xt7z610vtr5d https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7z610vtr5d/data/mets.xml Kentucky. Department of Education. Kentucky Kentucky. Department of Education. 1935-02 volumes: illustrations 23-28 cm. call numbers 17-ED83 2 and L152 .B35. bulletins English Frankford, Ky. : Dept. of Education This digital resource may be freely searched and displayed in accordance with U. S. copyright laws. Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.) Education -- Kentucky Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Teacher Preparation in Kentucky", vol. II, no. 12, February 1935 text Educational Bulletin (Frankfort, Ky.), "Teacher Preparation in Kentucky", vol. II, no. 12, February 1935 1935 1935-02 2021 true xt7z610vtr5d section xt7z610vtr5d Jim: um

TEACHER PREPARATION _
IN KENTUCKY '

LIBRARY
UNIVERSHY OF KENTUCKY

Puﬁlz’dzed by

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

JAMES H. RICHMOND
Superintendent of Puélz'e Inxtruttion

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FOREWORD

The Legislature of 1934 passed laws which will make it possible
for the children of the commomvealth to have trained teachers. The
new school code provides that certiﬁcates to teach shall be issued only
upon the basis of the completion of special curricula two years in
length. Study of certiﬁcated teachers in Kentucky shows that there
are not enough trained teachers to ﬁll the positions in the public
schools, and that many children are under the direction of teachers
who do not have the type of preparation needed for the positions they
hold.

A training program for teachers in Kentucky must be built upon
a. careful study of the needs of the elementary and secondary schools.
The program must change with the changing needs of children and
those directing training programs must continue to study these needs.
This number of the Educational Bulletin, prepared by Richard E.
Jaggers, Director of Teacher Training, brings together some of the
information needed in developing a program of teacher preparation
in Kentucky.

JAMES H. RICHMOND,
Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Directory
PART I.
PART II.

PART III.
PART IV.

PART V.

PART VI.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Problems of Teacher Supply and Demand ................ , ........ 7
'The Status of Certiﬁcated Teachers in Kentucky .......... 12
Status of Employed Teachers in Kentucky ........... . 20
Teacher Training Facilities in Kentucky ............... 30

General Summary 49
Laws Passed by the 1934 Session of The Kentucky

Legislature Relating to Teacher Training and Certiﬁ-
cation r4

DIRECTORY

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION
James H. Richmond, Superintendent of Public Instruction
Sara W. Mahan, Secretary of State
Bailey P. Wootton, Attorney General
Ellsworth Regenstein, Kentucky Home Life Building, Louisville, Kentucky
0. H. Pollard, Jackson, Kentucky I
Mrs. J. Fred Pace, Marrowbone, Kentucky
Fred Beshears, Dawson Springs, Kentucky

James W. Cammack, Jr., Secretary

STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

James H. Richmond, Superintendent of Public Instruction
Gordie Young, Assistant Superintendent of Public Instruction

Division of Public Relations, W. C. Bell,* Director
Division of Research, James W. Cammack, Jr., Director; Frank Sorg
Division of Census and Attendance, Moss Walton, Director

Division of Supervision, O. J. Jones and Mark Godman, Public School
Supervisors

Division of Negro Education, L. N. Taylor, State School Agent
Division of School Library Service, Ruth Theobald, Supervisor

Division of School Buildings and Grounds, John W. Brooker, Director;
Hugh Meriwether, Consulting Architect

Division of Vocational Education, G. Ivan Barnes, Director; A. N. May,
Supervisor Trade and Industrial Education; Ata Lee, Supervisor Home
Economics Education; F. G. Burd, Supervisor Agricultural Education

Division of Special Education, Homer W. Nichols, Director; Cleveland Moore,
Supervisor; Olney M. Patrick, Supervisor

Division of Teacher Training, R. E. Jaggers, Director
Division of Certiﬁcation, A. P. Taylor, Director; Hugh Conway, File Clerk

Division of Finance. F. D. Peterson, Director; Harold Eades, Bookkeeper;
Charles" A. Maney

Division of Inspection and Accounting, J. C. Mills, Auditor and Inspector

Division of Free Textbooks, H. W. Peters, Director; J. Virgil Chapman

‘ Deceased.

