xt7z8w382346 https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dips/xt7z8w382346/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1901 journals kaes_bulletins_093 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.93. text Bulletin n.93. 1901 2014 true xt7z8w382346 section xt7z8w382346 2 umNTUcuY
  Agncultural Expemment Statmn N
\`.
i   OF THE  
% STATE c0LL1:GE OF KENTUcKY  
; BULLETIN N0. 93.
I. Diseases of Nursery J`t0ck.  
2. Rabbits and their Injuries to Young Trees. jg !
— 2:
  Z  
V} LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY,
June 5, 1901. I
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i ; KENTUCKY Q
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  . • • • [‘
E; Agrncultural Expernmcnt Station.
I I ~ BOARD OF CONTROL. I
'PHOS. TODD, Shelbyville, Ky.
.I. NOBLE LINDSEY, Fraiilafurt. Ky.
I I 1). 1·`. FRAZEE, Lexington, Ky.  
J. K. P.\TTliRSON, President 0f the College.  
M. .»\. SCOVELL, I)l1`€Cl.Z()l', Secretary. l ·`
‘ STATION OFFICERS. L
l M. A. SCOVELL, Director.
Q .\. M. PE'l‘l·lR,  
; * _ · (iheniists.
_ . H. E. UURTIS,  
{ H. GARMAN, Eiitmiiulcgist and Botanist.
  C. W. MATHIEWS, Hortieulturist. »
A .l. N. l~lARPliR, -\griculturist. Q
• S W. H. SCHERFFIUS, y A
F · .\ss`t Clieinists.
L. O. BEATTY,  
· .·¤ I lL M. ALLEN, Clerk. K
J. I). 'l`UliNEl{, Seeretary to Director. I
K .l. (). LlxB.\(Jl-I, .\ss`t, Clieniisti. A
_   T. L. l{l(}l·lM()ND, .\ss’t lint<>1n0l0gistan Nuasiannas.  
  Certificates were issued to 37 of the following nurserymen in l
¤\ 1900, and will become invalid June 15, 1901. John Horine, , ii
  ~_ of Jessamine county; VV. XV. White, of Campbell county; and _ " ,‘  
  James M. Vllatts, of Jessamine county, received certificates  
  this Spring; and these three become invalid June 15, 1902. `
L, 1. Christian Aebersold, Rockhaven, Meade county'. Ky. _
  P. F. Adams & Son, Waco, Madison county, Ky.  
Y 3. W. S. Ashby, Cloverport, Breckinridge county. Ky. `I
  4. Baldwin & Summers, Cairo, Henderson county. Ky.
  5. J. C. Bingham & Sons, Russell, Greenup county, Ky.
g 6. R. N. Brown, Congleton, McLean county, Ky. ·
l A T. James Childers, Auburn, Logan county, Ky.
, 8. John R. Childres, South Carrollton, Muhlenburg .
  county, Ky. ·
S 9. \V. W. Clark dz Company, Owingsville, Bath county, Ky.
L 10. YV. M. Combs, Shepherdsville, Bullitt county, Ky.
‘ 11. G. P. Dietrich, Maysville, Mason county, Ky.
12. Donaldson dz Gibson, VVarsaw, Gallatin county, Ky. ~:.Q
=· 13. P. E. Downer, Fairfield, Todd county, Ky.
· 14. Downer & Briggs, Bowling Green, VVarren county, Ky. ,
15. Downer & Brother, Guthrie, Todd county, Ky.  
g 16. B. G. Ellis, Auburn, Logan county, Ky.  
_¥ 17. J. Erdman, Lexington, Fayette county, Ky. _ ‘
18. Boone Gardiner (The Kentucky Nurseries), Louisville. A A
_. Jefferson county, Ky. "“·»e
  19. Mrs. A. S. Hancock, Casky, Christian county, Ky. _
  20. S. G. Hanson & Son, Winchester, Clark county, Ky. I
f 21. H. F. Hillenmeyer, Lexington, Fayette county, Ky.
  ` 22. John Horine, Nicholasville, Jessamine county, Ky. ‘
[ 23. Horace Klinglesmith, Cecilian, Hardin county, Ky. .
A 24. J. W. Knadler, Valley Station, Jefferson county, Ky.
25. M. B. Loveall, Onton, Webster county, Ky.
I

