extends from
the front margin to a cross groove marking the begin-
ful. ning of the hind third of the division. Below the base
»n- of the folded wing is an oblique yellow stripe which
»ur reaches nearly to the base of the hind leg. The thick-
nd ened basal portion (femur) of the hind leg is generally of
sts a coral-red color, this giving origin to the common name.
; a The front wings are brown, with a few minute dark
eir specks near the base. The hind wings are transparent
nm and uncolored.
lds This grasshopper is always present in Kentucky
256 fields as young or adult during much of the summer
of season. lt occurs also in other sections of the Vnion.,

 1 . .
18 lfwzizzrky Agr1k‘21//1zra/ lllljlf/'lill/(’/IZ .Smf/011.
ranging from British America to the Central American
States, and from the Atlantic to the Pacino Oceans.
Three—fourths of the small grasshoppers which fly up as
‘ one walks in meadows and stubble fields in August and
I September, pertain to this species. It is a near relative
le of the notorious" Kansas grasshopper, but does not
  " migrate extensively, and while injurious at times, is
  L never so destructive as is its western cousin.
, lg;-3;. _ Last season it was exceptionally common, and in
Q   conjunction with the bird grasshopper did a good deal of
    injury to corn. It was also locally destructive to hemp
i` I V and even tobacco. In our forage plant plots it was espe-
I   ·l cially destructive to alfalfa.
  l I.Il·`l·Z—HISTOI<\'. A
{ Unlike the larger species, it passes the winter in the
ik egg state. The adults may be observed in the latter part
· X of September placing their eggs in the earth along little
z - » v used roads and paths. \Vhen the eggs are laid the adults
S disappear, though often common as late as November 1.
j¥._ The young of this species appear in pastures and mead-
—· ~ T ows about the middle of july, and may be seen until the
  zgd of August or thereabouts. The adults appear about
ff ‘. August I3 at Lexington, but probably earlier in the
' j south part of the State. They were observed at Fulton,
in Southwest Kentucky, August rt, ISQ2. Since the
  young appear in the latter part of june, the whole devel-
  opment after leaving the egg takes place in about ten
F`, weeksfii
7 ‘l·`OOl) PLANTS. ‘
, It cannot be said that this grasshopper has any very
, decided preferences as to food. Its wide distribution
=lh it list hl Illinois stn·v;ttlt»ri ~t·t~ms ·,utlt· nut nf ;tt·trt»t·4l with
the t»hst·t·vttti··us ttf t»tht·t‘<. Itmay l\l·(ll1\{Sllll\1‘lN'll|,ll‘ll llIlll\'l tttlulls.
and plitee lllt-ir eggs in the $llI`ll|L{, but it seems ll little l·en1ltl·l;ahlt· that it spt»t·l¤·:— wltivlt
l‘(‘<[\lll`('$ tell \\‘€9l{\ fol' its tlltlmt·t·,~lmt1Irl t·tlmpl•·tt~it<
growth l»<·r·»t·r· .1um·22; ttl so high rt l;tlitu·l·- tt~ 1loliu··.
‘ J   —7.. _ .  »` .,,,_, .... , ,,.....s;·r__/;..;_;g I

 [Juv/rzzo/z'z#t· /.m·zzxz.v iu [{012/Motif. IQ
V1€€*11 and abundance ahnost everywhere on this continent is
33115- due in a large part doubtless to the fact that it can sub-
rp as sist on ahnost any sort of vegetation. It is to be found
i 311d everywhere among grasses and weeds in open helds. lt _
ative is not a woodland species, though individuals may be
not encountered anywhere. The great bulk of the individuals
s, is is to be seen in meadows, pastures, stubble fields and
along roadsides. The variety in its regimen while giving
d in Et a decided advantage over its competitors ordinarily
·al of makes it less to be feared by the farmer as long as an
temp abundance of miscellaneous vegetation flourishes in the
2spe— neighborhood of his cultivated fields. \\`hen vegetation
becomes scant owing to drought its advantage becomes
more apparent and the farmer becomes the sufferer, for it
I the concentrates in the edges of cornliellds and-in meadowi.
mm lf there·are- any of the lowsgrowiug cultivated plants
lime upon which it will not feed at such times, I do not know
{mus what they can be. Even, tobacco, which is with Ithe
` _ exception ot the work ot three caterpillars but little
Sad; injured by gnawing insects,_,_is very badly damaged at
l the times by the red-legged grasshopper.   saw fields in the
bmw latter Pam Of tl1€ $@15011 of- I8Q3,lll·\\'l1lCl1 large numbers
Hm of plants were so badly riddled with holes gnawed by
MOH these insects that they were of little value for fl1l§'])ll1'·
thé pose. Clover, alfalfa, bluegrass, millet, wheat, Corn,
hemp, cabbage, beans, beets, in short, everything worth
CVEL Cultivating seemed to be, to a greater or less extent, laid
l tw under contribution. I
· THE LESSER MIGRATORY LUCYST.
\‘€fY _ (/’z‘.Jrr»/z‘//Lt‘ (7//{Y/I/if).
E \\'e have in Kentucky another very widely dis
,;;;¤i·l=\·lt tributed locust which is SO mueh like the red-leggen
i··1i»·iu» species as to be with difficulty distinguished. It is not
  rewgnized as distinct by the average observer, and i`01‘
·1~¤··11* pfHCtiC&l purposes this is not important, lt may be said

    —j ~  
I _ ,.
20, AIF/ll'!/{ Ay A_g¢*zZw//zznrf E177(`/'/i//{Eli! Smlz`011.
in passing that its general -colors are like those of the
other species, but the red of the hind thighs is 110t apparent N
a11d the black mark 011 the side of the body back of the
I head is not so decided, It averages a trifle smaller, the
I body measuring from about 0.80 to 0.92 inch in length,_
Q. while the \Vll1g expanse is i11 tl1e neighborhood of 1.46
  it _ inch.
lis, s. This species is very closely related to tl1e Kansas
=   grasshopper, and like that species sometimes assumes the
    migratory habit, though its 1noven1e11ts are 110t so
,, ‘i extended nor its injuries so great. I11 New England it has
l _ j ‘ at times proved a severe scourge. VVhile always rather
, " COIIIIUOH in all parts of Kentucky, it is ordinarily 11ot as
  abundant as the red—legged locust. In 1880, however, it
j proved the more con11non of the two, and showed itself
`_ y capable of doing quite as much mischief.
*9.
i \ 1,11·’1·;—111sTo1<\‘.
I   The species is two—brooded, in which respect it differs
‘t_ from inostot ourother grasshoppers. The eggs laid during
'_,`_ summer and fall hatch early in spring, so, that young
§_ il appear in zneadows i11 April and May, lroin which winged
lil)? adults are developed as early as june 15. From the
l latter date until cold weather the adults may be ob-
served, but part pertain to the spring brood a11d others to
7 A the fall brood. The adults of the iirst brood are common
ir in july; those ol` the second brood during Septeinber and
  Uctober. Specimens old the adult have been collected
  by me in l{entuel