Stenographers, Lena. Roberts, Louise O’Donnel, Jamie Luttrell, Mary Lee

Jackson, Rachel Bell, Clara Kershaw, Christine Johnson, Clyde W.

Howell, Alice V. Clasby, Alice M. Seiberz, Lillian McKay, Elandor E.
Merkley, Loretta Smith, Hallie Howard, Lora Mae Mundy, Kate B.
McCann, Flaget Hamilton

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Frank L. McVey, President

Western Kentucky State Teachers College, Bowling Green, H. H. Cherry,
President

Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College, Richmond, H. L. Donovan,
President

Morehead State Teachers College, Morehead, John Howard Payne, President
Murray State Teachers College, Murray, John W. Carr, President

Kentucky Industrial College for Colored Persons, Frankfort, R. B. Atwood,
President

West Kentucky Industrial College for Colored Persons, Paducah, D. H. Ander-
son, President

ACCREDITED MUNICIPAL AND PRIVATE COLLEGES

Four-Year Municipal Colleges, University of Louisville, Louisville; Louisville
Municipal College for Negroes, Louisville

Private Four-Year Colleges, Asbury College, Wilmore; Berea College, Berea;
Bowling Green College of Commerce, Bowling Green; Centre College,
Danville; Georgetown College, Georgetown; Kentucky Wesleyan College,
Winchester; Nazareth College, Louisville; Transylvania College, Lex1ng-
ton; Union College, Barbourville

Private Junior Colleges, Bethel Woman’s College, Hopkinsville; Campbells-
ville College, Campbellsville; Caney Junior College, Pippapass; Cumber-
land College, Williamsburg; Lee’s Junior College, Jackson; Lindsey
Wilson Junior College, Columbia; Mt. St. Joseph Junior College, St.
Joseph; Nazareth Junior College, Nazareth; Paducah Junior College,
Paducah; Pikeville College, Pikeville; St. Catharine Junior College, St.
Catharine; Sue Bennett College, London; Ursuline Sacred Heart College.
Louisville; Villa Madonna College, Covington

Junior College for the Training of Elementary Teachers, Louisville Normal
School, Louisville

:2:

r—r‘L-‘F-E/Iai—Y’

._._;_..,—nmma

PART I
PROBLEMS or TEACHER SUPPLY'AND DEMAND

There is a deﬁnite shortage of trained teachers in Kentucky.
Many persons not engaged in teacher-training have the idea that
there is an oversupply of teachers. If all the persons holding teach‘
ers’ certiﬁcates are included, this is true, for the records show that
approximately 25,000 certiﬁcates are in force and there are not more
than 18,000 positions in the public school service, including teaching
positions, principalships, and superintendencies. Those who have
studied the problem in detail know that there is not a surplus of
qualiﬁed teachers, because on January 1, 1934, about 16,000 of the
certiﬁcated teachers had sufficient training to meet the accepted
standard of two years of college work. Study indicates1 that prob-
ably 10 per cent of those having legal certiﬁcates do not, for one
reason or another, want to teach. This means that less than 15,000
qualiﬁed teachers were actually available on January 1, 1934, to fill
the 18,000 positions in the state. It follows that many positions must
be ﬁlled by teachers who have inadequate training.

Employment Practices. A large percentage of. the teachers in
the schools of the state are appointed by trustees and boards of educa-
tion and not by trained administrators. The county superintendents
and, in many instances, the superintendents of independent districts
have very little to say about who is appointed in the elementary
schools and where he is to work when employed. Due to this condi-
tion, teachers with minimum training are often employed when teach-
ers with standard training are available. No opportunity is given the
superintendent to determine whether the person employed has had
the type of training which best ﬁts him for the task for which he has
been selected.