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i  
K   ’ Diseases of Nursery Stork. 109 _
l   As a rule the farmer who through the innocence of his heart
l 1 has been defrauded, is teachable, at least learning caution from l
. l his own unpleasant experience, but generally the man who swag- I
° gersinto trouble with the jaunty air of a cake walker and a L
boast ofsuperior intelligence on his lips is beyond human aid.  
_ » After all that has been said and written. on the subject it 5
l seems there are still in the world people with sufficient effront- l ,
l ery to offer for sale fruit trees known to be infested with San    
Jose scale. Early this spring I received from a correspondent ‘   *\
a circular issued by the "Nashville Trust Company" as
i “Trustee of the Rosebank, Cumberland, Grandview and Para- i
l gon Nurseries," in which the company offers such trees to the r A
  public and admit their dangerous condition in the following
l words:
. ` "It is proper to state that the `Sr·a.Ze’ has been detected in I
" the nurseries, but no evidence of the infection has been seen _
E l in the one year old apricots, one year old pecans, one year old .5
V peach seedlings. and the dormant buds. In the ornamental
_ trees, it has only been located in the English elm."
l f "In consequence of the fact of this insect appearing in the g-
_ nursery, all goods will be sold [wif/muf g1m1·am‘ee." _.   .
i _ r. '[`hen follows a list of 3% varieties of apple. together with i
` pear, plum and other trees, admittedly infested with the most j
destructive pest known to fruit growers, and offered for sale in l
  ‘ detianee of the Kentucky law. Our people were warned at the
n   time through the newspapers of the dangerous character of
Q 1 the trees and the unlawful nature of the business in which the
* l Trust Company was engaged. The following letter received I
4 ` _ subsequently explains itself: _
February T. 1901.
Puov. H. tiaiciirxx: _ nfs.
I My Dear Sir:—Personally and in behalf of ever_y Ken-  
tucky nurseryman, l want to thank you for your note to the K-
Ileruld, published yesterday. Ihave twice received the cir-
cular to which you allude, and wish to say that it is the most
brazen rascality that has come under my notice. The only
thing in extenuation is that it is sent out by an assignee,

 . 108 Bulletin N0. .93.
is a strong demand for blight—proof stocks in the Colony and
l nurserymen cannot keep pace with their orders for them. Most
  of the stock worked from was procured from one of the Aus- `
E tralian colonies under a government guarantee that it was
fn Northern Spy. Thus far I have heard no compla.ints arising K
  from the double working of the stock, and the roots are blight- .  
. proof. There are, of course, other blight—proof stocks, and not  
Q_   a few orchards have shown striking proof of the value of immunity . ·_ i
* »' ' from the aphis ; rows of vigorous uninfested trees growing be- . A   e.
tween others actually dying from the attacks of the pernicious  
pest."_  
. tr THE SALE or DrsEAsEr> TREES IN KENTUCKY. ’ ‘
V _The proneness of mankind to be victimized by oily-tongued ’  
rascals masquerading as agents of reputable nurseries is a per-  
· ennial theme for discussion at meetings of fruit growers. It is
5 only to be explained I think as an example of hypnotic in-
`5 tluence exerted by one individual over another, and itfrequent— ·
ly happens that the subject. feels after the s0am·r» that he has
I been played upon, and is sincerely sorry that he has been so 9
it weak as to part with his hard—earned monev. During the past ·
J   year i`agents" operating in Western Kentucky have received
l numerous orders for seedling fruit trees i'warranted" to be super-
l ior to the standard grafted and budded sorts. Old trees thathave
A been left overin the nursery are sometimes bought by such men ~>¤;#
and sold for bigger prices than were received for the selected trees
sold out of the same blocks by the men who grew them.  
_   But exceptional men who glory in their sagacity buy trees of  
  inferior quality. A gray haired 1nan observed buying knurly  
. trees on the street this spring volunteered to the writer the infor- · _ _
mation that hc had "lived all his life" in Lexington and had ' A
never before heard of a nursery inspection law, and then with a * Q
_   fatuousness in keeping with his acumen gave vent tothe ancient _ _
i_t' » query, Who might you be`? If anything could do it such exhi-
I bitions of ill-founded self esteem on the part of the aged would
  tend to destroy our respect for gray hairs and our faith in the '
value of opportunity and experience. VVhen will men learn .
not to throw away their money on stunted, knurly trees?
Never!
l