Certiﬁcation»Laws? T The Jaws; authorizing the issuance of certiﬁ-
cates in the past hav'elintade' itfdifﬁrcult :to"sel’c;"ct teachers qualiﬁed for
speciﬁc tasks. Blanket. certiﬁcates ,havelbeen, in ”force making it pos-
sible for a pers0nj~~traiiircd~to teach; aft-*onefscliool level or in given
subject—ﬁelds to teach at any ”school level, or in any subject-ﬁeld. It
is not uncommon to ﬁne aiteacher directing the study of a science
when he never had amolflege course in that ﬁeld, nor is it uncommon
to ﬁnd a teacher holding a secondary certiﬁcate teaching in the pri-
mary grades. Under the laws which will be in force until September,
1935, an elementary certiﬁcate qualiﬁes for teaching in any elementary
grade, and a. secondary certiﬁcate is valid in any grade—elementary

1This estimate is based upon ﬁndings of a study made of 3,535 persons who

held certiﬁcates in 1932, and issued by Western Kentucky State Teachers College.
The study was made by Dr. Lee Francis Jones of Western Kntucky State Teachers

College, 1932.

or secondary. It is difﬁcult under such conditions to know at what
place in the schools there is a shortage or an oversupply of teachers.

Low Sta/cards. It is a deplorable fact that inadequately trained
teachers appear to have a better chance of obtaining positions in the
elementary grades than trained teachers. This statement is supported
by the fact that in 1931—32 only 7,700 employed elementary teachers
had two or more years of college training while at the same time
11,300 classrooms could have had teachers with two or more years of
training if employing ofﬁcers had not chosen to employ teachers with
less than two years of training. There were on January 1, 1934,
approximately 3,600 certiﬁcates in force issued upon the basis of
training below college level, with over 1,400 in use. After Septem-
ber 1, 1935, no certiﬁcate will be issued upon training below college
level, but many of the lower grade certiﬁcates will be kept alive
provided their holders meet minimum renewal requirements. A
holder of a certiﬁcate issued in the 1934 teacher’s examination may
keep his certiﬁcate alive 18 years by renewing it every two years
upon one-half year of training and at the end of the period be only
a high school graduate. He may also keep it alive 26 years or until
1960 before he reaches the minimum standards set up by the Legis
lature in 1934.

Electives. The requirements set up by the state for the certiﬁ-
cation of teachers have provided persons in training almost unlimited
privileges in choosing electives. This has been true especially with
requirements for high school certiﬁcates and those issued upon low
standards. It has not been true, however, in the case of elementary
certiﬁcates issued upon the basis of two years of training. The result
has been that persons enter teaching after accumulating a given num-
ber of uncoordinated semester hours of credit and with little profes-
sional training and directed teaching experience.

Teacher Accounting. It has been particularly difﬁcult to pI‘O-
cure accurate data concerning teacher turnover due to the absence of
an adequate system of reporting. The reporting system has been
inadequate due in a large measure to the fact that (1) there was no
eﬁective plan, (2) there have not been sufﬁcient revenues to main-
tain a system of teacher acesunting, and (3) employment conditions
have not been sufﬁcientty acute ‘to’bring theneed forcefully t0 the
front. 3 .

Teaching as a Stépﬁiae‘S‘tcnc. 2 Teaching continues to be a step-
ping stone to matrimony, to business, and to- other professions. This
is evidenced by the fact that more than 1.500 persons enter teaching
each year, and to the fact that the aVerage experience of teachers now
in service does not exceed ﬁve or six years. No other recognized pl‘O-
fession bears such a record as a training ground for other professions
as the profession of teaching. This factforces the state to train
more persons for teaching than for any other of the professional
ﬁelds. If the state required more specialized and intensive training
and then provided professional security, teaching would cease to be
a training ground for other life vocations and professions.

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Unemployment Situation. The unemployment conditions in
general complicate the problem of teacher training. Industry and,
in many instances, the professions other than teaching have found it
difﬁcult to employ all the persons in the various vocational and pro-
fessional ﬁelds. Persons who have prepared themselves for medicine,
law, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, ministry, and the like,
ﬁnd themselves out of employment or unable to continue their train-
ing toward their chosen vocation or professions. These persons may
under certiﬁcation standards which will continue in force until Sep-
tember, 1935, procure 12 semester hours in education be certiﬁcated
and become eligible for employment as teachers in the public schools.
The result has been that many former teachers, as well as persons
from other ﬁelds, have returned to their home communities and have
become candidates for teaching positions. In almost every instance,
they have crowded out teachers who have chosen teaching as a pro-
fession. The teachers thus crowded out become members of the army
of the unemployed.

Employed Personnel. In 1933-34, there were employed in the
public schools of the state approximately 17,675 persons. The distri-
bution according to position was 2 per cent in administrative posi~
tions, 21 per cent in the secondary grades, and 77 per cent in the
elementary grades. Those in administrative positions included county
superintendents, city superintendents, and principals of the old inde-
pendent graded school systems. Those employed at the elementary
and secondary levels included principals, teaching principals, and
classroom teachers.

Types of Positions to be Filled. Data are not available which
Show the number of general and special supervisors, the exact num-
ber of principals, the number of junior high school teachers, nor the
number of senior high school teachers. Accurate data are not avail-
able concerning the number of teachers of different subjects and sub-
ject combinations. Partial data show that the employed personnel
ﬁll the following types of positions:

1. Teachers of kindergarten, one-reom teachers, teachers of
single grades, teachers of grades 1—3, grades 4—6, grades 172,
grades 3—5, grades 6—8, junior high school teachers, senior
high school teachers, and teachers of special subJects.

2. Snperiniendenls of counties and independent districts.
3. Supervisors of special subjects and general supervisors.

4. Principals of elementary schools, junior high schools, senior
high schools and twelve-grade schools.

5. Attendance officers.

6. Crilicleachers.

. The problem of teacher supply and demand will be solved par-
tially when the state provides for (1) a system of teacher accounting

. 9

and administers it, (2) the nomination of teachers by professional
oﬁicers, (3) the employment of those persons who have had speciﬁc
training for the job, (4) the selection. of students for teacher-training
on the basis of promise of success, (5) the development of curricula
which train for the service to be rendered, and (6) the professional
and economic security of the employed personnel.

Outlook for Better Trained Teachers. The certiﬁcation laws in
force since 1926 have stimulated growth in the teaching profession
in Kentucky. A study of Table I shows that the number of certiﬁ-
cates issued upon training below college level has steadily decreased
over a ﬁve-year period ending June 30, 1934. In 1929—30 there were
issued 2,346 certiﬁcates upon training below college level while ﬁve
years later only 891 were issued upon training below this level. At the
same time the number of certiﬁcates issued upon college training up
to and including one year increased from 1,781. in 1929—30 to 2,708 in
1933—34. Further study of Table I shows that certiﬁcates issued upon
training below two years of college decreased from 4,327 in 1929-30

TABLE I

CERTIFICATES BASED UPON ONE YEAR OF COLLEGE OR LESS AND
TRAINING BELOW COLLEGE, ISSUED AND REISSUED
FROM 1929-30 T0 1933-34

Training Level Upon Which Issued
Years
One Year (3011939 Below College Total
or Less
1929-30 1,781 2,346 4,327
1930-31 2,983 1,589 4.572
1931-32 3,475 1.173 4.648
1932-33 3,034 ~ 1,139 4.173
1933-34 2,708 891 3.599

to 3,599 in 1933-34. The trend indicates that within a comparatively
short time teachers will have moved from a training level below two
years of college to a position above the two-year level.