  A  .5 " NIE I ·‘ 
,£ 1
E   V _ ])iseasr>s 0f Nursery Stock. 107 gg
I , e
    by a free use of the knife and subsequent spraying of the trunk  
    and other affected parts with Bordeaux mixture. Mr. J. H.  
· , i_ McDanell, of Warsaw, Kentucky, chose `the more thorough- 1
A Z going plan of cutting out and burning all but one of the dis-
· eased trees in his orchard.
., _ = Though not very common the disease appears to be wide- ‘
° spread, one of the cases known to me being a row of trees in I
an orchard in western Kentucky. LK
‘ APHIS-PROOF APPLE TREES. if
While aware of the opinion held by some of our nurserymen I
4 to the effect that northern spy apple trees are about as badly  
  A injured by woolly aphis as any variety grown, I wish to call ·
  · attention again to the so-called double-worked trees being 5
I   planted in South Africa and Australia. Through the kindness of ¥
  , Mr. Chas.‘P. Lounsbury, Government Etomologist at the Cape of `
  Good Hope, I have received a report on this subject, issued by
' the Cape Department of Agriculture, in which the method of  
, Q . propagating these aphis-proof trees is described. It seems i
‘ A that seeds of northern spy apples, or of some other Maphis-
  proof" variety are planted, to get roots. .Upon these roots are
`     grafted scions of the same variety, to give a stem-base. A l
» single selected bud is allowed to develop, and after it has
Y grown one year, the desired variety is grafted on the stem pro- ‘
_   I duced by it.
‘ _· The claims made for the trees are so explicit and positive, .
A   and come from such good authority, that we cannot but regard
`. _ them as having some foundation. I wish to commend the .
· , idea to any of our growers who may be disposed to experi- _
" ment. It is to be remembered that the northern spy apple ji
tree produced by our method has, in its roots, an element of E
I - ` _ weakness from the standpoint of the believer in aphis-proof , Ay'
I ' varieties. if
— The report dealing with the subject is entitled, "Manual of
· Practical Orchard Work at the Cape," by P. MacOwan and
Eustace Pillans, Cape Town: \V. A. Richards and Sons, Gov-
ernment Printers, 1896.
Mr. Lounsbury writes under date January 30, 1901: “There
· l
_ l

 {
  106 B2lZZPt’i’)? N0. 9.3.
é
  cutting would have to be so severe that it would very likely
I weaken the tree, and while, therefore, this treatment cannot be
V considered satisfactory, it is the best that can be recommended `
to those who are not disposed to take affected trees out and
l burn them. Bordeaux mixture applied to the outside of the  
,* galls can do little more than kill the parasite at the surface. ¥  
LK A Kxor Dismsn or APPLE TREEs. I i—
"ll' `· In scattered orchards in Kentucky I have observed a. knot _ “ f  
l¥ disease that in its final condition looks not unlike the black `,
  knot of plum trees. At the bases of the main branches, some- ‘
times on the trunk itself, smooth, greenish olive warts appear,
as shown at A, Fig. 4, then gradually increase in size, the  
, bark covering them becoming roughened, as at B, Fig. 4, and ‘
{ in the end blackening and becoming very rough from a breaking
of the bark, as shown at C, Fig. 4. Very old knots are
_ rougher than any of those shown in the illustration, andthe .
whole surface becomes eroded and sooty black.
Where observed, this disease was restricted in great part to  
one variety, and generally to trees in the same row, but there ,
is evidence indicating that it spreads slowly from such trees
iv to others in the neighborhood, and thus once established may
i be expected to reach in time all the trees of an orchard. It
undoubtedly weakens the trees attacked, but does not keep W;
them from bearing in all cases, and when but few knots are
i' present the trees show no other outward evidence of disease. »
The disease is not the same as the apple tree canker°i° described  
  in Bulletin 163 of the New York Station. This disease occurs  
also in Kentucky. Nor is it the same as the apple tree if
, anthracnosef described by Professor Cordley in Bulletin GO of the i ;,
i Oregon Station. The Kentucky disease produces moundslf  
[ .4 . two inches or more in diameter, and from   to 1 inch in depth. K
`Y/1 The disease has some appearance of being due to a micro- i '
\ scopic fungus parasite, and if it is, good can probably be done
TFDUB to the fllllgllli »\'p]l/(’)`U])SI.N ’ITL(lll)7`l(})l.
{Due to the attacks of a Gloeosporium, which tlordley names »
(J. malicwticzs.
;The illustration was made from material kindly sent nw by
‘ Mr. J. H. McDanel1, of Warsaw, Ky. ’