Further proof of growth in teacher training is indicated in
Table II. The number of certiﬁcates issued upon the basis of four
years of college training increased over a ﬁve-year period ending

TABLE II

CERTIFICATES BASED UPON TWO AND FQUR ,YEARS OF TRAINING ISSUED
AND REISSUED FROM 1929-30 TO 1933-34

College Training Level Upon Which Issued

Years
Four Years Two Years Total
I | |

1929-30 1 755 | 1,553 I 2,308
1930-31 909 I 1,237 I 2.146
1931—312 I 921 | 1.797 I 2.718
1932-33 I 1,471 I 2,331 I 3.808
1933-34 ' 1.493 I 1,770 I 3,272

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June 30, 1934, from 755 to 1,493. At the same time there was a deﬁ-
nite increase in the number of certiﬁcates issued during this period
upon two years of college training. If it be assumed that two years
of college training should be required of all persons entering teach-
ing, the number of trained teachers certiﬁcated annually over the ﬁve-
year period increased from 2,308 in 1929—30 to 3,272 in 1933—34.

A study of Table III shows that many teachers who receive the
better grade certiﬁcates are continuing in the profession long enough
to procure sufficient experience to have their certiﬁcates extended for
life. There is a steady and signiﬁcant increase in the number of cer-
tiﬁcates extended for life.

TABLE III

CERTIFICATES ISSUED UPON TWO AND FOUR YEARS OF COLLEGE
TRAINING AND EXTENDED FOR LIFE IN 1929-30 TO 1933-34

Training Level Upon Which Issued
Years
Four Years Two Years Total
I
1929-30 62 296 I 358
1930-31 175 327 I 402
1931-32 203 489 I 692
1932-33 185 395 I 580
1933-34 318 584 I 902

It is signiﬁcant in the program of improved school service to
note the increased emphasis upon quality of training. All certiﬁcates
issued by the institutions of higher learning have been based upon the
completion of curricula designed for training for work in speciﬁc
Subject ﬁelds and school levels. In recent years the higher type of
elementary certiﬁcates issued by the State Department of Education
have been based upon the completion of deﬁnite curricula.

Further emphasis was placed upon both quality and quantity
of training by the new school code. Under its provisions no certiﬁ-
cate will be issued upon less than two years of training, and that
training must be directed toward preparation for speciﬁc school
levels and subject ﬁelds. This means that a holder of an elementary
certiﬁcate may hold a position only in the elementary grades and a
holder of a secondary certiﬁcate may teach in the secondary grades
only. It means also, that the certiﬁcate issued will show on its face
the school level and subject ﬁelds in which the holder has prepared
himself for teaching. The new school code has, therefore, eliminated
the blanket certiﬁcate. Many of the problems raised here affecting
teacher supply and demand will be partially solved when the new
school code becomes effective and the agencies provided therein have
been organized for service.

PART II

THE STATUS OF CERTIFICATED 'I‘EACHERS IN
KENTUCKY

NUMBER or CERTIFICATES

All January I, 1934, there were 25,650 certiﬁcates of all types in
force in Kentucky. After deducting 177 duplicates} it was found
that there were in force 25,473 certiﬁcates held by as many individ-
uals. Information is not available as to the exact number of certiﬁ-
cated persons who are not available for teaching, due to death, change
of profession, and other causes. Table IV gives a summary of the
status of certiﬁcates ill force, including the amount of training upon
which each type was issued, the number of each type in force, and the
number expiring on ditl’erent dates.

Certiﬁcates in Admzfiixifslrrllibn, (Mid Nupm'z'isions At the time
this study was made, there were 381 certiﬁcates in force and valid
for holding the position of superintendent. Only 207 of this number
were based upon four years oi? training. The Provisional Certiﬁcate
in Administration and Supervision is based upon two years of train-
ing. This certiﬁcate was abolished by law in 1932 and the minimum
basis for the issuance of the administrators certiﬁcate was raised to