 I : .2 " *°·9 li; V
fi  
v {  .
  r g
    Diseases of Nztrsery Stock. 105  Z
I V V ° ‘
i   ' The disease is not restricted to the nursery. When trans-  
    planted to the orchard the galls continue to grow, eventually _
l if producing large warty masses at the base of the trunk. Such
' i . trees can never be very profitable, since in their enfeebled con-
' dition they will not bear well. ,
l 2; The t1·ees examined in Jessamine County were, in most  
{ ’ cases, galled where the graft had been made (See Fig. 1), in- {
dicating Ithat the parasite* invaded the tree by way of the  
. cut surfaces. In most cases the growths were at or a few fi ·
· inches below the surface of the ground, the depth depending  
upon how the trees had been planted, but occasional trees ·
showed an abnormal swelling just above the ground, with a
[ warty surface, as shown at A, Fig. 2. These swellings have
  A an appearance of having been caused by the same parasite as
  the others, but seemingly because of exposure to the air fail to i
f   develop the rough, broken surface characteristic of those devel-
  ‘ oped in the soil. The latter have a somewhat spongy charac-
  ter at first and when old become brown, while the dead outer
- surface breaks away, as shown at B, Fig. 2. Quite often the
{ { attack had resulted in the complete destruction of the tap
Y Q root below the gall (A, Fig. 3), in which case numerous
V { 1 fibrous roots had generally developed above the lost tip. often
`A V pushing out from the midst of the gall. Small knots were
sometimes observed in the fibrous roots, but these were
g . of but slight importance compared with the large growths
._   on the central root and stem. ‘
.   R¢·»in»zZiuZ Twatmr·nf.—Galled trees may well be burned at f
  i once, not only because they are unfit for a place in the orchard,
` ~ I but because if allowed to grow they endanger other trees in ·
;— ' their neighborhood. Soil in which the diseased trees have ‘
. grown should be avoided for some time.  
_ It is rather diflicult to get to the gall, without taking up the  
I ` ~ , tree, in such a way as to remove the diseased parts with a V
knife, and even under the most favorable circumstances the \
. %l)l°Ui(‘S¥()I' .1. \\’. Touniey, of the .\rizonia Station. has applied
the naine llcnr/rep/za;/us {/lo/»~.su~ to the microscopic ()l'}g`JllllSlll he
finds in galled trees in his region. It remains to be determined
whether or not the crown gall of the Eastern States is in all eases {
identical with i`ll2lr1J(lUSCl'lllQ(l by hiin. \
E
¢

   104 T Bulletin N0. .93.
 { veniently and cheaply than formerly, and it is demonstrable
that these mechanical mixtures are very effective against San
, Jose scale, without attending injury to dormant trees. I have t
recently examined apple trees which were sprayed for San
_. Jose scale last winter with 50 per cent. of coal oil mixed with \’
,ii` water. The trees were not injured, and very few if any living g ‘=
i scale remained, though the bark was encrusted with those that {
  had been killed. Another application of the mixture may be . i
  t required for these trees, but it is questionable if the gas treat- _ “ ,  ;,
· ment would have cleared the trees more completely of living Q
= scale insects than had been done by this mixture.* {
CRowx G.»,1.i..  
An examination of a block of four year old apple trees  
° (about 1100 in number) on the place of Mr. James M. \Vatts,
— of Hauly, Jessamine County. Kentucky, this spring revealed a
surprising number of affected trees, rather more than 50 per
cent. in fact. These trees had not before been inspected, ow- I
ing to the fact that Mr. Watts had notreported his nursery, and
it was only after encountering him while engaged in selling trees i
that had not been inspected that his place was located. The `
galled trees were destroyed after my examination was made. but ·
it   impossible to say to what extent the disease llltly have
been disseminated from this little planting of trees before the p ,
J diseased trees were removed. A similar state of affairs was `i`¥'
, found among several rows of young apple trees on the place of
Mr. John Horine, of Nicholasville. These galled trees were  V
very promptly taken up and destroyed by Mr. Horine, whose  
. disposition with reference to the matter was most commenda·  
  ble. It has been demonstrated that crown gall is a con- - ,
fi tageous disease, to be conveyed to seedling trees by crushing iv};
' `· the galls and putting them in soil in which seeds are planted. · '*
  Trees grown with others that are galled are therefore not above — .
suspieion even when they show no outward evidence of the
\ disease. _
**1 mr Bulletin S0,pagesitl-Laml2O5.eo11taiusli;;·u1·esoftwopumps ,
which produce meehaiiieal mixtures of coal oil. Such pumps can
uow l»el»O\1Q’l1t¤>f1110st lllillllll·2lt‘Illl'Ql'S for a little more than the
\ ]»l‘ict’ of l)l'(1llIil1'}` l)ll]lIl)$.
l
l

  >\ . '?i!°‘E  
    D/iscasex of Nursery Stock. 103 g
i   ‘ the height 7 feet more. It was placed over trees by means of
E   a35-foot mast mounted on a farm cart and provided with a
  gaff and the necessary pulleys and ropes for hoisting and low-
' i . ering. The cost of such a box is, we are told, $12.00, which
' is about two-thirds the cost of a tent like those used in Cali- ··
'   fornia and suitable for trees of the same size as those covered .· -
  ” by the box tent. Apparatus for handling costs $12.00 addi- ‘
tional. {K
. Nurserymen will find a fumigating house or shed a conven-   "
· ience, since this will allow the fumigation at one time of large .
quantities of trees after these have been taken up. The chief
consideration in constructing such a house is to make it as `
nearly air-tight as possible. An opening in the roof, which
  can be tightly closed, is desirable, as a means of allowing the ·
  I gas to escape after the trees have been treated. =
i   Johnson, who appears to have had useful recent experience
  · in fumigating large numbers of trees, recommends the follow-
  ing quantities of the ingredients for making the gas for each
1 100 cubic feet of space enclosed: i
r   Cyanide of potassium (about 98 per cent. pure) 25 grains.
i r Sulphuric acid, commercial, 1k ounces.
i Water, 1% ounce.
n ‘   . For fumigating orchard trees, he gives a slightly different .
1 formula, namely, for cnc/1 cubic foot enclosed: }
; , Cyanide of potassium, 0.20 gram.
_   Sulphuric acid, 0.30 cubic centimeters.
_ I Water, 0.45 cubic centimeters.
' i
`. '_ W CoAL Ou. ron S<·ALi~:—1NrEs·rEo 'l`Ri·:ss. . _
,- Y It is hardly practicable to fumigate exceptionally large trees, i
and cases frequently arise where it is not worth while to con- `.
_ _ struct tents for small trees. The man with a half dozen scale-   .
I j . , infested trees in his yard, for example, would have no further  
· use for a tent after applying gas to them a couple of times.
For him, spraying with soap solution or preparations of coal
4 oil is the better and cheaper practice. By the use of one of
the pumps constructed for producing mechanical mixtures of
coal oil, it is now possible to use the oil much more con-

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{

   Diseases of Nursery Stock. 111 A
I
, 26. A. A. McGinness, Bowling Green, Warren county, Ky.
27. J. A. McKee & Company, Kingsville, Lincoln county,
Ky.
— 28. Nanz & Neuner, 582 4th Ave., Louisville, Jefferson coun- ~
ty, Ky. (nursery at St. Matthews).
29. Allen Popham, Solway, Hardin county, Ky.
’ 30. O. Piper, Clinton, Hickman county, Ky.  
31. Jas. VV. Radcliffe, North Pleasureville, Henry county, 3
{ Ky. _ A
lf; 32. J. Q. A. Rahm, Leitchlield, Grayson county, Ky. ·r `
33. The Ream Company, Kidd’s Store, Casey county, Ky.   I
34. VV. A. Sandefur. Robards, Henderson county, Ky. {
335. Edwin Stovall, Vine Grove, Hardin county, Ky. ‘
36. E. K. Taliaferro, Newport, Campbell county, Ky. »·‘'
37. Mark Tudo1·, Cottonburg, Madison county, Ky. ··
38. James M. Watts, Hanly, Jessamine county, Ky,
4 39. VV. VV. White, Sr., Alexandria, Campbell county, Ky.
° 40. Elvis J. Whitmer, Bremen, Muhlenburg county, Ky. _
The following have filed applications for inspection, and
their stock will be examined the coming summer:
Boswell Fox, \N’inchester, Clark county, Ky. I
Isaac W. Wilson, Mortonsville, Woodford county, Ky. I
2. Rabbits and Their Injuries to Young Trees. ,_,__;
BY H. GARMAN.  I
The rabbit is very common in Kentucky, furnishing a good  
· V deal of sport to hunters and, in winter, not a small part of the  
food of our people. It is the especial prey of negroes, who ,
take great delight in pursuing it with dogs, and devour it with Hg
i gusto when fried or made into potpie. But with all its en- V`;
clearing qualities it develops at times such a penchant for ‘
barking young trees that it becomes a veritable pest to nur-
scrymen and fruit growers, who sometimes {ind difficulty in .
saving their trees from total destruction. In the more closely
settled portions of Kentucky hunters and dogs keep the num- i
I

  :  , *¥ ·—  
,     112 Bu_Zle>t·in N0. U3.
i T . ’
    ` bers so reduced that complaints of injury of this sort are rare,
i   but in sect