TABLE IV

CERTIFICATES IN FORCEVIN KENTUCKY JANUARY 1, 1934, AND YEARS
IN WHICH THEY EXPIRE

Expiration Date

Types of , . i I I I I I
Certiﬁcates Tlamm’: 1934 I 1935 I 1936 I1937-upI Life I Total
Bases I I l | I
I I I I |
College I4 years I 3GOI 500I 137I 29m 625 1,921
Standard High School I 4 years I 322i 472I 931i 717i 717 3,159
Standard in Administra- I I I I I l
tion I 4 years I 56I 25I (MI MI 85 297
Standard I2 years | .GOSI 537I 524i 104i 3,571 5,344
Standard Elementary I2 years I 445i 1,348I 231i I 573 2,597
Provisional High School I 2 years I 593.‘ 567i 62m GlOI 7 2,403
Provisional Administl‘a- | I | I I I
tion |2 years I 67I 11| GI I l 84
College Elementary I 1A; and 1 year I 3,672I 2,444I I I 10I 6,126
Provisional Elementary | I | I | I
Normal I 8 units ‘ I 444I ]23I | I 567
8-Year State 1 Examination I 12I 3i ill 403' 295 361
Local Elementary IExamination | TBSI SOZI 1| I 1.060 2,598
Miscellaneous I Credentials I SGI SI I I 129 19::
I
| I | I I
Total Certiﬁcates | 7,370I 6,840I 2,531! 1,837I ,072 25,650
Duplicates I I I I I 177
Total Number of Persons Holding l I I I I
Certiﬁcates I I I I I 25,473

II‘UUJOI

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college graduation. By 1936, all administrators’ certiﬁcates issued
upon two years of college training will have expired. Standard cer—
tiﬁcates in administration, issued before 1932, are subject to life ex-
tention. About 20 per cent of those in force had been extended for
life, while the other 80 per cent had limited tenure.

Certificates for High School Teaching. The three types of cer-
tiﬁcates designed primarily for high school teaching are the College
Certiﬁcate, the Standard High School Certiﬁcate, and the Provi-
sional High School Certiﬁcate. The College Certiﬁcate and the
Standard High School Certiﬁcate are subject to life extension. On
January 1, 1934, there were in force 7,483 certiﬁcates valid for high
school teaching, 2,403 of which were based upon a minimum of two
years of training, and 5,080 were based upon four years of training.
Only 18 per cent of these certiﬁcates have been extended for life.

TABLE V

CERTIFICATES IN ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION IN FORCE
JANUARY 1, 1934, AND THE DATES OF EXPIRATION

Dates of Expiration

Types of Certiﬁcates I I | I
1934 I 1935 I 1936 1937-upI Life I Total

I
I
| | |
I I I I I
Standard in Administration 56 I 25 I 64 I 67 I 35 297
Pl‘OVlSIOnal Administration 67 I 11 I 6 I I 84
I I I
' I l
Totals 123 I 36 I 70 I 67 l 85 381
Percentage | 33.3II 9.4) 19.0} 18.0I 20.3 100

Certificates for Elementary Teaching. There were 14,067 cer-
tiﬁcates in force January 1, 1934, based upon preparation for ele-
mentary teaching, 6,126 of which were valid for two years, and the
remainder valid for three_ years and subject to life extension upon
experience. One-third of elementary certiﬁcates based upon college
training expired June 30, 1934, and almost two-thirds will have ex-
pired by June 30, 1935, while 29.5 per cent have permanent tenure.

Other Certiﬁcates. There were in force on January ‘1, 1934,

TABLE VI

HIGH SCHOOL CERTIFICATES IN FORCE JANUARY 1, 1934, AND DATES
OF EXPIRATION

Dates of Expiration

’ﬁ t I
Types Of Gem ca es 1934 1935 1936 1937-upl Life Total
College 360 500 137 299 625 1.921
Standard High School 322 472 931 717 717 3,159
Provisional High School 593 567 626 610 7 2,403
Totals 1,275 1,539 1 694 1,626 1,349 7,483
Percentage Expiring I| 17.01! 20.6J ’ 22.7l 21.7l 13.0I 100.0

3,719 certiﬁcates of various types, issued upon training below college
level. Included in this group were the Normal Elementary certiﬁ-
cates issued originally upon 8 units of high school work, the Local
Elementary certiﬁcates and State Certiﬁcates, issued upon examina-
tion. In addition to these, there were 193 certiﬁcates of various types
still in force. Since certiﬁcates issued upon the basis of training be-
low college level do not adequately quality for any teaching position,
they are not classiﬁed in this report at either the elementary or sec-
ondary level. The group of 3,719 low-grade certiﬁcates will neces-
sarily affect teacher supply since approximately 40 per cent have
been extended for life. It is heartening to know 60 per cent ot the
low grade certiﬁcates are of short tenure and will disappear in the

course of a few years, or the holders will have advanced to a higher
training level.

TABLE VII

ELEMENTARY CERTIFICATES IN FORCE JANUARY 1, 1934, BASED UPON
COLLEGE TRAINING AND DATES OF EXPIRATION

Dates of Expiration

Types of Certiﬁcates I

I , I
1934 I 1935 1936 I1937-upI Life Total
I I I
I I I I I I
Standard 608 I 537 524 I 104 I 3,571 5,344
Standard Elementary 445 I 1,348 231 | 573 2,597
College Elementary 3,672 I 2,444 I 10 6,126
I I I I I
Total- I 4,725 I 4,329 755 I 104 I 4,154 14,067
Percentage Expiring I 33.6I 30.8 5.4I 0.7] 29.5 100.0

Summary. A summary of the status of certiﬁcates on January 1,
1934, shows that 28.7 per cent expired June 30, 1934, and almost as
many more will expire on June 30, 1935. Of all certiﬁcates in force,

TABLE VIII

MISCELLANEOUS CERTIFICATES USED LARGELY IN ELEMENTARY
GRADES, ISSUED UPON BASES OTHER THAN COLLEGE CREDIT

Dates of Expiration

Types of Certiﬁcates I I | I I
1934 l 1935 I 1936 [1937-upl Life | Total

| I I I

| I I
Provisional Elementary Normal 444 123 | | l 567
State 12 3 11) 40| 295I 361
Local Elementary 735 802 1 I 1,060 2,598
Miscellaneous 56. 8 I I 129 193

7,072 or 27.6 per cent, have been extended for life. Generally a
larger percentage of the lower grade certiﬁcates have been extended
for life. Those certiﬁcates which expire at given dates may be re-
newed upon presentation of one-half year credit.

TRAINING or ELEMENTARY TEACHERS
The minimum training of elementary teachers is evidenced by
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the type of certiﬁcate they hold. Elementary certiﬁcates based upon
college training are the Standard, the Standard Elementary, and the
College Elementary. There were 14,067 of these three types of cer-
tiﬁcates in force‘ on January 1, 1934. -

The Stemlarrl Certiﬁcate. The Standard certiﬁcate was issued
by the state colleges to a person who had completed a curriculum two
years in length and designed for the training of elementary teachers.
It is valid for teaching in either the elementary or secondary grades,
and for holding a principalship, provided the holder has had two
years experience It has the life extension feature. At the time this
study was made, there were 5,344 of these certiﬁcates in force. Sev—
enty holders had the A. B. degree, 1. the M. A. degree, and 5,273 had
training which ranged from 64 to 120 semester hours of college work.

The Slumlanl Elementary Certificate. The Standard Elemen-
tary Certiﬁcate is issued by the State Department of Education to 3.

TABLE IX

TYPES OF CERTIFICATES IN FORCE JANUARY 1, 1934, AND PERCENTAGE
THAT EXPIRE ON GIVEN DATES

Percentage Expiring: in

Types of Certiﬁcates | |
1934 ] 1935 1936 1937-111) Life Total
I I
I I I
Administration and Supervisionl 33.3I 9.4 19.0I 18.0I 20.3 381
High School 17.0I 20.6 22.7I 21.7! 18.0 7,483
Elementary 33.6I 30.8 5.4I 0.7I 29.5 14,067
Miscellaneous I 33.5I 25 2 0.2l 1.1I 39.9 3,719
I I I
Total ' I . 28.7I 26.6I 9.81 7.2! 27.6I 25,650

person who has completed a curriculum two years in length, designed
for the training of elementary teachers. The requirements are ex-
actly the same as those for the Standard Certiﬁcate. The Standard
Elementary certiﬁcate is valid only for teaching in the elementary
grades. There were in force 011 January], 1934, a total of 2,597
Standard Elementary Certiﬁcates. Three holders had the M. A.
degree, 107 the A. B. degree, and 2,487 had training ranging from
64. to 120 semester hours of training.

The College Elementary Certiﬁcate. Prior to September, 1932,
the College Elementary Certiﬁcate was issued upon a minimum of
16 semester hours of college training, but since that time it has been
issued upon a minimum of one year of college training. Thecurricu—
111111 upon which this certiﬁcate is issued is the same as the first year
Of the curriculum upon which the Standard Elementary Certiﬁcate is
issued. All College Elementary Certiﬁcates issued upon a minimum
of sixteen hours of college training expired June 30, 1934. An ex-
amination. of Table XI shows that only 1,898 of the Elementary Cer-
tiﬁcates were based upon college training below one year. It is noted,
also, that almost every holder of an elementary certiﬁcate was trained
beyond the minimum level. This leaves 12,174 Elementary Certiﬁ-

cates based upon one or more years of training.
15

TABLE X
TRAINING OF TEACHERS WHOSE CERTIFICATES WERE

IN FORCE ON
JANUARY 1, 1934

Semester Hours of Training
Types of Certiﬁcates I I | |
—31 32-63 64-120 A. B. I M. A. I Ph. D. Total
| I
I I |
College 9
Standard Administration 1,312 7g 3 1,35%
S‘tandard High School 2,921 232 6 3,159
standard 5,173 70 1 5,344
Standard Elementary 2,487 107 3 2 597
Provisional High School I 1,572 313 18 2’403
Prowsional Administration | 70 14 I 84
College Elementary 1,893: 3,822 411 6.126
I
I
Total 1,893 3,822 9,813} 6,005 336 9 21,931

Lomede Certificates. There were in force on January 1,
1934, 3,719 certiﬁcates issued upon training below college level. It
was possible to discover the training level reached by only 2,092 per-
sons holding low-grade certiﬁcates, leaving 1,627 whose training status
could not be obtained. Only 376 of the holders of low—grade certiﬁ-
cates had any college training. The low-grade certiﬁcate plays an
important part in the teaching service, since 1,413 holders were em-
ployed during the 1933—34 school year and in almost every instance
they were employed in the elementary grades.

Certiﬁcates Valid in Elementary Grades. All certificates now in
force are valid for teaching in the elementary grades. The law dis-
regards the fact that a high school certiﬁcate is evidence that the
holder has made preparation, not for teaching in the elementary
grades, but at the secondary level. If only elementary certiﬁcates
were valid in elementary grades, there would be an alarming short-

age of elementary teachers, and a considerable over-supply of quali-
ﬁed secondary teachers.

TABLE XI

COLLEGE TRAINING LEVEL UPON, WHICH ELEMENTARY CERTIFICATES
(IN FORCE JANUARY 1, 1934) WERE ISSUED

Semester Hours of Training
Types of Certiﬁcates
—31 32—63 64—120 I A. B. M. A. Total
College Elementary 1,893 3,822 411 6,126
Standard Elementary 2,487 107 3 2,597
Standard 5,273 70 1 5,344
Total 1,893 3,822 8,171 177 4 14,067

Summary. There were only 7,911 elementary certiﬁcates in
force which had been issued upon the basis of two years of college
training. There were 14,067 elementary certiﬁcates in force which

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Were based upon some college training. Since many of the holders
of such certiﬁcates do not desire to teach for one reason or another,
it is obvious that many teachers for the elementary g